Expected Page

Sl . no Unit Expected questions number

marks

 MCQ/one mark question

1 Real numbers 1/2/3
 Finding L.C.M and H.C. F 4
 Proving as irrational number

2  MCQ/one mark question

Polynomials ½ 6
 Form a polynomial/Finding root
 MCQ/one mark question
Pair of linear  Elimination method/ substitution
3 equations in two 1/2/4 9
variables
method
 Graphical method
 MCQ/one mark question
4 Quadratic 11
 Finding the roots by factorization 1/2
equations
 Finding the nature of roots

5 Arithmetic  MCQ/one mark question 1/2 13

progression  Finding nth term / sum of nth term of A.P

 Thale’s theorem statement 15

6 Triangles  Simple problems on Thale’s theorem 1/2/4
 Theorems (BPT/AAA)

 MCQ/one mark question

7 Coordinate 17
 Problems on distance formula 1/2/3
Geometry
 Problems on Section formula

 Trigonometric ratios / inverse/identities

8 Introduction to 1/2 18
 Simple problems on trigonometric ratios /
Trigonometry inverse/identities

9 Applications of 3
 Problems on height and distance 20
Trigonometry

 MCQ/one mark question 21

10 Circles  Theorem on circles 1/2/3
 Application problems
 Problems on area and perimeter related to
11 Area related to 1/2
circles 23
circles  Problems on shaded part of the figure

12 Surface area and 1

 MCQ/one mark question 25
volume
 MCQ/one mark question
13 Statistics  Finding the mean/mode/median of the given 1/3 26
data
 MCQ/one mark question
14 Probability 𝑛(𝐸) 1/2 28
 Problems on P(E)=
𝑛(𝑆)

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 UNIT- 1
REAL NUMBERS
EXPECTED MARKS-6
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Finding L.C.M and H.C. F 2
3 Proving as irrational number 3

1. Write 156 as factors of prime numbers (1 Mark)

156 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 13

Do it yourself
a) 125 b) 135 c) 70 d) 150 e) 65 f) 3825 g) 156

2. Find HCF and LCM of 12,15, 21 (2 marks)

Prime factor of 12: 3 X 2 X 2= 3X 22
Prime factor of 15: 3X5
Prime factors of 21: 3X7
LCM = 3 X 22 X 5 X 7 = 420 [ Highest power of prime factor of each number]
HCF= 3 [Least power of common prime factor]
Do it yourself: -
a) 8, 24, 48 b)15, 25, 35 c) 6, 72, 120 d)19, 23,91 e) 120, 75, 80

3. Find LCM of 24,40 if HCF is 20

HCF X LCM = Product of numbers
24 𝑋 40
20 X LCM = 24 X 40 ⟹ LCM = ⟹ LCM = 2X 24 = 48
20

Do it yourself: -
a) Find LCM of 7,13, IF HCF is 1 b) Find LCM if HCF of 12,8, 16 is 4
c) Find HCF of 8,9,25 if LCM is 1800 d) Find LCM of 25,55,60 if HCF is 5
e) Find HCF of 24, 8, 48 If LCM is 48

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4. Prove that √𝟐 is a irrational number
Let’s assume that √2 is a rational number
𝑟
Therefore √2 = where r and s are whole numbers is not equal to 0
𝑠

Suppose r and have common factor other than 1

𝑎
Therefore √2 = 𝑏

a = b X √2 squaring on both side we get

a2 = b2 X 2 it means 2 divides a2
we can write a = 2 X c on squaring we get
a2 = 22 C2 (substitute for a2)
2b2 = 4 c2
b2 = 2c2
therefore, 2 divides b2
Therefore, a and b have at least 2 as common factor
this contradicts the fact that a and b have no common factors other than 1
This contradiction has arisen because of our incorrect assumption that 2 is rational. So, we conclude that
√2 is irrational

Do it yourself: - prove that √𝟑 , √𝟓 , √𝟕, √𝟏𝟏 are irrational

5. Prove that 5 - √𝟑 is a irrational number.

Let us assume that 5 - √𝟑 is a rational number.
𝑎
We can write as 5 - √3 = a and b are co primes
𝑏
𝑎
√3 = 5 - 𝑏
5𝑏 − 𝑎
√3 = 𝑏
5𝑏 − 𝑎
Therefore, a and b are whole numbers and is rational number
𝑏

Similarly, √3 is a rational number.

But it contradicts the facts that √3 is a irrational number

Therefore 5 - √𝟑 is a irrational number .

