Great!

Let's now go into detailed notes on Direct Measuring Instruments – focusing on what they are, types, working principles, advantages,
disadvantages, and why they are used.

📏 Direct Measuring Instruments – Detailed Notes

📏 What Are Direct Measuring Instruments?

Direct measuring instruments are devices that provide the measurement reading directly (without comparison with a reference standard). These
instruments are commonly used in workshops and laboratories for quick and accurate measurements of linear dimensions.

📏 Characteristics of Direct Measuring Instruments:

 Give instant measurement in physical units (e.g., mm, inches).
 Do not require calibration against another device for basic use.
 Easy to use and commonly employed in initial inspection stages.

📏 Classification / Types of Direct Measuring Instruments

S.No. Instrument Type Least Count
1. Steel Rule Basic scale (non-precision) 0.5–1.0 mm
2. Vernier Caliper Precision sliding caliper 0.02 mm (typical)
3. Micrometer Screw Gauge Precision screw-based instrument 0.01 mm (typical)
4. Height Gauge Vertical measurement tool 0.02 mm or better
S.No. Instrument Type Least Count
5. Depth Gauge Depth-specific measurement 0.02 mm or better

📏 1. Steel Rule
📏 Description:

 A straight steel strip with graduations in mm/inches.

 Used for rough measurements.

✅ Advantages:

 Simple, inexpensive.
 No need for calibration.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Low accuracy.
 Subject to parallax error.

📏 Applications:

 General workshop measurements.

 Layout and marking work.

📏 2. Vernier Caliper
📏 Description:

 Has a main scale and a vernier scale.

  Measures external, internal, and depth dimensions.

📏 Working Principle:

 The difference in divisions of the vernier scale and main scale provides a least count (e.g., 0.02 mm).

✅ Advantages:

 Higher accuracy than steel rule.

 Multifunctional: measures depth, internal, and external dimensions.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Slight learning curve.

 Less accurate than micrometers for very fine dimensions.

📏 Applications:

 Component inspection.
 Quality control in machining.

📏 3. Micrometer Screw Gauge

📏 Description:

 Uses a precision screw thread for movement.

 Can measure to 0.01 mm or 0.001 mm (digital).

📏 Types:

 Outside Micrometer – for external measurements.

 Inside Micrometer – for bores.
  Depth Micrometer – for slots, holes.

✅ Advantages:

 Very high accuracy.

 Excellent repeatability.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Suitable only for specific types of measurements.

 Limited measuring range.

📏 Applications:

 Used in tool rooms, R&D, and precision engineering.

📏 4. Height Gauge
📏 Description:

 Measures vertical distances from a surface plate.

 Often includes a scriber or digital display.

✅ Advantages:

 Can be used with dial/vernier/micrometer attachments.

 Accurate height and marking measurements.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Needs a flat reference surface.

 Limited to vertical measurements.
📏 Applications:

 Layout work on surface plates.

 Inspection of component heights and hole positions.

📏 5. Depth Gauge
📏 Description:

 Measures depth of holes, recesses, grooves.

 Can be vernier, micrometer, or digital type.

✅ Advantages:

 Simple and quick depth measurement.

 High accuracy in specialized versions.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Must be held perfectly perpendicular.

 Readability can be an issue in analog models.

📏 Applications:

 Checking depth of keyways, blind holes.

📏 Comparison Table
Instrument Accuracy Least Count Measurement Type Ease of Use
 Instrument Accuracy Least Count Measurement Type Ease of Use
Steel Rule Low 0.5–1.0 mm General length Very Easy
Vernier Caliper Medium 0.02 mm External, internal, depth Easy
Micrometer High 0.01 mm External, internal Moderate
Height Gauge Medium–High 0.02 mm Height/vertical Moderate
Depth Gauge High 0.02 mm Depth Easy

📏 Why Direct Measuring Instruments Are Used

 Quick results without the need for referencing or setup.
 Suitable for in-process inspection.
 Provide cost-effective and reliable measurements for general and precision needs.
 Can be used in workshops, inspection labs, and quality assurance setups.

Would you like me to now continue with Indirect Measuring Instruments or go deeper into one of the direct instruments with illustrations and
working mechanisms?

Certainly! Here's a detailed breakdown of the types of Vernier Calipers and Micrometer Screw Gauges, including their applications and
distinguishing features:

📏 Types of Vernier Calipers

A vernier caliper is a versatile instrument used to measure internal, external, and depth dimensions. It comes in several variations to suit specific
applications.
📏 1. Manual Vernier Caliper (Analog)

 Uses a main scale and a vernier scale.

 Least count: Typically 0.02 mm.
 Requires reading skill and care to avoid parallax error.

Used in: Mechanical workshops, general dimensional inspection.

📏 2. Digital Vernier Caliper

 Displays readings digitally (LCD screen).

 Offers quick, accurate, and error-free readings.
 Can switch between metric and imperial units.

Advantages:

 No manual reading error.

 Often includes data output for recording.

Used in: Modern QC labs, automated inspection lines.

📏 3. Dial Vernier Caliper

 Has a dial indicator instead of a vernier scale.

 Easier to read than analog vernier.
 Not as modern as digital, but still widely used.

Used in: Intermediate measurement tasks, where digital tools are not preferred.
📏 4. Inside Vernier Caliper

 Specially designed to measure the internal diameter of pipes, holes, and slots.
 The jaws are facing outward.

Used in: Internal groove or hole inspection.

📏 5. Depth Vernier Caliper

 Has a depth rod instead of jaws.

 Used to measure the depth of holes, slots, or recesses.

Used in: Casting inspection, drilled hole depth checking.

