MATH-108 Differential Equations – 3+0 CHs

By

Prof Dr Safia Akram

METHODS FOR SOLVING 1ST ORDER ODEs

EXACT EQUATIONS
INTEGRATING FACTOR

Lec # 3

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 METHOD FOR SOLVING 1ST ORDER ODEs:
3. EXACT EQUATIONS

THEOREM/ TEST FOR EXACTNESS

THEOREM

The differential equation

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

is EXACT EQUATION if and only if

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2
DEFINITION: The expression
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
is called EXACT DIFFERENTIAL if there exist a function ‘𝑓 ’ of two
real variables ‘𝑥, 𝑦 ’ such that the expression equals the total
differential ‘𝑑𝑓.’ We know from calculus that
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Thus if (1) is exact then
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
If (1) is an exact differential, then the differential equation
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is called an “ EXACT EQUATION ”

3
EXAMPLE # 1: Solve 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
SOLUTION: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 3𝑥 2 , = 3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Thus = , so the equation is exact. To find the solution of (1) we note
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
that the left-hand side of the equation is an exact differential therefore, there
exists a function ‘𝑓 ’ of ‘𝑥’ and ‘𝑦’ such that

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 (2)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 𝑥3 + 𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (2) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦) (4)
Where ℎ(𝑦) is the constant of integration.
Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (3) we get 4
 𝜕𝑓 3
𝑑ℎ(𝑦)
=𝑥 + = 𝑥 3 + ℎ′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

⇒ 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + ℎ′ 𝑦 ⇒ ℎ′ 𝑦 = 𝑦

𝑦2
Integrating, we have ℎ 𝑦 = + 𝐶1
2

𝑦2
Thus Eq. (4) becomes 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + + 𝐶1
2
Write the implicit solution of 1st order Equation
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐴
𝑦 2
𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + + 𝐶1 = 𝐴
2
So General solution (G. S) is
2
𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + =𝐶 Ans
2
where 𝐴 − 𝐶1 = 𝐶 5
EXAMPLE # 2: Solve the initial value problem (IVP)
2𝑦 sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 3
SOLUTION: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑦 sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 2sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 2𝑦 sin𝑥 , = 2sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 2𝑦 sin𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = is exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
⇒ there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 2𝑦 sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (1) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦) (3)
Differentiating Eq. (3) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (2) we get 6
 𝜕𝑓
= sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos𝑥 + ℎ′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

⇒ sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos𝑥 + ℎ′ 𝑦 ⇒ ℎ′ 𝑦 = 0

Integrating, we have ℎ 𝑦 = 𝐶1

Thus Eq. (3) becomes 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos𝑥 + 𝐶1

Write the implicit solution of 1st order Equation
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐴
𝑦 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos𝑥 + 𝐶1 = 𝐴
So General solution (G. S) is
𝑦 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos𝑥 = 𝐶
where 𝐴 − 𝐶1
Apply the initial condition that when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 we have
−9 = 𝐶
𝑦 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos𝑥 = −9 Ans
7
EXAMPLE # 3: Solve the IVP
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦
=− 2
, 𝑦 0 =3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
SOLUTION: STEP 1: The differential form of the above equation is
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
STEP 2: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 4𝑥, = 4𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = is exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
STEP 3: there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (2) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑦) (4) 8
 Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (3) we get
𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 2 + ℎ′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + ℎ′ 𝑦 ⇒ ℎ′ 𝑦 = 2𝑦

Integrating, we have ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑦2

We omit the constant of integration here because it would simply the

absorbed into the arbitrary constant for the general solution in the next step.

STEP 4: Therefore, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
So, implicit solution is 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶

STEP 5: Apply the initial condition that when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 we have

9=𝐶
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 9 Ans
9
EXAMPLE # 4: Solve the differential equation
𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (1)
SOLUTION: STEP 1: The equation (1) is already in differential form, so
we move on the test for exactness:.
STEP 2: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝑦
𝜕𝑁
⇒ =𝑒 , = 𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = is exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
STEP 3: there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (2) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + + ℎ(𝑦) (4)
2 10
 Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (3) we get
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + ℎ′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

⇒ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 + ℎ′ 𝑦 ⇒ ℎ′ 𝑦 = −𝑒 2𝑦

Integrating, we have
𝑒 2𝑦
ℎ 𝑦 =−
2
We omit the constant of integration here because it would simply the
absorbed into the arbitrary constant for the general solution in the next step.