Do it yourself: - prove that 3- √𝟑 , 7 - √𝟐 , 11 - √𝟓 , 1 + √𝟏𝟑 are irrational number

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 UNIT -2
POLYNOMIALS
EXPECTED MARKS-3
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Form a polynomial/Finding root 2

1. Classify the following polynomials as linear, quadratic, cubical polynomials.

a) f(x) = x2 + 2x b) f(a) = 3a – 8 c) f(x) = 3x3 – x + 2x2 d) f(a) = 2a - 5
e) f(x) = x2 – 9 f) f(m) = m – 9 g) f(n) = n2 - 3n h) f(x) = x3 + 9x2 + x
Answer:
Linear polynomial: f(a) = 2a – 5, f(a) = 3a – 8, f(m) = m – 9
Quadratic polynomial: f(x) = x2 + 2x, f(n) = n2 - 3n, f(x) = x2 – 9
Cubical polynomial: f(x) = x3 + 9x2 + x, f(x) = 3x3 – x + 2x2
Do it yourself: -Classify the following polynomials as linear, quadratic, cubical polynomials.
a) f(x) = x2 + 3x – 12 b) f(a) = 12a – 28 c) f(x) = x3 – 2x + x2 – 26 d) f(a) = 3a – 2
e) f(x ) = x2 – 29 f) f(x) = 2m – 39 g) f(n) = 8n2 - 3n – 1 h) f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 18x

2. write standard form of linear, quadratic, cubical polynomial (1marks)

Answer: Linear polynomial: p(x) = ax + b, a=0
Quadratic polynomial: p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a≠0
Cubical polynomial: p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a≠0

3. write degree of the following polynomials (1 marks)

a) f(x) = x3 + 9x2 + x
Answer: Highest power of the variable is 3, therefore degree of the polynomial is 3
Do it yourself: - write degree of the following polynomials
a) f(x) = x2 + x +12 b) f(a) = 2a – 15 c) f(x) = x – 2x 3 + x2 – 2 d) f(a) = x – 92
e) f(x ) = 2x2 – 29 + x4 – x f) f(x) = 2m6 – 39 + 3m4 g) f(n) = n - 3n2 – 1
h) f(x) = 2x3 + 2x2 - 8x

4. Find zeros of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 7x + 10 (2 marks)

Answer: p(x) = x2 + 7x + 10
p(x) = x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
p(x) = x ( x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 5 )
p(x) = (x+5) (x+2)
zeros of the polynomials are -5 and – 2

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 Do it yourself: -Find zeros of the following polynomials
a) P(x) = x2 - 2x – 8 [ find roots such that sum of root is -2 and product is – 8
b) ] P(x) = 3x2 + 5x – 2 [Find roots such that sum of roots is 5 and product is - 6 ]
c) P(x) = x2 – 25 d)P(x) = x2 - 5x + 6 e) P(s) = 4s2 - 4s + 1 f) P(x) = 3x2 – x – 4

𝟏
5. Form a polynomial with sum of the root is and product of the root is – 1 (2 m)
𝟒
−𝑏 1 −(−1)
Answer: Sum of the roots = = =
𝑎 4 4
𝑐 −4
Product of roots = =-1=
𝑎 4

By observing above relation, we can write a=4, b = -1, c = - 4

Required quadratic polynomial in standard form p(x) = ax2+ bx+ c
Substitute a,b,c value in standard form of quadratic polynomial
Required polynomial is p(x) = 4x2- x – 4

Do it yourself: Form a quadratic polynomial with sum and product of roots

as given below
a) -3, 2 b) 1,1 c) 4,1 d) 0, √5

6. Look at the graphs given below. Each is the graph of y = p(x), where p(x) is a
polynomial.
For each of the graphs, find the number of zeroes of p(x).

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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Answer:
1) In graph (1) graph intersects X- axis at three points therefore number of zeros are 3.
[Similarly observe how many times graph intersect X axis in each graph and write number of zeros]

7. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
a) p(x) = x2+5x+6
p(x) = x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
p(x) = x(x+2) +3(x+2)
p(x) = x2+ 5x + 6
p(x) = (x+2) (x+3)
compare with ax2+bx+c
roots are x = - 2 and x = - 3
a = 1, b = 5, c = 6
sum of roots = -2-3 = -5
−𝑏 −5
product of roots = -2×-3 = 6 Sum of the roots = = = -5
𝑎 1
𝑐 6
Product of roots = = =6
𝑎 1

Hence verified

Do it yourself: Solve following as above:

a) 6x2 – 3 – 7x b) 3x2 – x – 4 c) x2-5x+6 d) x2- 6x + 8

8. Find sum of the roots and product of the roots for the following equations (2 marks)
a) 3x2 + 2x – 4
Answer: compare with quadratic polynomials p(x) = ax2+bx+c
a = 3, b = 2, c =- 4
−𝑏 −2
sum of the roots = =
𝑎 3
𝑐 −4
Product of roots = =
𝑎 3

Do it yourself: Solve following as above:

a) f(a) = a2+ 2a + 5 b) f(m) = m2 - m + 3
c) f(x) = x2 - 2a – 9 d) f(x) = 3x2 + 6x+12

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UNIT -3
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
EXPECTED MARKS-7
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Elimination method/ substitution method 2
3 Graphical method 4