📏 Summary Table – Vernier Calipers

Type Measures Common Use

Manual (Analog) Inside, outside, depth Workshops, general QC
Digital Inside, outside, depth QC labs, industry
Dial Inside, outside, depth Semi-automated inspection
Inside Vernier Internal dimensions Holes, bores
Depth Vernier Depths Blind holes, slots

📏 Types of Micrometer Screw Gauges

A micrometer provides precise measurement using a calibrated screw mechanism. There are different types based on measuring position and
component shape.
📏 1. Outside Micrometer (External Micrometer)

 Measures external dimensions like thickness, length, or diameter.

 Most common type.
 Comes in ranges: 0–25 mm, 25–50 mm, etc.

Used in: Shaft diameter, sheet thickness measurement.

📏 2. Inside Micrometer

 Used to measure internal dimensions like the inside diameter of a cylinder or hole.
 No fixed anvil – uses extensions and jaws to touch inside surfaces.

Used in: Bore gauges, internal cylindrical measurements.

📏 3. Depth Micrometer

 Measures depth of blind holes, slots, and recesses.

 Has a flat base that rests on the surface and a spindle that extends downward.

Used in: Mold, cavity, groove inspections.

📏 4. Digital Micrometer

 Similar to a standard micrometer but displays reading on a digital screen.

 Can measure to 0.001 mm or 0.00005 inch.
 May include data output ports (USB/Bluetooth).
Used in: Precision QC and documentation tasks.

📏 5. Blade Micrometer

 Has thin blade-shaped jaws for measuring grooves, keyways, or small slots.
 Offers high accuracy in narrow regions.

Used in: Gear key slot inspection, fine recess measurement.

📏 6. Disc Micrometer

 Has flat disc-shaped anvils for measuring gear teeth thickness or shoulder diameters.

Used in: Gear manufacturing, stepped shaft inspection.

📏 7. Tube Micrometer

 Designed to measure tube wall thickness with small, rounded anvils.

Used in: Pipe, tubing inspection in boilers, condensers.

📏 Summary Table – Micrometers

Type Measures Special Use Case

Outside Micrometer External dimensions Shafts, sheets, rods
 Type Measures Special Use Case
Inside Micrometer Internal diameters Bores, cylinders
Depth Micrometer Depth of holes/slots Castings, cavities
Digital Micrometer All (depending on build) High-accuracy QC
Blade Micrometer Grooves, slots Gears, keys
Disc Micrometer Gear teeth thickness Gear/shaft inspection
Tube Micrometer Tube wall thickness Boilers, medical tubing

Certainly! Here's a detailed and structured explanation of Slip Gauges and Dial Indicators, covering their definition, types, material,
advantages, disadvantages, and applications.

📏 Slip Gauges & Dial Indicators – Complete Notes

📏 1. Slip Gauges (Gauge Blocks)

📏 What are Slip Gauges?

Slip gauges (also called gauge blocks) are precision-ground rectangular blocks made of specific materials, used for obtaining precise lengths by
stacking them together. They are standardized to known lengths and used for calibration, comparison, and inspection.
📏 Why Are They Called "Slip" Gauges?

They are called “slip” gauges because they are joined together using a technique called "wringing", where two gauges stick due to molecular
adhesion without adhesives.

📏 Materials Used for Slip Gauges:

 High-grade steel (hardened & stabilized)

 Tungsten carbide (high wear resistance)
 Ceramics (low thermal expansion)
 Chromium-plated steel (resists rusting)
 Quartz (rare, used in metrology labs)

📏 Types of Slip Gauges:

Type Description
Rectangular Most common, easy to wring together
Square Also used in some regions
Wear blocks Thinner, placed at ends to reduce wear
Angle gauge blocks Precision angle forming blocks
Long gauge blocks Custom or special inspection tools
Optical flat slip gauges For use with interferometry (light-based inspection)

✅ Advantages of Slip Gauges:

 Extremely high accuracy (up to 0.0001 mm).

 Long-term dimensional stability.
 Used as reference standards for calibration.
  Can form many different sizes by stacking.

❌ Disadvantages of Slip Gauges:

 Require careful handling and wringing.

 Limited in large-scale production due to manual stacking.
 Affected by temperature changes (thermal expansion).
 Not ideal for dynamic measurement.

📏 Applications of Slip Gauges:

 Calibration of micrometers, vernier calipers, dial indicators.

 Used in tool rooms and laboratories.
 Checking and setting machine tool accuracy.
 Inspection of gauge limits, templates.

📏 2. Dial Indicators (Dial Gauges)

📏 What is a Dial Indicator?

A dial indicator is a mechanical comparative measuring instrument that amplifies small displacements of a plunger and displays the result on a
circular dial. It doesn’t measure absolute dimensions but shows deviation from a standard.

📏 Working Principle:
  The plunger moves linearly when in contact with the object.
 A gear mechanism transfers this motion to a rotating pointer on a graduated dial.

📏 Materials Used:

 Body: Stainless steel or aluminum

 Gears: Hardened steel or brass
 Dial: Polycarbonate or glass face
 Plunger: Hardened steel with precision-ground finish

📏 Types of Dial Indicators:

Type Description
Plunger Type Most common; linear displacement of plunger shown on dial
Lever Type (Test Indicator) Small lever arm instead of plunger; used for delicate tasks
Dial Depth Gauge Measures depths using a dial mechanism
Back Plunger Type Plunger moves horizontally; used where vertical space is limited
Digital Dial Indicator Digital display for easy, precise reading

✅ Advantages of Dial Indicators:

 Simple and easy to use.

 Provide visual amplification of small deviations.
 Good for comparative measurement.
 Useful in dynamic testing (e.g., checking roundness while rotating).
❌ Disadvantages of Dial Indicators:

 Cannot give absolute values (used for deviation only).