STEP 4: Therefore,
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + −
2 2
So, implicit solution is
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + − =𝐶 Ans
2 2 11
EXAMPLE # 5: Solve the differential equation
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION: STEP 1: The equation (1) is already in differential

form, so we move on the test for exactness:.

STEP 2: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦𝑒 2𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 1, =2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ ≠ is not exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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EXAMPLE # 6: Solve the given differential equation
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
SOLUTION: STEP 1: The equation (1) is already in differential form, so
we move on the test for exactness:.
STEP 2: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦cos(𝑥𝑦), 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀
⇒ = 2𝑒 2𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦sin 𝑥𝑦 ,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑒 2𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦sin 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = is exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
STEP 3: there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝑦 13
 Integrate (3) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ we have

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 2 + ℎ(𝑥) (4)

Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ and using (2) we get

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + ℎ′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + ℎ′ 𝑥 ⇒ ℎ′ 𝑥 = 0

Integrating, we have ℎ 𝑥 =𝐶
We omit the constant of integration here because it would simply the
absorbed into the arbitrary constant for the general solution in the next step.

STEP 4: Therefore,
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶
So, implicit solution (General solution) is
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐴 = 0 Ans
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EXAMPLE # 7: Solve the given differential equation
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 0 = 2 (1)
SOLUTION: STEP 1: The equation (1) is already in differential form, so
we move on the test for exactness:.
STEP 2: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −2𝑥𝑦, = −2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = is exact equation
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
STEP 3: there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 𝑦 1 − 𝑥2 (3)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (3) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ we have
𝑦2
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 + ℎ(𝑥) (4)
15
2
Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ and using (2) we get
𝜕𝑓
= −𝑦 2 𝑥 + ℎ′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
⇒ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = −𝑦 2 𝑥 + ℎ′ 𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
⇒
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
Integrating, w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have ℎ 𝑥 =−
2
We omit the constant of integration here because it would simply the
absorbed into the arbitrary constant for the general solution in the next step.
STEP 4: Therefore,
𝑦2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2 −
2 2
So, implicit solution is
𝑦2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
1 − 𝑥2 − =𝐶
2 2
⇒ 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝐴, where 2𝐶 = 𝐴

Using 𝑦 0 = 2 ⇒ A=3
𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 3 Ans
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EXERCISE

17
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 METHOD FOR SOLVING 1ST ORDER ODEs:
4. INTEGRATING FACTOR
INTRODUCTION:

It is sometimes possible to convert equation by multiplying it by a

function 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 called an integrating factor. However, the resulting
exact equation
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
May not be equivalent to the original equation in the sense that a
solution of one is also a solution of the other. It is possible for a
solution to be lost or gained as a result of the multiplication.

21
EXAMPLE # 1: Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
using 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1/𝑥 on 0, ∞
SOLUTION: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ =1 , = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The Eq. (1) is not exact. However, if we multiply the equation by
1
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 = , we obtain
𝑥
1 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
1 + 𝑑𝑥 + (ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
𝑥
Now
𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁
= =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Thus Eq. (2) is exact. It follows that 22
 𝜕𝑓 𝑦
=𝑀 =1+ (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = ln 𝑥 (4)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (3) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) (5)
Differentiating Eq. (5) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (4) we get

𝜕𝑓
= ln 𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
⇒ ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 0
Integrate 𝑔 𝑦 =𝑐
Hence 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝐴 = 0 is a General solution of Eq. (1) and (2)
23
EXAMPLE # 2: Show that 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 is an integrating factor for
2𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
use this integrating factor to solve the equation.
SOLUTION: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 6𝑥 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ =2 , = 3 − 8𝑥 𝑦 −1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The Eq. (1) is not exact. However, if we multiply the equation by
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 , we obtain
2𝑥𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
Hence M = 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 and N = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4 𝑥 3 𝑦
since
𝜕𝑀 2
𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Thus Eq. (2) is exact. Thus, 𝑥𝑦 2 is an integrating factor of (1). Therefore 24

 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4 𝑥 3 𝑦 (4)
𝜕𝑦
Integrate (3) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑦) (5)
Differentiating Eq. (5) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (4) we get

𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
⇒ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑔′(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 0
Integrate 𝑔 𝑦 =𝑐
Hence 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝐴 is a General solution
25
 DEFINITION:

If the differential equation

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
is not exact but when it is multiplied by a function 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 and the
resulting equation
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is exact, then 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 is called an INTEGRATING FACTOR (I. F) of
the differential equation (1).
NOTE:
The number of an integrating factors of an equation may be infinite.