Important learning points: -

Compare the
Graphical Algebraic Type of
ratio’s of
representation interpretation equations
coefficients
General form 𝑎1 𝑏1
≠ Intersecting lines Unique solution Consistent pair
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Infinitely many
= = Coincident lines Consistent pair
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 solutions
a1x+b1y+c1=0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= ≠ Parallel lines No solutions Inconsistent pair
a2x+b2y+c2=0 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Do it yourself:
1. x - y=8 and 3x-3y=16 Pair of linear equations of two variables represents
A) Intersecting lines B) Coincident lines C) Parallel lines D) perpendicular lines
2. Solutions of 2x +3y = 9 and 4x + 6y = 18 Pair of linear equations of two variables are
A) Unique solution B) Infinitely many solutions C) No solutions D) all the above
3. Pair of linear equations of two variables x +k y=4 and 2x+4y=12 represents parallel lines then value
of ‘k’ is A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
4. Given figure represents Pair of linear equations of two variables then
Value of ‘x‘and ‘y’ are
A) (2, 2) B) (2, 3) C) (3, 4) D) (3, 2)
5. The coefficients of Pair of linear equations of two variables as
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 then solutions are
𝑎2 2 2

A) Unique solutions B) Infinitely many solutions C) No solutions D) all the above

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Model questions (Two mark)
Elimination method substitution method
Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 -----(1) substitute value of 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 10 – 2𝑦 = 4
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 -----(2) in (1) then O 𝑥 = 10 – 𝑦 – 2𝑦 = 4– 10
2𝑥 = 18 9 + 𝑦 = 14 Substitute 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 – 2𝑦 = – 6
18 R −6
𝑥= 𝑦 = 14-9 10 – 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 4 𝑦 = −2
2
𝑥=9 𝑦=5 𝑦=3

Do it yourself: -

questions Ans questions Ans

x + y = 7 and 3x – y=1 (2, 5) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 and 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 (5, 3)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 (3, 2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 (4, 1)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 (2, 1) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 𝑥+𝑦 = 5 (3, 2)

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 (4, 3) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 (9, 5)

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 and 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −24 (-2, 5) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 (3, 5)

Model questions (Four mark)

Solve by using Graphical method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 ⟹ 𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑦 𝑥+𝑦=4
𝑦=0 then 𝑥 = 6 – 2(0) 𝑦=1 then 𝑥 = 6 – 2(1) ⟹ 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦
𝑥 = 6 –0 𝑥 = 6 –2 𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 4 – 0 𝑦 = 1 then 𝑥 = 4 − 1
𝑥=6 𝑥=4 𝑥=4 𝑥=3
𝑦=2 then 𝑥 = 6 – 2(2) 𝑦=3 then 𝑥 = 6 – 2(3) 𝑦 = 2 then 𝑥 = 4 – 2 𝑦 = 3 then 𝑥 = 4 – 3
𝑥 = 6 –4 𝑥 = 6 –6 𝑥=2 𝑥=1
𝑥=2 𝑥=0

A B C D E F G H
𝑥 6 4 2 0 𝑥 4 3 2 1
𝑦 0 1 2 3 𝑦 0 1 2 3

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 Scale
𝑥- axis and 𝑦- axis
1 unit = 1 c .m

𝑥=2
𝑦=2

Do it yourself:
questions Ans questions Ans
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 (3, 1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (4, 3)
x + y = 7 and 3x – y=1 (2, 5) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 and 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 (5, 3)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 (3, 3) 2𝑥 - 𝑦 = 7 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 (5, 3)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 (3, 2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 (4, 1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (4, 1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 (4, 6)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 (2, 1) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 𝑥+𝑦 = 5 (3, 2)

2𝑥 - 𝑦 = 2 and 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 (1, 0) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 (3, 2)

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 (4, 3) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 (9, 5)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 and 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −24 (-2, 5) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 (3, 5)

UNIT -4
Quadratic equations

EXPECTED MARKS-3
Sl no Question type Marks
1 MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Finding the roots by factorization/ Finding the nature of roots 2/2

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Important learning points: -
Standard form of quadratic equations 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Roots of quadratic equation √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 = −𝑏 ±
2𝑎
Discriminant of quadratic equation ∆ = 𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄<0 No real roots
𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄=0 Two equal real roots
𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄>0 Two distinct real roots

Do it yourself:
1. Which of the following is quadratic equation
A) 𝑥 2 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) B) 2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 6 C) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 D) 𝑥 −2 + 2𝑥 = 0
2. Discriminant of quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 is
A) -6 B) 49 C) 4 D) 1
3. Roots of quadratic equation 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 are
A) 0 and -2 B) 2 and -2 C) 0 and 2 D) 2 only
4. If 𝒃 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 0 then roots are
𝟐

A) Two equal real roots B) Two distinct real roots C) No real roots D) none of these
2
5. Standard form of quadratic equation 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 6 is
A) 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 6 B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 C) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0

Model questions (TWO MARKS)

Finding the roots by factorization Finding the nature of roots
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 0 It is in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 3(𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 3
(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 ∆ = 𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄
2𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ∆ = 52-4(2)(3)
2𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
3
𝑥 = −2 ∆=25-24=1> 0 Two distinct real roots.