 Subject to parallax error in analog versions.
 Mechanical types can be affected by wear or backlash.
 Not suitable for very rough surfaces.

📏 Applications of Dial Indicators:

 Checking runout, flatness, straightness, and alignment.

 Inspecting machine tool components.
 Measuring deflection, warping, or backlash.
 Calibration of comparative jigs or fixtures.
 Used in automotive, aerospace, tool manufacturing.
 vfvdsf

1. VERNIER CALIPER
One small division on main scale = 1 mm

No. of divisions on Vernier scale = 50

50 Vernier scale divisions = 49 divisions on main scale (or 49

mm)

Each division on Vernier scale = (49/50) mm

Least Count = 1 MSD – 1 VSD

= 1 - (49/50) mm

= (50 - 49)/50

= (1/50) mm
Least Count of Vernier = = 0.02 mm
a. TYPE-A VERNIER CALIPER
b. TYPE-B VERNIER CALIPER
c. TYPE-C VERNIER CALIPER
2. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
3. VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
4. MICROMETER
 TYPES OF MICROMETER

1. Outside Micrometer
2. Inside Micrometer
3. Depth Micrometer
1. OUTSIDE MICROMETER

Pitch of the Barrel = 0.5 mm

Thimble graduation = 50 mm
So LC = 0.01 mm
 2. INSIDE MICROMETER

• Used to measure Inner Diameter

• 4 Parts – Measuring Heads, Extension Rods, Spacing Collars, Handles

• Used to measure cylinder Diameter, rings

• Ranges of IMM 25-150, 150-300, 300-450, 450-600mm

3. DEPTH MICROMETER

• Used to measure depth of holes, slots

•
Can side up & down & perpendicular to axis of hole
•
Range of depth MM is 0 – 225 mm
•
Length of extension rod equal to range of micrometer

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 16

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 GAUGE BLOCKS

• Fixed Gauges are used for checking the size, shape

without a scale being used to check dimensions, and
form.

Example of fixed gauges:

1. Slip Gauges

2. Limit Gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 1. SLIP GAUGE (Gauge Block)
 These are small blocks of alloy steel.
 Used in the manufacturing shops as length standards.
 Rectangular blocks with thickness representing the dimension
of the block.
 The measuring surfaces of the gauge blocks are finished to a
very high degree of finish, flatness and accuracy.
 Come in sets with different number of pieces and a typical set
consisting of 88 pieces for metric units.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 TYPES OF SLIP GAUGE
Grade II : Workshop grade for rough
checks.

Grade I : Used for setting up sine bars,

checking gap gauges and setting
dial test indicators to zero.

Grade 0 : Used in tool room and

inspection department.

Grade 00 : Kept in standard room and

used for high precision work such

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

as checking Grade I and Grade II
slip gauges.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 WRINGING OF SLIP GAUGE

• Wringing is defined as the property of the measuring faces of slip

gauges to adhere to the measuring faces of other slip gauges.

• Wringing is nothing, but removing the atmospheric air between

two mating surfaces of any two gauge blocks, so that the blocks
stick to each other due to vacuum.

• Due to do this, hold the two blocks edge-to -edge, and gently push
one of the blocks inside so as to make it sit on the other block,
completely.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

2 LIMIT GAUGES

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 LIMIT GAUGES

• These are also called “GO” and “NO GO” gauges refers to
an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its
allowed tolerances.

• To check the accuracy of a hole, a cylindrical bar with

highly finished ends of different diameters is used.

• Its name derives from its use: the gauge has two tests; the
check involves the workpiece having to pass one test (Go)
and fail the other (No Go).

• It is an integral part of the quality process that is used in

the manufacturing industry to ensure interchangeability of
parts between processes, or even between different
manufacturers.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 TYPES of LIMIT GAUGES

1. Plug gauges
a. Double ended Plug gauges 6. Snap gauges
b. Progressive type of Plug gauges
a. Double ended Snap gauges
2. Taper Plug Gauge
b. Progressive type of Snap gauges
a. Taper plug gauge - Plain
b. Taper plug gauge – tanged
c. Adjustable Snap gauges
3. Ring Gauges d. Plate type Double ended Snap
a. Taper ring gauge - Plain gauges
b. Taper ring gauge – tanged
e. Plate type single ended Snap
4. Combined Limit Gauges gauges

5. Position Gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 1. PLUG GAUGES

 The ends are hardened and accurately finished

by grinding. One end is the GO end and the
other end is NOGO end.

 Usually, the GO end will be equal to the lower

limit size of the hole and the NOGO end will be
equal to the upper limit size of the hole.

 If the size of the hole is within the limits, the GO

end should go inside the hole and NOGO end
should not go.

 If the GO end and does not go, the hole is under

size and also if NOGO end goes, the hole is
over size.

 Hence, the components are rejected in both the

cases.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
1. PLUG GAUGES

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 a. Double ended Plug gauges

b. Progressive type of Plug gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 2. TAPER PLUG GAUGE

• It is used to check the taper. It is also used to measure the

diameter of the taper at some point.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 a. Taper plug gauge - Plain

b. Taper plug gauge – Tanged

28
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 3. RING GAUGES
 Ring gauges are mainly used for checking the
diameter of shafts having a central hole.
 The hole is accurately finished by grinding and
lapping after taking hardening process.
 The periphery of the ring is knurled to give more
grips while handling the gauges.
 We have to make two ring gauges separately to
check the shaft such as GO ring gauge and NOGO
ring gauge.
 But the hole of GO ring gauge is made to the
upper limit size of the shaft and NOGO for the
lower limit.
 While checking the shaft, the GO ring gauge
will pass through the shaft and NOGO will not pass.
 To identify the NOGO ring gauges easily, a red
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
mark or a small groove cut on its periphery.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
a. Taper ring gauge - Plain

b. Taper Ring Gauge – Tanged

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 4. SNAP GAUGES

a. Double ended Snap gauges

• It is used for checking external diameters. Shafts are

mainly checked by the snap gauges.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

b. Progressive type of Snap gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

c. Adjustable Snap gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

d. Plate type single ended Snap gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

e. Plate type Double ended Snap gauges

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 5. COMBINED LIMIT GAUGES
In case of gauging of cylindrical holes, it is
impossible to combine both the 'Go' and 'No Go'
dimensions of plug gauge and thus a single
gauge doing the work of checking both the upper
and lower limits

