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calc_test_sept_2019_solutions

The document is a class test on calculus from the Ramanujan School of Mathematics, consisting of five problems worth a total of 50 marks. The test covers topics such as continuity, limits, and properties of functions, requiring students to provide proofs and explanations for their answers. It emphasizes the importance of showing rough work and proper reasoning in solutions.

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10 views3 pages

calc_test_sept_2019_solutions

The document is a class test on calculus from the Ramanujan School of Mathematics, consisting of five problems worth a total of 50 marks. The test covers topics such as continuity, limits, and properties of functions, requiring students to provide proofs and explanations for their answers. It emphasizes the importance of showing rough work and proper reasoning in solutions.

Uploaded by

Emu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ramanujan School of Mathematics

Class Test on Calculus


Sept 2019

Total marks: 10 × 5 = 50 Time: 2 hours.

Attempt all the questions. Answers without proper explanations will fetch zero.
Show all your rough work – partial solutions may be rewarded. You can use any
theorem/result without proving it again; but you have to state it properly.

1. Suppose that f : R → R is a continuous function such that f (x) 6= x for every


x ∈ R. Is it possible that there exists some c ∈ R such that f (f (c)) = c?

2. Let f : [0, 1] → R be a function satisfying f (2x) = 3f (x) for every 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/2.


If f is bounded, show that lim f (x) = f (0).
x→0+

3. Determine, with proof, whether the following statements are true or false: (If
true then provide a proof, else provide a counter-example)
(a) If lim f (x) = c then lim f (sin x) = c.
x→0 x→0
(b) If lim f (sin x) = c then lim f (x) = c.
x→0 x→0

4. Determine, with proof, the value of the following limit


 
n π 1
lim tan + .
n→∞ 4 n

5. Let f, g : R → R be continuous functions such that given any two points x1 < x2 ,
there exists a point x3 between x1 and x2 such that f (x3 ) = g(x3 ). Show that
f (x) = g(x) for every x ∈ R.

Do not cheat to yourself. All the best!

Teacher: Aditya Ghosh

1
Solutions
1. If f (x) − x changes its sign then by continuity there exists a point x0 such that
f (x0 ) = x0 . But since that is not allowed, we deduce that f (x) − x is either
positive for all x, or negative for all x. When f (x) > x for all x, we find that

f (f (x)) > f (x) > x.

And when f (x) < x for all x, we find that

f (f (x)) < f (x) < x.

Thus in both the cases, we cannot have a solution to the equation f (f (x)) = x.
2. We are given that f (2x) = 3f (x) for every x ∈ [0, 1/2]. This yields f (0) = 0.
Also deduce that for any natural number n,

f (2n x) = 3n f (x) for every x ∈ [0, 1/2n ]. (∗)

Since f is bounded, we can assume that

|f (x)| ≤ M for every x ∈ [0, 1]

for some fixed M > 0. Now, let (xn )n≥1 be a sequence in [0, 1] such that
xn → 0+ . Our goal is to show that for any such sequence, f (xn ) → f (0) = 0.
Given any ε > 0, we take k ∈ N (sufficiently large) such that

M/3k < ε.

Since xn → 0+ , for all sufficiently large n, say for n ≥ N, it holds that

0 ≤ xn ≤ 1/2k .

It follows from (∗) that for any n ≥ N,

|f (2k xn )| M
|f (xn )| = k
≤ k < ε.
3 3
This implies, from the ε-definition of limit, that f (xn ) → 0 as n → ∞.
(Note, a crucial part of the solution is to first choose k and then choose N .)
3. Both are true. We use the result that | sin x| ≤ |x| for every x ∈ R.
(a) If limx→0 f (x) = c, then for any ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that
0 < |x| < δ implies |f (x) − c| < ε. Since | sin x| ≤ |x|, we can see that
|x| < δ =⇒ | sin x| < δ which further implies |f (sin x) − c| < ε.

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(b) If limx→0 f (sin x) = c, then for any ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that 0 <
|x| < δ implies |f (sin x) − c| < ε. We may assume w.l.o.g. that δ < π/2.
The idea is to put y = sin x, i.e., x = sin−1 y. Take δ1 = sin δ ∈ (0, 1).
Since sin(·) is strictly increasing on (−π/2, π/2), for y = sin x we can say
that 0 < | sin x| < sin δ =⇒ 0 < |x| < δ which further implies that
|f (sin x) − c| < ε. Thus, for 0 < |y| < δ1 = sin δ we have |f (y) − c| < ε.

4. The key idea is to take logarithm (with base e, of course!). Let us denote
 
n π 1
An = tan + , n ≥ 1.
4 n

Observe that
 
π 1
lim log An = lim n log tan +
n→∞ n→∞ 4 n
1 + tan n1
 
= lim n log
n→∞ 1 − tan n1
2 tan n1
 
= lim n log 1 +
n→∞ 1 − tan n1
2 tan n1
= lim n
n→∞ 1 − tan 1
n
2 tan n1
= lim 1 = 2.
n→∞
n

Since x 7→ ex is a continuous map, the desired limit is

lim An = lim elog An = e2 .


n→∞ n→∞

5. Fix any y ∈ R. For any natural number n ≥ 1 we can use the given property
with x1 = y − n1 and x2 = y + n1 to say that there exists yn ∈ [y − n1 , y + n1 ]
such that f (yn ) = g(yn ). Since
1 1
y− ≤ yn ≤ y + for every n ≥ 1,
n n
Sandwich applies and tells us that yn → y as n → ∞. But we have

f (yn ) = g(yn ) for every n ≥ 1.

Letting n → ∞ here, and using the continuity of f and g we can conclude that

f (y) = lim f (yn ) = lim g(yn ) = g(y).


n→∞ n→∞

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