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑦2 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 2 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 8 = 0

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UNIT -5
ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION

EXPECTED MARKS-3
Sl no Question type Marks
1 MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Finding nth term / sum of nth term of A.P 2

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER: -

1.General form of an Arithmetic Progression: a, a+d, a+2d , a+3d , . . . .a+(n-1)d
2.Formula to find nth term of an Arithmetic Progression: an = a + (n-1) d
3. To find the nth term of an AP towards last term: an = l – ( n – 1 ) d l = last term
4. Formula to find sum of the first n terms of an AP:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
i) sn =2 [ 2a + (n-1)d ] ii)sn = 2 [ a + an] OR sn = 2 [ a + l ]
𝑛(𝑛+1)
5.Formula to find sum of first n positive integers: sn = 2
6. Formula to find sum of first n positive even integers: Sn = n(n+1)
7. Formula to find sum of first n positive odd integers: Sn = n2
8. Formula to find sum of n terms and sum of (n-1) terms are given: an=sn-sn-1
𝑎+𝑐
9. If a, b , c are in AP, Then b = 2 and b is called arithmetic mean.

Multiple choice questions

1. 𝑥 , 21, 18 . . .. are in AP, Then the value of ‘x’ (prep-2024)
A) 24 B) 23 C) 18 D) -3
2. In an AP there are 20 terms in which the first ters is 2 and the last term is 78 find AP
A) 2, 5, 8, . . . B) 2, 7, 12, . . . C) 2, 6, 10, . . . D) 2, 4, 6, . . .
3. nth term of an AP is 5n+3 then 3 rd. term of an AP
A) 11 B) 18 C) 12 D) 13
th
4. 5, 9, 13, . . . are in AP then the 10 term is
A) 36 B) 31 C) 41 D) 21

ONE MARK QUESTION

1. In an AP the first term is a and the common difference d the write the nth term
solution: an = a + ( n – 1 ) d
2. In an AP 3,1, -1,….. find the 5th term.
Solution: a = 3, d = -2, n = 5
an = a + (n-1)d => a5 = 3+(5-1)×-2 => 3-8 => a5 = -5
Sum of first 6 terms and 5 terms of an AP is 78 and 55 respectively. Then find 6th term of an AP
an = sn – sn-1 here s6 = 78 & s5 = 55
a6 = S6-S6-1 => a6 = S6 -S5 => a6 = 78-55 => a6 = 23

TWO MARK QUESTION

1. In an AP 4, 7 , 10 , . . . Find the 20th term using the formula.
Solution: a=4 d =7-4=3 n=20 a20=?
an=a+(n-1) d
a20=4+(20-1)3
a20=4+19×3
a20=4+57
a20=61
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 2. In an AP 10, 15, 20 , . . . Find the 20th term using the formula.
Solution: a=10 d =15 – 10 = 5 n=20 S20=?
𝑛
Sn=2 [2a+(n-1) d]
20
S20= 2 [2×10+(20-1)5]
S20=10[20+19×5]
S20=10 [20+95]
S20=1150

Do it yourself: (ONE MARKS)

1. 2, x, 26, . . . are in AP. Then the value of x (April-2024 )
A) 12 B) 14 C) 28 D) 24
th
2. 11 term of an AP is -3, -1 , 1 , 3 , . . .
A) 23 B) -23 C) -17 D) 17
3. Common difference of an AP is 8, 5 , 2 , -1 , . . . .
A) -3 B) -2 C) 3 D) 8
4. Sn = 50 & Sn-1=42 Then the value of an is
A) 50 B) 42 C) 20 D) 8
5. In an AP first term and common difference is 6 & 5 respectively. find the 3rd term of an AP
6. In an AP an=3n-2 Then find the 2nd term of an AP.
7. In an AP 17th term is 7 more than the 10th term, Then find the common difference of an AP.

Do it yourself: (TWO MARKS)

1. Using the formula find the 21th term of an AP 5 , 9 , 13 , . . .

2. Using the formula find the 30th term of an AP 5, 8 , 11 , . . .
3. Using the formula find the 10th term of an AP 2, 5, 8 , . . .
4. Using the formula find the 20th term of an AP 5, 8, 11 , . . .
5. Using the formula find the 30th term of an AP 10 , 7 , 4 , . . .
6. Using the formula find the 15th term of an AP 6 , 10 , 14 , . . .
7. Using the formula find the sum of 16 terms of an AP 7 , 11 , 15 , . . .
8. Using the formula find the sum of 20 terms of an AP 3, 8, 13 , . . .
9. Using the formula find the sum of 18 terms of an AP 6 , 10 , 14 , . . .
10. Using the formula find the sum of 20 terms of an AP 2+7+12+, . . .
11. Using the formula find the sum of 15 terms of an AP 3+6+9+, . . .
12. Using the formula find the sum of 20 terms of an AP 2+5+8+ , . . .

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UNIT- 6 TRIANGLES

EXPECTED MARKS-7
Sl no Question type Marks
1 MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Simple problems on Thale’s theorem 2
3 Proof of Theorems (BPT/AAA) of 4

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER: -

1. Two similar figures have the same shape, but different size is called Similar figures.
2. Two Polygons are similar if (1) their corresponding angles are equal and (2) their corresponding sides
are in the same ratio (or proportion)
3. Thales Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem )
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
4. converse of Thales Theorem
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
5. AAA(Angle–Angle–Angle) criterion of similarity of two triangles.
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
(or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.
6. SSS (Side–Side–Side) similarity criterion for two triangles.
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the same ratio of ) the sides of the
other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similiar.
7. SAS (Side–Angle–Side) similarity criterion for two triangles.
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including these angles are
proportional, then the two triangles are similar.