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 6. POSITION GAUGES

It is designed for checking the

position of features in relation to
another surface.
Ex: Contour gauges, receiver
gauges, profile gauges etc.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

ANGLE MEASUREMENT - INTRODUCTION

• Angle is defined as the opening between the two lines meet

at a point.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

1. Sine Bar

2. Universal Bevel Protractor

3. Auto Collimator

4. Angle Dekkor

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 54

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 SINE BAR

• It is a precision measuring instrument and is an excellent example

of combination of linear measurement and angular measurement
when used in conjunction with gauge blocks (slip gauges).
• Sine bar is made of high carbon, high chromium corrosion
resistant steel, suitably hardened, precision ground and stabilized.
• It consists of a bar carrying a suitable pair of rollers set a known
centre distance.
• Relief holes are provided for easy handling of sine bar and for
reducing the weight of the sine bar.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC 55

 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SINE BAR

• The principle of operation of sine bar is relay upon the application of

trigonometry.
• The sine bar is placed on the surface plate with the slip gauges of the
required length (H) under one roller and opposite to the angle  as
shown in figure.

The angle  is given by, Taper Angle, Sin  = h / L in Degrees

h = Height of the Slip Gauge in mm. L = Length between two rollers in mm

56
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 USE OF SINE BAR
1. Checking unknown angles of small components:

 When an angle of component to be compared is unknown, it is necessarily first

find out the approximate taper angle with the help of bevel protector.
 If the angle is θ, then the sine bar is set at an angle θ with the help of slip gauges
and clamped to an angle plate as shown in figure.
 A dial indicator is set at a one end of the work and moved to the other end and
the deviation is note down.
 Again slip gauges are so adjusted (according to the deviation) such that dial
indicator reads zero as it move from one end to other end of the work piece.
 If the deviation is noted down by the dial indicator .

57
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
2. For locating any work to a given angle

 For this, assume surface plate is perfectly flat, so that its surface is
perfectly horizontal.
 One roller of the sine bar is placed on the surface plate and the other is
placed on the slip gauge rack of height H.
 Let the sine bar is set to an angle θ. Sine θ = h/L
 where L is the distance between the center.
 Thus knowing θ, H can be found and any work can be set out at this angle
as the top face of the sine bar is inclined at angle θ to the surface plate.
 For better result both rollers must placed on slip gauge of height h1
and h2 respectively.

58
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
3. Checking of unknown angles of heavy component:

 When components are heavy and cannot be mounted on the sine bar, the sine bar
is mounted on the component as shown in figure.
 The height over the rollers can be measured by a Vernier height gauge using a
dial gauge mounted on the anvil of it.
 The difference in the two readings of height gauge divided by the centre distance
of sine bar gives the sine angle of the component to be measured.

59
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SINE BARS

• Advantages of sine bar

1. It is precise and accurate angle measuring device.
2. It is simple in design and construction.
3. It is easily available
• Disadvantages
1. It is not fairly reliable at angles less than 15 but become
increasingly inaccurate as the angle increases. It is
impractical to use sine bar for angle above 45 .
2. It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauges.
3. The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
4. The application is limited for a fixed center distance
between two rollers.
60
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
5. Slight errors of the sine bar cause larger angular errors.

61
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 2. BEVEL PROTRACTOR

• Bevel protractors is a type of protractor which is used as an

angular measuring instruments.

61
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 Vernier or Universal Bevel Protractor
 It has a base plate or stock whose
surface has a high degree of flatness
and surface finish and it is placed on
the workpiece whose angle is to be
measured.
 An adjustable blade attached to a
circular dial is made to coincide with
the angular surface.
 It can be swiveled to the required
angle and locked into position to
facilitate accurate reading of the
circular scale that is mounted on the
dial.
 The main scale on the dial is
graduated in degrees and rotates with
the rotation of the adjustable blade.
 A stationary vernier scale mounted close to the dial, enables measurements to
a least count of 5’ or less.
 An acute angle attachment is provided for the measurement of acute angles. 62
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
3. AUTOCOLLIMATOR

63
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 WORKING OF AUTOCOLLIMATOR
 Auto-collimator is an optical instrument used for the measurement of
small angular differences, changes or deflection, plane surface
inspection etc.
 For small angular measurements, autocollimator provides a very
sensitive and accurate approach.
 If a light source is placed in the flows of a collimating lens, it is
rejected as a parallel beam of light.
 If this beam is made to strike a plane reflector, kept normal to the
optical axis, it is reflected back along its own path and is brought to
the same focus.
 If the reflector is tilted through a small angle ‘’. Then the parallel
beam is deflected twice the angle and is brought to focus in the
same plane as the light source.
 The distance of focus from the object is given by, x = 2.f
Where, f = Focul length of the lens
 = Tilted angle of reflecting mirror/plane
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Here is a detailed explanation of Light Autocollimator and Laser Autocollimator, two high-precision instruments used in
angle and alignment measurement.

📏 Light Autocollimator
📏 What is a Light Autocollimator?

A Light Autocollimator is an optical instrument used to measure very small angular displacements with high accuracy. It
uses a collimated light beam, a beam-splitting mirror, and a reticle or optical sensor to detect angular deviations based on
reflection from a mirror surface.

