Kerala Class 9 Biology_Simplified

Biology_ Notes_2024 by Rasheed Odakkal

Unit 4 – Behind Movements
Content : * Different types of movements.
* Different types of muscles.
* Skeletal system.
* Structural frameworks in animals.
* Types of joints.
* Disorders of bones and muscles.
* Movements in plants.
Unit summary :
All living things have movement. But in living things, including
microorganisms, diversity is shown in movements and the means it occur. Energy is
required for movement and locomotion. In humans, muscles and bones help in
movement and locomotion.
Muscle cells with the proteins actin and myosin have the ability to contract and
relax. On the basis of muscle cells, human muscles are classified as skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. These include both voluntary muscles and
involuntary muscles.
The 206-bone human skeleton can be divided into axial and appendicular
skeletons. A bone with a covering (periostium) contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph
vessels, and osteoblast cells.
Cartilage is a connective tissue that has no blood vessels or nerves and is softer and
more flexible than the bone.
Humans mainly have an endoskeleton. Some animals have exoskeleton. A few
animals without bones or cartilage have a hydroskeleton filled with water. Based on
evolutionary history, it can be understood that after the emergance of organisms with
hydroskeleton, organisms with exoskeletons and then endoskeletons were evolved.
Joints are the parts where bones are connected. Joints help in movement and
locomotion. There are of four types of joints namely pivot joint, ball & socket joint,
hinge joint and gliding joint. Each joint consists of a ligament, capsule, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid and cartilage.
Nutritional factors and exercise are necessary for the growth and development of
muscles and bones. Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sprains, muscular dystrophy
etc. are examples of skeletal muscular disorders.
Plants also move in response to stimuli. Those that follow the direction of
stimulus are called tropic movements (tropism) and those that are not are called
nastic movements. Apart from the phototropic, geotropic and hydrotropic movements,
haptotropic and chemotropic movements are also take place in plants.
Questions & Answers :
1. Animals require more energy than plants. Reason?
Unlike plants, animals use a good portion of their energy for movement.
2. Give examples of different types of movements seen in living things.
In Bacterium moves using its flagella, amoeba moves using
microorganis pseudopodia, and paramoecium moves using its cilia.
ms
In animals Walking, running, peristalsis, heart beat, blood circulation, sperm
movement
In plants Seed germination, growth of plant parts, changes according to
stimuli...
3. Examples of movements common to all living things? 4. Means of
Movement of particles by osmosis, diffusion, active moveme
transport etc, Transport of gases, transport of nutrients, nt in
excretion of waste… various
organisms:

cilia
Tetacles

Bacteria - Flagellum Fish - Fin and Earthworm - Setae

tail
Amoeba - Pseudopodia Frog - Limbs Cockroach -Wing, Hydra
limb 1/4
Paramecium - Cilia Bird - Wing Lizard - Limbs Paramoecium
 Class 9 Biology Simplified Notes by Rasheed
5. Movement and means of movements in human beings ?
- Cytoplasmic streaming (to distribute substances throughout the cytoplasm)
- Pseudopodial movement (in WBCs, pseudopodia help in locomotion and defence)
- Flagellar movement (the flagellum of the sperm helps to reach the egg)
- Ciliary movement (the ovum moves by the movement of the cilia in the oviduct)
- Muscular movement
6. What enables movement in our
body? Bones and muscles.
7. What characteristic of muscles facilitates Actin Myosin
movement? Muscle cells can contract and
relax.
8. Proteins that enable muscle cells to contract
and relax? Actine, Myosin.
9. Different types of muscles in human body? What are the characteristics of each?
Skeletal muscle Attached to the bones. Cylindrical cells with striations, No
branches. Voluntarily controlled muscles.
eg:- Muscles in hands and legss, neck muscles, facial muscles..
Smooth muscle Seen in the hollow internal organs. Spindle shaped, single
nucleated cells with out striations, No branches. Involuntary
muscles.
eg:- Muscles in intestine, stomach, blood vessels ..
Muscles in the walls of heart. Cylindrical branched
Cardiac muscle cells with striations, Inoluntary muscles.
eg:- Muscles in heart walls.
10.When skeletal muscles function continuously, muscle fatigue may happen. Give
reason? When muscles work continuously, oxygen may completely used up and
muscle become weak and lose the capacity to contract due to lactic acid
formation by anaerobic respiration.
11.How muscles help us bend and straighten our limbs?
The antagonistic actions of both the flexor muscle and extensor muscle help us fold
and strech our hands or legs. Tendons also takes part in this action.
12.The parts that connect the ends of the muscles to the bones are ?
Tendons.
13.Functions of skeletal system?
Provide support, protection and shape to the body and aid in movement and
locomotion.
14.The human skeleton has a total of- number of small and large bones.
206. (Axial skeleton = 80, Appendicular skeleton
=126) (About 18% of human body weight is constituted by
the bones)
15.Diffrent types of bones in our
skeleton: Axial skeleton consists
the bones seen in the central axis Human
of the body and the appendicular skeleton
skeletons attached to it.
Axial skeleton *V
(80 bones) e
* Skull - 29 r
t
* Sternum -1 e
b
* Ribs - 24 r
a
 Class 9 Biology Simplified Notes by Rasheed
l column-
Appendicular skeleton
26 (126 bones)
* Pectoral girdle - 4

* Forelimb - 60

* Pelvic girdle - 2

* Hindlimb - 60

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 Class 9 Biology Simplified Notes by Rasheed
16.The membrane which covers the
bone? Periostium.
17.What is the function of the osteoblast cells of bones?
Deposit minerals in the bones, make them strong and firm and also help in growth
and repair.
18.Structure of a typical bone:
A bone with a covering (periostium) contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph
vessels, and osteoblast cells. Calcium, phosphate, collagen proteins and
salts provide hardness and strength to bones. Osteoblast cells of bones
deposit minerals in the bones, make them strong and firm and also help in
growth and repair.