THEOREMS ON TRIANGES
Thales Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem )
“If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the
other two sides are divided in the same ratio.”
Data: In ∆ ABC, DE II BC
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To prove: 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
Construction: Let us join BE and CD and then draw DMAC and ENAB
1
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) ×𝐴𝐷×𝐸𝑁
Proof: 𝑎𝑟(∆𝐵𝐷𝐸) = 12
×𝐵𝐷×𝐸𝑁
2
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) 𝐴𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷 _____________(E 1)
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐵𝐷𝐸)
1
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐷𝐸) ×𝐴𝐸×𝐷𝑀
= 21
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐶𝐷𝐸) ×𝐸𝐶×𝐷𝑀
2
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐷𝐸) 𝐴𝐸
= ___________________(E 2)
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐶𝐷𝐸) 𝐸𝐶
∆BDE and ∆DEC are on the same base DE and between the same parallels BC and DE.
ar∆BDE ≅ ar ∆ CDE ………………..(E3)
From E (1), E (2) and E (3)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐸𝐶
𝐷𝐵

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 Theorem: (Angle–Angle–Angle) criterion of similarity of two triangles.
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
(or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.

D
A

P Q
B C

E F

Data: In ∆ABC & ∆DEF

∠A =∠ D ∠ B = ∠E&∠C = ∠F
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
To prove: 1) 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹= 𝐸𝐹 &
2) ∆ ABC ~∆ DEF
Construction: Cut DP = AB and DQ = AC and join PQ
Proof: ∆ ABC & ∆ DPQ
AB = DP__________(Construction)
𝐴̂ = D
̂ __________(Data)
AC = DQ__________(Construction)
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DPQ____________(S.A.S Postulate)

BC=PQ______________(CPCT)
̂ 𝐶 = DP
𝐴B ̂Q ___________(Equation 1)
AB̂ C= DE
̂F___________ (Equation 2 (Data)
From Equation (1) & Equation (2)
DP̂Q=DE ̂F
PQ II EF____________(If the corresponding angles are equal then the lines are parallel)
𝐷𝑃 𝑃𝑄 𝐷𝑄
= 𝐸𝑃 = 𝐷𝐹 ______________(Corollary of BPT)
𝐷𝐸

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= =
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐷𝐹

⇒ ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF

Model questions (2 Mark)

1. In ∆ ABC, If DE ‖ BC, AD = 5 cm, BD = 7 cm and AC = 18 cm then find AE.
In ∆ ABC,
AC AB
= AD
AE
18cm 12cm
=
AE 5cm
18cm×5cm
AE = 12cm
90cm
AE = 12cm = 7.6 cm

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UNIT-7
Coordinate Geometry
EXPECTED MARKS-6
Sl no Question type Marks
1 MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Problems on distance formula 2
3 Problems on Section formula 3

1. Distance formula
Distance formuala between the coordinate points A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2)
AB = d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2. Distance of point from the origin
d = √x 2 + y 2
3. Midpoint formula: Coordinate of the midpoint of a line joining the points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M (x, y) = ( , )
2 2
4. Section formula : The coordinates of the points P(x,y) which divides the line segment joining the
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1
P(x,y) = ( , )
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2

1. Find the distance between the points A (2, 3) and B (4, 1)

Ans: A (2, 3) B (4, 1)
d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
d = √(4 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2 d = √( 2)2 + (− 2)2 = √4 + 4 = √2X4 = 2√2 units
2. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (1,6) and (4,3) internally in the ratio 1:2
Ans: (1, 6) and (4, 3), m1 : m2 = 1 : 2
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1 1(4)+2(1) 1(3)+2(6)
P(x,y) = ( , ) P(x,y) = ( , )
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 1+2 1+2
4+2 3+12 6 15
P(x,y) = ( , ) P(x,y) = (3 , ) P(x,y) = (2, 5)
3 3 3
3. Find the distance from the origin to the point P (12, 5)
Ans: (x, y) = (12, 5)
OP = √x 2 + y 2 OP =√122 + 52 OP = √144 + 25
OP = √169 units OP = 13 units

Do it yourself: -
1 Find the distance between the following coordinate points
a) A (-5, 7) & B (-1, 3) b) A (4, 2) & B (9, 14) c) A (-2, 8) & B (-5 ,11 )
2. Find the coordinate of the midpoint of the line joining the following points
a) A (3, 0) & B (5, 4) b) A (-10, 8) & B (2, 4) c) A (7, 9) & B (-3 ,11) d) A (14, 8) & B (-4, 2)
3. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (4,.8) and (10,2) internally in the ration 1:2
4. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (-1, 7) and (4,-3) internally in the ration 2:3.
5. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(-3, 10) and B(6, 8) is divided by P (-1, 6).
6. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(-6, 10) and B(3, -8) is divided by P(-4, 6)
7. Find the distance from the origin to the point (-3, 4)
8. Find the distance from the origin to the point (6,-8)