📏 Working Principle:

1. A light source projects a collimated beam through a lens system.

2. The beam strikes a mirror surface placed in front of the instrument.
3. Any tilt in the mirror causes the reflected beam to deflect.
4. This deflection is detected optically and translated into angular displacement.

📏 Types of Light Autocollimators:

 Visual Autocollimator: Uses an eyepiece and reticle; user visually reads the shift.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

  Digital Autocollimator: Uses a CCD or CMOS sensor for electronic output and digital display.
 Microprocessor-based Autocollimator: Provides real-time analysis, data storage, and software integration.

✅ Advantages:

 Very high precision (resolution in arc seconds or better).

 Non-contact measurement.
 Useful for dynamic and static measurements.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Sensitive to vibration and ambient light.

 Requires good surface reflectivity.
 Limited by the distance of measurement.

📏 Applications:

 Angular alignment of machine tool spindles.

 Measurement of small angular displacements.
 Flatness and straightness testing.
 Mirror alignment in optical setups.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

📏 Laser Autocollimator
📏 What is a Laser Autocollimator?

A Laser Autocollimator is an advanced version that uses a laser beam instead of visible light, providing longer range, higher
resolution, and less beam divergence. It is ideal for remote angular measurements, especially in industrial environments.

📏 Working Principle:

Similar to light autocollimators, but:

 A laser diode emits a narrow, intense beam.

 Beam is reflected off a target mirror.
 Angular change is measured by detecting the position of the reflected laser spot.

✅ Advantages Over Light Autocollimator:

 Higher measuring distance (can go up to meters).

 Better collimation and beam coherence.
 Suitable for harsh environments due to laser robustness.
 Compatible with digital processing and automation.

❌ Disadvantages:

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

  More expensive than optical versions.
 Requires precise alignment.
 Needs safety precautions (due to laser).

📏 Applications:

 High-precision alignment in aerospace and defense.

 Mirror and lens alignment in telescope systems.
 Remote alignment of machinery or components.
 Calibration of rotary tables and goniometers.

Types of Lasers Used in Laser Autocollimators:

1. Diode Laser (Semiconductor Laser)

 Most commonly used in modern laser autocollimators.

 Wavelength: Typically 630–670 nm (visible red light) or near-infrared (780–850 nm).
 Compact, energy-efficient, and reliable.
 Suitable for both short and long-range precision measurements.

2. He-Ne Laser (Helium-Neon)

 Wavelength: 632.8 nm (visible red).

 Offers excellent beam quality and stability.
 Used in high-precision lab-grade autocollimators.
 More expensive and larger than diode lasers.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

APPLICATIONS OF AUTOCOLLIMATOR

1) Measuring the difference in height of length standards.

2) Checking the flatness and straightness of surfaces.
3) Checking squareness of two surfaces.
4) Checking alignment or parallelism.
5) Comparative measurement using master angles.
6) For machine tool adjustment testing.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

4. ANGLE DEKKOR

66
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 ANGLE DEKKOR
• This is also a type of auto-collimator.
• This instrument is essentially used as a comparator and measures the
change in angular position of the reflector in two planes.
• It has an illuminated scale, which receives light directed through a
prism.
• The light beam carrying the image of the illuminated scale passes
through the collimating lens and falls onto the reflecting surface of the
workpiece.
• After getting reflected from the workpiece, it is refocused by the lens in
field view of the eyepiece.
• While doing so, the image of the illuminated scale would have undergone
a rotation of 90° with respect to the optical axis.
• Now, the light beam will pass through the datum scale fixed across the
path of the light beam.
• When viewed through the eyepiece, the reading on the illuminated scale
measures angular deviations from one axis at 90° to the optical axis, and
the reading on the fixed datum scale measures the deviation about an axis
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
mutually perpendicular to this.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 APPLICATIONS OF ANGLE
DEKKOR

1. Measurement of sloping angle of V-blocks

2. Calibration of taper gauges
3. Measurement of angles of conical parts
4. Measurement of angles of work part
surfaces, which are simultaneously
inclined in two planes
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Determination of a precise angular setting
for machining operations, for example,
milling a slot at some precise angle to a
previously machined datum surface
Optical Bevel Protractor
An optical protractor is a simple extension of
the universal bevel protractor. A lens in the
form of an eyepiece is provided to facilitate
easy reading of the protractor scale

An optical bevel protractor is a precision instrument for

calculating angles. It has a vernier scale, a base, and a protractor
head. The vernier scale on the protractor allows for an accurate
reading of the angle, and the head can be rotated and locked into
place at any angle relative to the base. A protractor with
an optical bevel has a circular base with a graduated scale
extending from 0 to 360 degrees. It has a base-mounted
telescope that enables precise angular measurements. Typically,
the telescope is equipped©with crosshairsMechanical/EGSPEC
Dr. J.Jeevamalar, or a reticle to facilitate
alignment.
An optical bevel protractor uses a magnifying lens and a light
source to achieve its results. A glass prism located in the
protractor’s head bends light. The protractor’s lens makes the
bright, distinct line that the prism on the head’s surface produces
stand out.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Here are detailed notes on Spirit Level and Clinometer including definitions,
types, materials, uses, advantages, and disadvantages.

📏 1. Spirit Level (Engineer’s Level)

📏 What is a Spirit Level?

A spirit level is a tool used to determine whether a surface is perfectly horizontal

(level) or vertical (plumb). It contains a sealed glass tube partially filled with a
colored liquid (typically alcohol or spirit), with a bubble that moves to the center
when the surface is level.