19.How is cartilage differ from bone?

The connective tissue, cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone. Due to the
absence of blood vessels, its growth is slow. Nerves are also absent in cartilage.
(Cartilage at the tip of bones in the joint help to reduce friction).
20.Examples for structural frameworks in a few
organisms. Hydroskeleton, Exoskeleton &
Endoskeleton.

21.Even those with endoskeleton

A. Hydroskeleton:- may alsopresent
Fluid filled chambers have exoskeleton parts.
in the body of earthworm, hydra, snail,
Examples? Hair, fur, nails, horns, hoofs, feathers, scales.
jelly fish..
22.Examples of animals
B. Exoskeleton having
:- Hard shellboth
made the
of endoskeleton and exoskeleton?
calcium carbonate in crabs, mussels
Turtle and crocodile. (The
and shell of
oysters. the turtle
Outer is exoskeleton
covering andin
made of chitin the bones are
endoskeleton.
In crocodiles, there is an exoskeleton with thick scales along with the
endoskeleton)
23.The exoskeleton is sometimes shed by animals (moulting). Why?
Insects and snakes molt to form new ones as part of body growth, and others to
repair damage or adapt to a changed environment.
24.Bones are connected to each other by strings like structures, called ?
Ligaments.
25.The part where two or more bones are connected to
each other? Joint.
26.Structure of a typical joint: ligament
Ligaments are found connecting two bones. Inside this the
capsule helps in the smooth movements of bones. The
synovial membrane seen inside the capsule produce the
synovial fluid
and the cartilage at the tip of each bone reduce friction between the bones.
cartilage

27.Different types of joints and their peculiarities:

A. Pivot joint :- The joint at the point of skull meets the first
vertebra. This enables side to side
movements of head.
B. Ball and Socket joint:- A joint with a socket-like and ball-
shaped end seen at pectoral girdle joins with the
humerus and pelvic girdle joins with the femur.
This enables movements in all planes.

C. Hinge joint :- A hinge-like joint in the elbow, knee, and hing

fingers.
Enables movements towards one side like a Glidi
D.
 Class 9 Biology Simplified Notes by Rasheed
ng joint :- Joints in the wrists and ankles.
Enables gliding movements.

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28.Factors required for bone growth?
Calcium – ensure hardness and strength of bones.
Vitamin D – for absorbing calcium. (mild sun exposure
is good) Protein – for bone development.
29.What is the function of bones?
Help for body movement, body shape, strength, protection and formation of blood
cells.
30.What is the importance of exercise?
• Vital capacity of lugs increases, Gaseous exchange becomes efficient.
• Strengthens the limbs.
• Muscle strength increases and blood vessels increase. Bones become stronger and
firm.
• Increases the efficiency of heart muscles and blood flow. Blood vessels expand.
31.Disorders of bones and muscles? Reason and symptoms?
Osteoporosis Deficiency of Ca, vitamins and Parts of bones get damaged.
protein Bone become porous and
weak.
Rheumatoi Destruction of cartilages and Severe pain and swelling in
d arthritis synovial membrane by the the joints.
immune system.
Muscula Main reason is the change occurs Muscles become weak.
r in the genes.
dystrop
hy
Sprain Stretching or breaking of ligaments. Pain, swelling, bruises(ചതവ്) and
difficulty in moving the joints.
32.Slings and splints are used in cases of broken bones. What are these?
A sling is a system for supporting and reducing movement in case of arm and
shoulder injuries. Splint is a device to support and reduce movement when bones are
fractured or sprained.
A bandage can also be used for this. (Bandage also helps to stop bleeding in the
wound)
33.Bones are helpful in the study of organic evolution. Justify with an example.
Studies using DNA extracted from ancient bones (fossils) reveals the Humans'
relationship with extincted hominins.
34.Different types of skeletons are arranged based on their evolutionary history :
Early hydroskeleton organisms – Exoskeleton organisms – Endoskeleton organisms
(They are more flexible for more movements and strong) - Emergence of bipedal
humans.
35.Examples for stimuli that cause plant
movements? Light, water, gravity, touch,
chemical substances.
36.What are the two types of movements found in plants?
Tropic movements in the direction of stimuli and nastic movements not in the direction of
stimuli.
37.Different types of tropic movements:
a. Phototropism :- (eg:- Stem grows towards the direction of light and root grows
against it)
b. Geotropism :- (eg:- Root grows towards gravity of earth and stem grows against
it)
c. Hydrotropism :- (eg:- Root grows towards the direction of water and stem grows
against it) Other types of tropic movements:
 * Haptotropism :- (eg:- A plant's tendrils grow toward or
around the object it touches)
* Chemotropism :- (eg:- Pollentube moves toward the ovary where
chemical is present)
38.Examples for nastic movements?
Folding up of leaves in the sensitive plant (touch-me-not) when touch on it, the leaves
of some plants fold up when it gets dark, opening of flower buds, movements in
predatory plants..

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