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UNIT -8
INTRODUCTION OFTRIGONOMETRY

EXPECTED MARKS-3
S.NO. Question type Merks
1. Trigonometric ratio, standard values, reciprocals 1
2 Trigonometric identities 2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (1 MARK)

Adjescent Side

Opposite side
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse

Opposite side Adjescent Side

Observe the above figure and write the
trigonometric ratios for the following TRY YOURSELF
Answer: 1. sinC=
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 2. cosC=
1) sinA = Opp / Hyp = BC/AC 3. tanC=
2) cosA = Adj / Hyp = AB/AC 4. cosecC=
3) tanA = Opp / Adj = BC/AB 5. secC=
4) cosecA= Hyp /Opp= AC/BC 6. cotC=
5) secA= Hyp / Adj = AC/AB
6) cotA = Adj /Opp = AB/BC
2 Marks
1. If tanθ = 4/3 thenfind out the Do it yourself
trigonometric ratios
Answer: By Pythagoras Theorem 1) If secθ = 13/5 then find out
AC2 =AB2 + BC2
the sinθ and tanθ
AC2= 42 +32
=16+9 2) If 15cotA=8 then find out sinθ
=25 and secθ
3 Units
AC = √25
AC = 5
1) Sinθ = AB/AC= 4/3
4 Units
2) Cosθ =BC/AC = 3/5
3) Tanθ = AB/BC =4/3
4) Cosecθ= AC/AB =5 /4
5) Secθ = AC/BC=5 /3
6) Cotθ = BC/AB= 3/4

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The values of the Trigonometric functions
Θ 00 300 450 600 900
Sinθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1
Cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0
Tanθ 0 1/√3 1 √3 N.D.
Cosecθ N.D. 2 √2 2/√3 1
Secθ 1 2/√3 √2 2 N.D.
cotθ N.D. √3 1 1/√3 0

1. Find the value of tan450? Do it yourself:

Answer: tan450 = 1 1) Sin300
2) cos00
3) cot450
4) Tan900
5) Cosec600

1. Evaluate sin600 cos300 + sin300 Do it yourself:

cos600
Ans : sin600 cos300 + sin300 cos600 1. 2tan2450 + cos2300 – sin2600
= (√3/2x √3/2 )+(1/2 x 1/2) 2. Cos 300 + Tan 450
𝟑 𝟏 3. Cosec 450 + 2 Sec 300
= + 4. Tan450 + cot450
𝟒 𝟒

𝟑+𝟏 4
=
𝟒
=
4
= 1

1) Express the ratios cosA, TanA in terms

of sinA, Do it yourself:
sin A + cos A = 1
2 2 1)Express the ratios sinA, secA in terms of
cosA,
COS2A= 1 - sin2A 2)Express the ratios cosA, tanA in terms of
cosA =√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 cotA,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
tanA= tanA=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

Reciprocals:

sinθ= 1/cosecθ Cosecθ = 1/sinθ

Cosθ = 1/secθ Secθ = 1/cosθ

tanθ = 1/cotθ cotθ = 1/tanθ

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 Try it your self
1) If tanθ =1 then find the value of sec θ TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
A) 1/√3 B) √3 C) √2 D) 1/√2
1. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
2) If Sinθ = 3/5 then find the value of cosecθ
2. 1+ tan2θ = sec2θ
A) 5/3 B) 3/5 C) 3/4 D) 5/4
3. 1+ cot2θ = cosec2θ

4.

UNIT- 9
Applications of Trigonometry

EXPECTED MARKS- 3

Sl no Question type Marks

1 Problems on height and distance 1

Angle of Elevation Angle of depression

𝜽 300 450 600
Object
sin𝜽
Û Horizontal Line 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
Observer
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
cos𝜽
√𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
Horizontal Line 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Object
Û tan𝜽 𝟏 1
√𝟑
Observer Angle of depression
Angle of elevation
√𝟑

Note: Using the above results Solve problems related to applications of trigonometry.

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UNIT- 10
Circles

EXPECTED MARKS- 6
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Theorem on circles 3
3 Application problems 2
1 Mark Questions

1. A line that intersects a circle at two distinct

points is called a Secant. 6. A circle can have infinitely many parallel
2. A line that intersects a circle at only one tangents at the most.
point is called a tangent. 7. Angle between the radii + Angle between the
3. Maximum number of tangents drawn to a tangents = 1800
circle from an external point: 2 tangents. 8. (Distance from a centre of a circle to External
4. Maximum number of tangents drawn on a point)2 = (length of a tangent)2 + (length of a
circle: 1 tangent. radious)2 d2 = t2 + r2
5. Maximum number of tangents drawn to a 9. The angle between the tangent and radii is 900
circle from an internal point: 0 tangent.
(any one theorem for 3 Marks)
Theorem 1 Theorem 2
Prove that: “the lengths of tangents drawn Prove that: “The tangent at any point of a circle is
from an external point to a circle are perpendicular to the radius through the point of
equal”. contact”
Data: O is the center of
Data: O is the center the circle XY is a
of the circle P is an tangent to the circle at
external point PQ and P
PR are the tangents
To prove: PQ = PR To prove: OP ⊥ XY
Construction: OQ, OR and OP are joined Construction: Take a point Q on XY other than P
Proof: In Δ POQ and Δ POR and join OQ
∠PQO = ∠PRO (Theorem 4.1) Proof:
hyp OP = hyp OP (Common side) OQ = OR + RQ
OQ = OR (Radii of same circle) OP = OR (Radii of same circle) OQ = OP + RQ
∴ ΔOQP ≅ ΔORP OQ > OP
∴ PQ = PR OP is the shortest of all the distance from O to XY
∴ OP ⊥ XY