📏 Types of Spirit Levels:

1. Standard Spirit Level – Basic rectangular tool used in general leveling.

2. Box-Beam Level – Rigid, strong, and accurate, used in construction.
3. Torpedo Level – Small size, handy for tight spaces.
4. Engineer’s Precision Level – High precision; used in machine setups.
5. Digital Spirit Level – Shows the slope in degrees or mm/m digitally.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

📏 Material Used:

 Body: Aluminum alloy, plastic, or hardened steel.

 Tube: Glass or acrylic filled with alcohol-based colored liquid.

✅ Advantages:
  Easy to use and read.
 No external power needed (analog).
 Portable and durable.
 High precision in engineering levels.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Sensitive to shock and vibration.

 Analog models may be hard to read for beginners.
 Limited measurement range (mostly 0° and 90°).

📏 Applications:

 Aligning machinery.
 Leveling foundations and surfaces.
 Plumbing installations.
 Calibration of CNC and mechanical components.

📏 2. Clinometer
📏 What is a Clinometer? © Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

A clinometer (or inclinometer) is an instrument used to measure the angle of

slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity. It’s widely
used in civil engineering, forestry, and geology.

📏 Types of Clinometers:

1. Bubble Clinometer – Works like a spirit level with angular markings.

 2. Pendulum Clinometer – Uses a suspended pendulum to measure tilt.
3. Digital Clinometer – Uses sensors to provide electronic angle readings.
4. Abney Level – Combines a spirit level with a protractor scale.

📏 Material Used:

 Housing: Steel, aluminum alloy, or durable plastic.

 Internal Mechanism: May include pendulums, spirit vials, or digital
sensors.

✅ Advantages:

 Measures both incline and elevation.

 Digital versions offer high precision.
 Portable and simple to operate.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Analog models prone to parallax errors.

 Digital models need batteries or power.
 Sensitive to handling and must be properly calibrated.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

📏 Applications:

 Road and railway gradient measurement.

 Tree height and slope angle in forestry.
 Building and dam inspection.
 Machine bed leveling and alignment.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
clinometer

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 sprit level
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Here are detailed notes on the V-Block, including its types, materials, advantages,
disadvantages, and typical uses in inspection and machining.

📏 V-Block
📏 What is a V-Block?

A V-Block is a precision fixture or holding device used to securely hold round,

cylindrical, or oddly shaped workpieces during machining, inspection, marking,
or drilling. It gets its name from the V-shaped groove that supports the round
object and prevents it from rolling.

📏 Types of V-Blocks:

Type Description
Standard V-groove on the top, usually without clamps. Used for
Plain V-Block
simple holding.
Magnetic V- Contains an inbuilt magnet and a switch to activate/deactivate
Block magnetic holding. Used for ferromagnetic materials.
V-Block with Comes with a built-in clamp or strap to hold the workpiece
Clamp securely. Suitable for precise inspection.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Adjustable V- Allows adjustment of the angle or position to accommodate
Block differently sized components.

📏 Materials Used:

 Hardened tool steel (for accuracy and wear resistance).

 Cast iron (for general use).
 Alloy steel (for durability).
 Magnetic V-blocks may include permanent magnets inside the body.
✅ Advantages:

 Precise positioning of round or cylindrical workpieces.

 Reduces vibration during machining or drilling.
 Easy to align components with external references.
 Suitable for inspection and layout work.

❌ Disadvantages:

 Not suitable for non-cylindrical workpieces.

 Requires proper clamping to avoid movement during operations.
 Magnetic V-blocks only work with magnetic materials.

📏 Uses of V-Blocks:

1. Inspection of Round Parts: Check concentricity, roundness, and

straightness.
2. Drilling Operations: Position cylindrical parts under drill machines.
3. Marking and Layout: Hold pipes or rods for accurate layout marking.
4. Milling or Grinding Support: Stabilize components during surface
finishing. © Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
5. CMM Inspection: Fixtures for coordinate measuring machines in
metrology.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Adjustable Bevel:-

A sliding T bevel, also known as a bevel gauge or false square, is an

adjustable gauge for setting and moving angles. The bevel can be used to
mimic an existing angle or can be set to the desired angle using it with any
other measuring tool such as a protractor.

Try Square:-

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

An engineer’s square is a tool used for working in metal to check whether a

workpiece is square or not. It can also be used to helps draw or write a line at
90 degrees to the edge of a workpiece.
Combination Square Set:-

It is a tool used for many purposes in woodworking and metalworking. It

consists of a blade and a moving head called a square head, a protractor, and
a center head. The most common heads are standard or squares head used
for laying or checking right angles and 45° angles.

Here is a detailed explanation of Surface Measuring Instruments, which are used to assess the
roughness, waviness, and flatness of a surface—crucial parameters in manufacturing and
quality control.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

📏 Surface Measuring Instruments
📏 What is Surface Measurement?

Surface measurement refers to the evaluation of surface texture—primarily roughness,

waviness, and form. It determines how smooth or coarse a material’s surface is, which affects
friction, wear, lubrication, and part fit.

📏 Types of Surface Measuring Instruments

1. Contact Type Instruments

These use a stylus that physically touches the surface to record deviations.

a) Stylus Type Surface Roughness Tester

 Most widely used instrument.

 A diamond-tipped stylus moves across the surface, and vertical movements are recorded.

Examples:

 Mitutoyo Surftest, Taylor Hobson Talysurf.

Measures: Ra, Rz, Rt (roughness parameters)

Advantages:

 Highly accurate
 Good for metal surfaces

Disadvantages:

 May damage delicate surfaces

 Contact-dependent

Here is a detailed explanation of Contact Type Surface Measuring Instruments, including

their types, working principles, functions, and a summary table. I'll also describe what
diagrams would typically include.

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

📏 Contact Type Surface Measuring Instruments
These instruments physically touch the surface with a stylus to evaluate surface roughness and
profile characteristics.

