Array:-

In C++, an array is a data structure that is used to store multiple values of similar
data types in a contiguous memory location.

For example, if we have to store the marks of 4 or 5 students then we can easily
store them by creating 5 different variables but what if we want to store marks of
100 students or say 500 students then it becomes very challenging to create that
numbers of variable and manage them. Now, arrays come into the picture that can
do it easily by just creating an array of the required size.

Properties of Arrays in C++

 An Array is a collection of data of the same data type, stored at a
contiguous memory location.
 Indexing of an array starts from 0. It means the first element is stored at
the 0th index, the second at 1st, and so on.
 Elements of an array can be accessed using their indices.
 Once an array is declared its size remains constant throughout the
program.
 An array can have multiple dimensions.
 The number of elements in an array can be determined using the sizeof
operator.
 We can find the size of the type of elements stored in an array by
subtracting adjacent addresses.

Advantages of C++ Array

o Code Optimization (less code)

o Random Access
o Easy to traverse data
o Easy to manipulate data
 o Easy to sort data etc.

Disadvantages of C++ Array

o Fixed size

C++ Array Types

There are 2 types of arrays in C++ programming:

1. Single Dimensional Array

2. Multidimensional Array

 Single Dimensional Array in c++:-

The simplest form of an array is a one-dimensional array. The array itself is given a
name, and its elements are referred to by their subscripts. In C++, a one-dimensional
array is denoted as follows:

Array Declaration in C++

we can declare an array by simply specifying the data type first and then the name
of an array with its size.
data_type array_name[Size_of_array];

Example
int arr[5];
Here,
 int: It is the type of data to be stored in the array. We can also use other
data types such as char, float, and double.
 arr: It is the name of the array.
 5: It is the size of the array which means only 5 elements can be stored
in the array.
Initialization of Array in C++
In C++, we can initialize an array in many ways but we will discuss some most
common ways to initialize an array. We can initialize an array at the time of
declaration or after declaration.

1. Initialize Array with Values in C++

We have initialized the array with values. The values enclosed in curly braces ‘{}’
are assigned to the array. Here, 1 is stored in arr[0], 2 in arr[1], and so on. Here the
size of the array is 5.
int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

2. Initialize Array with Values and without Size in C++

We have initialized the array with values but we have not declared the length of the
array, therefore, the length of an array is equal to the number of elements inside
curly braces.
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

3. Initialize Array after Declaration (Using Loops)

We have initialized the array using a loop after declaring the array. This method is
generally used when we want to take input from the user or we cant to assign
elements one by one to each index of the array. We can modify the loop conditions
or change the initialization values according to requirements.
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
arr[i] = value;
}

4. Initialize an array partially in C++

Here, we have declared an array ‘partialArray’ with size ‘5’ and with values ‘1’ and
‘2’ only. So, these values are stored at the first two indices, and at the rest of the
indices ‘0’ is stored.
int partialArray[5] = {1, 2};

5. Initialize the array with zero in C++

We can initialize the array with all elements as ‘0’ by specifying ‘0’ inside the curly
braces. This will happen in case of zero only if we try to initialize the array with a
different value say ‘2’ using this method then ‘2’ is stored at the 0th index only.
int zero_array[5] = {0};

Accessing an Element of an Array in C++

Elements of an array can be accessed by specifying the name of the array, then
the index of the element enclosed in the array subscript operator []. For example,
arr[i].

Example 1: The C++ Program to Illustrate How to Access Array Elements

// C++ Program to Illustrate How to Access Array Elements

#include <iostream>
usingnamespacestd;
intmain()
{

intarr[3];

// Inserting elements in an array

arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;

// Accessing and printing elements of the array

cout <<"arr[0]: "<< arr[0] << endl;
cout <<"arr[1]: "<< arr[1] << endl;
cout <<"arr[2]: "<< arr[2] << endl;

return0;
}

Output
arr[0]: 10
arr[1]: 20
arr[2]: 30

Update Array Element

To update an element in an array, we can use the index which we want to update
enclosed within the array subscript operator and assign the new value.
arr[i] = new_value;

Traverse an Array in C++

We can traverse over the array with the help of a loop using indexing in C++.
First, we have initialized an array ‘table_of_two’ with a multiple of 2. After that, we
run a for loop from 0 to 9 because in an array indexing starts from zero. Therefore,
using the indices we print all values stored in an array.