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2 Marks (Try Yourself)

1. In the given figure identify and write the tangent, secant, chord,
diameter, radius..
G
tangent = XY
H
secant = MN

chord = PQ

diameter = GH

radius = OH and OG

2. In the figure O is the

̂ Q = 800, Then find AO
Centre of a circle. AP and AQ are tangents from an external point A. If PA ̂ P..

̂A = 900 (angle between tangent and radius is 900)

OP
̂ Q = 800 (given)
PA
̂ O = 400 ,
PA
̂ O + AO
̂A + PA
In 𝛥 POA , OP ̂ P = 1800

̂ P = 1800
900 + 400 + AO
̂ P = 1800
1300 + AO
̂ P = 1800 - 1300 AO
AO ̂ P = 500

3. ̂B = 400 . Find the value

In the given figure O is the Centre of a circle and AP
of AÔ B.

̂ B + AP
AO ̂B = 1800 (sum of the angle between tangent and radius is 1800)

̂ B + 400 = 180
AO

̂ B = 1800 - 400
AO

̂ B = 1400
AO

4. In the given figure AC, CE and EH are the tangents drawn to a circle at B, D
and F respectively. If CB= 5 cm and EF = 3 cm Then find the length of CE.
CE = DC + DE

CE = BC + FE (The length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal)

CE = 5 cm + 3 cm

CE = 8 cm

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UNIT- 11 Areas related to Circles

EXPECTED MARKS-6
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Problems on area and perimeter related to circles 2
3 Problems on shaded part of the figure 3

Parts of Circles Area Perimeter

Area of Circle C = 2πr OR C = πd
A= π 𝒓 2
d = 2r
d = 2r (d = Diameter, r = Radius)
(d = Diameter, r = Radius)

Area of Semi Circle

Perimeter of Semicircle + 2
𝜋𝑟 2 Radius
=
2 = πr + 2r

r = Radius
Area of Quadrant
Perimeter of a Quadrant + 2
Radius
𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋𝑟
4 = + 2𝑟
2

r = Radius
Area of sector
𝜽 length of arc + 2 Radius
A= 3600
× 𝜫𝒓2
𝜽
= 3600 × 2𝜫𝒓 + 2r

ϴ = Angle of Sector, r = Radius

length of arc
𝜽
Length of an arc = 3600 × 2𝜫𝒓
-------
ϴ = Angleof Sector, r = Radius

Note: Area of a square = a2

Area of a Equilateral triangle =
Area of a rectangle = l × b
√3 2
𝒂
1 4
Area of a Triangle = 2 × b × h

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1 Mark questions
1. Write the formula to find the area of a sector of a circle of radius r and angle θ.
𝜃
Area of a sector = 3600 × 𝛱𝑟 2
2. Write the formula to find the length of an arc of a sector of a circle of radius r and angle θ.
𝜃
Length of an arc = × 2𝛱𝑟
3600
3. If an area of a circle and the perimeters are numerically equal, then the radius of that circle is
2units
𝛱𝑟 2 = 2𝛱𝑟
r = 2 units

Area of a Sector
Do it yourself
1. In a circle of radius 21 cm an arc 1. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose
subtends an angle 600 at the Centre circumference is 32 cm.
of the circle. Find the area of sector
formed in the circle. 2. Length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm.
𝜃 Find the area swept by the minute hand in 5
Area of a sector = 3600
× 𝛱𝑟 2 minutes.
600 22
𝜽 = 600 = × × (21𝑐𝑚)2 3. An umbrella has 8 ribs which are equally spaced.
3600 7
Assuming umbrella to be a flat circle of radius 45
600 22 cm, find the area between the two consecutive ribs
r = 21 cm = 3600 × 7
× 21𝑐𝑚 × 21𝑐𝑚 of an umbrella.
= 231 cm2

Length of an arc
Sl no Problem/Problem figure Area of aDo it yourself
Shaded region (Do it yourself)
1. In a circle of radius 21 cm an arc
subtends an angle 600 at the Centre of 1. In a circle of radius 28 cm an arc subtends an
the circle. Find the length of an arc angle 1200 at the Centre of the circle. Find the
formed in the circle. length of an arc formed in the circle.
𝜃
Length of an arc = 3600 × 2𝛱𝑟 2. Area of a sector AOBPA is 231 Square meter
and length of an arc APB is 22 cm. Then find
600
= 3600 × 2 ×
22
× 21𝑐𝑚 the radius of a sector and angle θ.
7

= 22 cm

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UNIT-12
SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