26
 HOW DO WE FIND AN INTEGRATING FACTOR ?

THEOREM #1:

If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
is not exact and

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=𝑃 𝑥 ,
𝑁
Where 𝑃 𝑥 is a function of ‘𝑥’ only. Then (1) has an integrating
factor

𝜇 𝑥 = e‫𝑝 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= exp(‫)𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑝 ׬‬ (2)

27
 HOW DO WE FIND AN INTEGRATING FACTOR ?

THEOREM #2:

If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
is not exact and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=𝑄 𝑦 ,
𝑀
Where 𝑄 𝑦 is a function of ‘𝑦’ only. Then (1) has an integrating
factor

𝜇 𝑦 = e‫𝑄 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= exp(‫𝑑 𝑦 𝑄 ׬‬y) (2)

28
THEOREM #3:
If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is homogeneous and 𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 ≠ 0. then
1
(1)
𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁
is an integrating factor of Eq. (1)

THEOREM # 4:
If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is of the form
𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
and 𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁 ≠ 0. then
1
(2)
𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁
is an integrating factor of Eq. (1)
29
NOTE:
The following differential formulas are useful in the calculation of
certain exact equation
𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑑 =
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑 =
𝑦 𝑦2

3. 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)

𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑑 ln =
𝑦 𝑥𝑦

𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
6. 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan =
𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
30
EXAMPLE # 1: Solve 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
SOLUTION: A quick inspection shows that Eq. (1) is neither separable non-
homogeneous. We also note that 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ =1 , = 2𝑥𝑦 − 1 ⇒ ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since Eq. (1) is not exact. We compute
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 2
= =− = − = 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑁 𝑥 𝑦−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥
So, Integrating factor is
2
න −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −2 1
𝜇 𝑥 =e ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑝 ׬‬
=e = eln 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 = 2
𝑥
1
Multiply Eq. (1) by
𝑥2

2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 + 𝑥 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
As From (2) = , so (2) is exact Try solution yourself by
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑦 2 exact solution
2𝑥 − 𝑦𝑥 −1 + =𝐶 is required solution
2 31
 𝑥
EXAMPLE # 2: Solve 𝑑𝑥 + − sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑦
SOLUTION: Eq. (1) is neither separable non-homogeneous. Moreover
𝑥
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = − sin 𝑦
𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ =0 , = ⇒ ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since Eq. (1) is not exact. We compute
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1
− −0 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
= = = 𝑝(𝑦)
𝑀 1 𝑦
So, Integrating factor is
1
න
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝜇 𝑦 = e‫𝑝 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=e = eln 𝑦 = 𝑦
Multiply Eq. (1) by 𝑦
𝑥
y𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ y𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
⇒ y𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrate we get 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 = 𝐶 is required solution 32
EXAMPLE # 3: Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUTION: The equation is homogeneous but not exact we have (1)
2 2
𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 −𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑦 3 2

= 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ≠ 0
So, using Theorem 3
1 1
= 2 2
𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 𝑥 𝑦
1
Is an Integrating factor. Therefore multiplying Eq. (1) by , We obtain
𝑥 2𝑦2
1 2 2
1 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2
1 2 𝑥 3
− 𝑑𝑥 − 2 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
This Equation is exact. So,
1 2 𝑥 3
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = − , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 2 +
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = − 2, =− 2 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
⇒ there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that 33
 𝜕𝑓 1 2
=𝑀= − (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝑥 3
=𝑁=− 2+ (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Integrate (3) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ we have
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) (5)
𝑦
Differentiating Eq. (5) w.r.t ‘𝑦’ and using (4) we get
𝜕𝑓 𝑥
= − 2 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑥
− 2 + = − 2 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
′
3
𝑔 𝑦 = Now Integrate ⇒ 𝑔 𝑦 = 3 ln 𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
So, Equation 5 becomes 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶1
𝑦
General solution is 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐶2
𝑥
− 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 𝐶2
𝑦
𝑥
− 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦 34
EXAMPLE # 4:
Solve y 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
SOLUTION: The equation is of the form
𝑦𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Now
𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 ≠ 0
So, using Theorem 4

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 3 3
𝑥 𝑦
So multiplying given Eq. (1) by I. F and solve resulting equation
⇒ Try yourself
35
EXERCISE

36
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