Example 2: The C++ Program to Illustrate How to Traverse an Array

// C++ Program to Illustrate How to Traverse an Array

#include <iostream>
usingnamespacestd;

intmain()
{

// Initialize the array

inttable_of_two[10]
 = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 };

// Traverse the array using for loop

for(inti = 0; i < 10; i++) {
// Print the array elements using indexing
cout << table_of_two[i] <<" ";
}

return0;
}

Output
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Size of an Array in C++

In C++, we do not have the length function as in Java to find array size but we can
calculate the size of an array using sizeof() operator trick. First, we find the size
occupied by the whole array in the memory and then divide it by the size of the
type of element stored in the array. This will give us the number of elements stored
in the array.
data_type size = sizeof(Array_name) / sizeof(Array_name[index]);

Example 3: The C++ Program to Illustrate How to Find the Size of an Array

// C++ Program to Illustrate How to Find the Size of an

// Array
#include <iostream>
usingnamespacestd;

intmain()
{
intarr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Size of one element of an array

cout <<"Size of arr[0]: "<<sizeof(arr[0]) << endl;

// Size of array 'arr'

cout <<"Size of arr: "<<sizeof(arr) << endl;

// Length of an array
intn = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

cout <<"Length of an array: "<< n << endl;

return0;
}

Output
Size of arr[0]: 4
Size of arr: 20//int data type size is 4byte then arr size is 20 because used int data
type of array.
Length of an array: 5

 Multidimensional Arrays in C++

Arrays declared with more than one dimension are called multidimensional arrays.
The most widely used multidimensional arrays are 2D arrays and 3D arrays. These
arrays are generally represented in the form of rows and columns.

Multidimensional Array Declaration

Data_Type Array_Name[Size1][Size2]...[SizeN];
where,
 Data_Type: Type of data to be stored in the array.
 Array_Name: Name of the array.
 Size1, Size2,…, SizeN: Size of each dimension.

 Two Dimensional Array in C++

In C++, a two-dimensional array is a grouping of elements arranged in rows and
columns.
Each element is accessed using two indices: one for the row and one for the
column, which makes it easy to visualize as a table or grid.
Syntax of 2D array
data_Type array_name[n][m];
Where,
 n: Number of rows.
 m: Number of columns.

Example: The C++ Program to Illustrate the Two-Dimensional Array

// c++ program to illustrate the two dimensional array

#include <iostream>
usingnamespacestd;

intmain()
{
// Declaring 2D array
intarr[4][4];

// Initialize 2D array using loop

for(inti = 0; i < 4; i++) {
for(intj = 0; j < 4; j++) {
arr[i][j] = i + j;
}
}

// Printing the element of 2D array

for(inti = 0; i < 4; i++) {
for(intj = 0; j < 4; j++) {
cout << arr[i][j] <<" ";
}
cout << endl;
}

return0;
}

Output
0123
1234
2345
3456

Explanation
In the above code we have declared a 2D array with 4 rows and 4 columns after
that we initialized the array with the value of (i+j) in every iteration of the loop. Then
we are printing the 2D array using a nested loop and we can see in the below
output that there are 4 rows and 4 columns.

 Three-Dimensional Array in C++

The 3D array uses three dimensions. A collection of various two-dimensional
arrays piled on top of one another can be used to represent it. Three indices—the
row index, column index, and depth index are used to uniquely identify each
element in a 3D array.

Declaration of Three-Dimensional Array in C++

To declare a 3D array in C++, we need to specify its third dimension along with 2D
dimensions.
Data_Type Array_Name[D][R][C];
Where,
 Data_Type: Type of data to be stored in each element.
 Array_Name: Name of the array
 D: Number of 2D arrays or Depth of array.
 R: Number of rows in each 2D array.
 C: Number of columns in each 2D array.

Example
int array[3][3][3];

Example: The C++ Program to Illustrate the 3d Array

// C++ program to illustrate the 3d array

#include <iostream>
usingnamespacestd;

intmain()
{

// declaring 3d array
intarr[3][3][3];
// initializing the array
for(inti = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for(intj = 0; j < 3; j++) {
for(intk = 0; k < 3; k++) {
arr[i][j][k] = i + j + k;
}
}
}
 // printing the array
for(inti = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << i <<"st layer:"<< endl;
for(intj = 0; j < 3; j++) {
for(intk = 0; k < 3; k++) {
cout << arr[i][j][k] <<" ";
}
cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;
}

return0;
}

Output
0st layer:
012
123
234

1st layer:
123
234
345

2st layer:
234
345
456