EXPECTED MARKS-1
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1

Important points
Curved surface
Sloids Total surface Area Volume
Area

CUBE

4a2 6a2 a3

RECTANGULAR
SLOID
2h(l+b) 2(lh+bh+lb) lbh

CYLINDER

2πrh 2πr(r+h) πr2h

CONE
𝟏
πrl πr(r+l) πr2h
𝟑

SPHERE
𝟒
4πr2 4πr2 πr3
𝟑

HALF SPHERE =2πr2 =3πr2 𝟐

= πr3
𝟑

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 UNIT -13 STATISTICS

EXPECTED MARKS-4
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Finding the mean/mode/median of the given data 3

IMPORTANT LEARNING POINTS

∑𝒇𝒙
1. Mean= (direct method)
𝑵
𝑵
−𝒄𝒇
2. Median= L + [ 𝟐
]×𝒉
𝒇
𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎
3. Mode= L + [ ]×𝒉
𝟐𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝟐
4. 3Median= 2Mean + Mode

1. Find the mean for the following data

Literacy rate 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85 85-95
No of cities 3 10 11 8 3

Literacy rate Number of Mid point(x) fx

Cities (f)
45-55 3 50 150
55-65 10 60 600
65-75 11 70 770
75-85 8 80 640
85-95 3 90 270
N= 35 𝛴𝑓𝑥 = 2430

Mean = = = 69.4
𝜮𝒇𝒙 2430
𝑵 35

2. Find the mode for the following Data

Family size 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11
Mode = L + [
𝑓1 −𝑓0
No of families 7 8 2 2 1 ]×ℎ
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2

Solution:
=3+[ ]x2
8−7
Family size No of families 2(8)−7−2
1-3 7=f0
=3+[ ]x2
8−7
L=3-5 8 =f1 16−9
5-7 2=f2
=3+[ ]x2
7-9 2 1
9-11 1 7
N=20
= 3 + 0.285 = 3.285
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 3. Find the median for the following data
Weight (kg) No of students Weight(kg) students cf
40-45 2 40-45 2 2
45-50 3 45-50 3 5
50-55 8 50-55 8 13 = cf
55-60 6 L=55-60 6=f 19
60-65 6 60-65 6 25
65-70 3 65-70 3 28
70-75 2 70-75 2 30
Solution: N= 30

𝑁 30
= = 15
2 2

𝑁
− 𝒄𝒇
Median = L + [ 𝟐
]×ℎ
𝑓

= 55 + [
𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟑
]×5
6
𝟐
= 55 + [ ] × 5
6
= 55 + 1.66
= 56.66

Do it your self:-
Find the Mean, Mode and Median for the following data
CI 10-25 25-40 40-55 55-70 70-85 85-100
f 2 3 7 6 6 6

No of Cars 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8

C-I 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165

F 4 7 18 11 6 5

C-I 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

f 5 8 20 15 7 5

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UNIT-14 PROBABILITY
EXPECTED MARKS-3
Sl no Question type Marks
1. MCQ/one mark question 1
2 Problems on P(E)=
𝑛(𝐸) 2
𝑛(𝑆)

IMPORTANT LEARNING POINTS

𝑛(𝐸)
1. Probabilty of an event E is defined as P(E)= 𝑛(𝑆)
2. For any event E, event 𝐸̅ is called complementary event, then p(E )+P(𝐸̅ )=1
3. The probability value of an event is ≤ 𝐩(𝐄) ≤ 𝟏
4. The probability of a sure event is 1
5. The probability of an impossible event is 0
6. The sum of all Elementary events of an experiment is 1
1 or 2 Marks Questions
1. The passing probability of a student who is studying in 10 std is 0.75. Then Find the Fail
Probability?
P(E) + P(E
̅) = 1
P(E) + 0.75 = 1 P(E) = 1-0.75 = 0.25
2. When a coin is tossed find the probability of getting Head?

S= (H, T) n(S)=2
E=(H) n(E)=1 𝐩(𝐄) = 𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏

3. When Dice is thrown find the probability of 1) getting Even numbers 2) getting prime numbers

S= (1,2,3,4,5,6) n(S)=6
i) E= (2,4,6) n(E)= 3 𝐩(𝐄) = 𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟔=𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑 𝟏

ii) E= (2,3,5) n(E)= 3 𝐩(𝐄) = 𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟔=𝟐

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑 𝟏

Do it your self:

1. The probability of losing the game is 0.63. Then the probability of winning the game…
2. The probability of getting rain is 27% . Then find the probability of not getting rain…
𝟒
3. The Probability of winning in a Hokey game is 𝟓 , what is the probability is losing the game?

Do it yourself:
1. If we toss two coins at a time then find the probability of getting Two tiles.
2. If we thrown two dice at a time then find the probability of 1) Getting Sum of two numbers is 8
1) Getting sum of the two numbers less than 12 or equal to 12
3. A box contains 5 red, 8 white and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out from the box
randomly. Find the probability of marble taken out is
1) Red marbles 2) Not a green marbles
4. In a basket of 50 fruits 5 five fruits are rotten. The probability that a fruit taken out of the basket at
random 1) will be good 2) will be rotten

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