📏 Main Types of Contact Surface Measuring Instruments

1. Stylus-Type Surface Roughness Tester
🔹 Working Principle:

 A diamond-tipped stylus moves across the test surface.

 Vertical movements caused by surface irregularities are converted into electrical signals.
 These signals are amplified, filtered, and processed to calculate surface roughness values
like Ra, Rz, Rt, etc.

🔹 Function:

 Measures 2D roughness profiles over a set sampling length.

 Suitable for metals and machined components.

🔹 Example Instruments:

 Mitutoyo Surftest
 Taylor Hobson Talysurf

🔹 Diagram Includes:

 Stylus in contact with surface

 Drive mechanism for horizontal motion
 Transducer detecting vertical movement
 Amplifier + data processing unit

2. Talysurf (Taylor Hobson Talysurf)

🔹 Working Principle:

 A high-precision stylus travels across the surface.

 Stylus deflection is measured using a transducer (like LVDT).
 © Dr.for
The data is digitized and analyzed J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
various roughness and form errors.

🔹 Function:

 Can measure roughness, waviness, and form errors.

 Some models support 3D surface mapping.

🔹 Diagram Includes:

 Stylus system
 Traverse unit
 Transducer
 Signal processor and printer or digital display
3. Profilometer

🔹 Working Principle:

 Uses a mechanical stylus moving in a straight line over a surface.

 Captures surface contours and deviations over long distances.

🔹 Function:

 Measures surface contour/profile, not just roughness.

 Useful for gear teeth, camshaft inspection, etc.

🔹 Diagram Includes:

 Stylus path
 Vertical sensor unit
 Horizontal displacement system

📏 Summary Table:
Instrument Working Principle Function Typical Use

Stylus Roughness Stylus deflection → Electrical

Measures Ra, Rz, Rt Machined surfaces, tools
Tester signal → Output

Stylus + LVDT transducer for Roughness + Form Error Bearings, lenses,

Talysurf
accurate profile Analysis precision tools
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Measures full profile, Gears, cams, critical
Profilometer Mechanical stylus traces surface
waviness components

📘 Mitutoyo Surftest – Surface Roughness Measuring Instrument

The Mitutoyo Surftest is a stylus-type surface roughness tester, widely used in manufacturing
and quality inspection to measure the surface texture of machined components.
📏 What is Mitutoyo Surftest?
It is an electronic contact-type roughness tester that evaluates the surface finish by moving a
diamond-tipped stylus over the surface and recording vertical deviations.

📏 Working Principle:
1. A stylus (usually diamond-tipped) moves linearly across the surface.
2. The stylus follows surface peaks and valleys, and its vertical movement is converted
into an electrical signal by a transducer.
3. This signal is amplified and analyzed to compute roughness parameters like Ra, Rz, Rq,
Rt, etc.
4. Results are shown on a digital display or printed graph.

📏 Main Components:
Component Function
Stylus/Probe Contacts the surface and moves vertically with roughness
Drive Unit Moves the stylus horizontally at a controlled speed
Transducer Converts mechanical movement into electrical signal
Processing Unit Amplifies and interprets the signal
Display/Printer Shows numerical results or prints roughness graph

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

2. Non-Contact Type Instruments

These use optical or laser systems to evaluate surface texture without physical contact.

a) Optical Interferometer

 Uses interference of light beams to map surface irregularities.

 High-resolution and non-contact.

Used for: Ultra-precise surfaces (like semiconductor wafers)

b) Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope

 Provides 3D topography.
 Suitable for roughness, step height, and volume analysis.

c) White Light Interferometer

 Uses white light to produce interference fringes.

 Measures ultra-fine roughness and flatness.

Advantages:

 Non-destructive
 Suitable for soft or polished surfaces

Disadvantages:

 More expensive
 Requires stable environments

3. Comparison Instruments

These don’t measure values but allow visual or tactile comparison with standard surfaces.

a) Surface Roughness Comparator Plates

 Metal plates with standard roughness samples.

 Operator compares feel or appearance with the actual part.

b) Profile Projector (Shadowgraph)

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
 Projects magnified silhouette of a part.
 Used to inspect profile features, not just surface texture.

📏 Parameters Measured in Surface Roughness

Symbol Meaning

Ra Average roughness
Symbol Meaning

Rz Mean peak-to-valley height

Rt Maximum peak-to-valley height

Rq Root mean square roughness

📏 Applications of Surface Measurement

 Machined part quality control
 Tool wear inspection
 Coating thickness analysis
 Friction and wear behavior analysis
 Mirror and lens surface evaluation

📏 Images Available
Would you like me to prepare a PDF with diagrams, instrument photos, and comparison
tables for these tools?

Surface measurement

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

4.1. Straight Edge:

It is used to tests the straightness & flatness of flat surfaces. The simple
shape is rectangular, but for precision work, one edge is beveled or made as
to the edge of a thin knife. The©narrow
Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
edge is the working surface, and the
wide edge serves as the base when not in use.

Flatness is checked by an alight test. The narrow edge is applied to the

surfaces to be tested & held horizontally at eye level, looking for light between
the straight edge and the surface.
4.2. Surface Gauge:

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

It is extensively used in laying the parts which are to be fitted or machined. It

is used to test the equality of functions. If the scriber is replaced with a dial
indicator, it becomes a precision instrument.

The tools have V-shaped grooves at the bottoms of the base to rest the block
on a round bar to set dimensions from the bar to another part of the work.
4.3. Optical Flat:

Optical flats are optical grade pieces of glass and are polished to be extremely
flats on one or sides both, usually within a few tens of nanometers. They are
used to determine the flatness of other surfaces with a single wavelength of
monochromatic light.

When an optical flat is placed on another’s surface & illuminated, the light
waves are reflected off the flat’s lower surface and onto the surface on which
it is resting. The reflected waves interfere, creating patterns of interferences
fringes visible as light & dark bands.
© Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Flats surface is represented by a pattern of straight, parallel fringes with equal
spacing, while other patterns indicate uneven surfaces. Typically, only one of
the two surfaces of an optical flat is made flat to a specified tolerance, & this
surface is indicated by an arrow on the edges of the glass.
Planimeter

🔹 What is it?

A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the area of a two-dimensional shape—

typically an irregular shape—on a flat plane.

🔹 Working Principle:

 The user traces the outline of the shape with a tracer arm.
 The instrument calculates the area based on the movement of the arm and internal mechanical
or electronic integration.

🔹 Applications:

 Map and chart analysis

 Engineering and architecture drawings
 Land area calculations

📘 C. Interferometry Method (Optical)

🔹 Principle:

 Uses light wave interference patterns created between a reference surface and the test surface.
 Fringes produced by the difference in height are analyzed to calculate roughness.

🔹 Instruments:

 Optical Flat + Monochromatic Light

 White Light Interferometer
 Laser Interferometer © Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

🔹 Applications:

 Ideal for ultra-precision surfaces (e.g., lenses, wafers, optical components)

 Suitable for non-contact, high-resolution measurement

✅Advantages:

 Very high resolution (nanometer level)

 Non-contact and non-destructive
❌Disadvantages:

 High cost
 Sensitive to vibrations and environment

📏 Comparison Table
Method Contact/Non-contact Accuracy Cost Applications

Comparison Contact (Visual) Low Very Low Field inspections, quick checks

Tracer Instrument Contact Medium–High Medium Machined parts, general inspection

Interferometry Non-contact Very High High Optics, wafers, ultra-smooth parts

Here's a detailed set of notes on Optical Flat + Monochromatic Light, White Light
Interferometer, and Laser Interferometer—three major non-contact, optical interferometry
methods used for surface flatness and roughness measurement.

📏 1. Optical Flat + Monochromatic Light

📏 What Is It?

An Optical Flat is a high-precision flat glass or quartz disc used to test the flatness of
surfaces by observing interference patterns created by monochromatic light.

📏 Construction: © Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC

 Made of fused quartz or optical glass.

 Flatness accuracy up to 0.0001 mm or better.
 Surface is super-polished to be optically flat.

📏 How It Works:

1. Place the optical flat slightly inclined on the surface to be tested.

2. Shine monochromatic light (usually sodium vapor lamp, λ = 589.3 nm) on it.
3. Interference fringes are formed due to air gaps between the optical flat and the test
surface.
4. The shape, spacing, and curvature of fringes indicate surface flatness:
 o Straight, parallel fringes → flat surface
o Curved fringes → concave or convex
o Unequal spacing → surface irregularities

📏 Applications:

 Checking flatness of precision gauges, surface plates, machine parts.

✅ Advantages:

 Very accurate
 Simple, reliable
 Low cost

❌ Limitations:

 Visual interpretation (manual)

 Requires darkroom conditions
 Not ideal for rough surfaces

📏 2. White Light Interferometer

📏 What Is It?

A White Light Interferometer uses broad-spectrum white light to create interference

patterns for 3D surface profiling with nanometer-scale vertical resolution.

📏 Working Principle:

 Uses a Michelson or Mirau interferometer setup.Mechanical/EGSPEC

© Dr. J.Jeevamalar,
 A reference beam and test beam recombine to form interference fringes.
 Scans through varied focus planes and captures multiple images.
 A software algorithm reconstructs the 3D topography.

📏 Features:

 Measures surface roughness, step height, waviness, and flatness

 Ideal for micro-structured or transparent materials

📏 Output:

 High-resolution 3D surface maps

 Contour and profile plots
📏 Applications:

 Semiconductor wafers
 Lenses and mirrors
 MEMS, biomedical devices

✅ Advantages:

 Non-contact and non-destructive

 Nanometer-level vertical resolution
 Accurate over a large area

❌ Limitations:

 Expensive
 Sensitive to vibrations
 Limited to smooth, reflective surfaces

📏 3. Laser Interferometer
📏 What Is It?

A Laser Interferometer uses coherent laser beams to measure minute displacements or

surface deviations based on optical path differences.

📏 Principle:

 Based on Michelson or Fabry-Perot interferometry.

 Laser beam is split into reference and measurement beams.
 Reflected beams recombine to©form an interference Mechanical/EGSPEC
pattern.
Dr. J.Jeevamalar,
 Fringe shifts indicate displacement or deviation.

📏 Laser Type Used:

 Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser (commonly 632.8 nm wavelength)

 Sometimes diode lasers for compact setups

📏 Applications:

 Precision positioning systems

 Calibration of CNC and CMM machines
 Vibration analysis
 Optical surface flatness and profile checking
✅ Advantages:

 Extremely accurate (sub-nanometer resolution)

 Long measurement range
 Ideal for dynamic measurements

❌ Limitations:

 Requires precise alignment

 Costly and sensitive to environmental changes

📏 Summary Table:
Optical Flat + White Light
Feature Laser Interferometer
Monochromatic Interferometer
Monochromatic (e.g.
Light Source White light Coherent laser (He-Ne)
Sodium)
Displacement/fringe
Output 2D fringe patterns 3D surface profile
count
Resolution High (~0.1 µm) Very high (nm level) Sub-nanometer
Contact/Non-
Non-contact Non-contact Non-contact
Contact
Complexity Simple Complex Highly precise
Cost Low High Very high

📏 Would you like a PDF with:

 © Dr. J.Jeevamalar, Mechanical/EGSPEC
Diagrams of all three instruments?
 Real photos of their output and applications?

Let me know and I’ll prepare it.