Powers and Exponents - Powers and ts To Do 1 State the meaning of exponential Estate and apply the 10s of exponen) tate the meaning of exp. ite the expanded form of a numbe > expression and identify exponent. o a oe or IO bel and base (1 Write very large and very small CO Convert the given numbers into power numbers using the scientific notation > notation In the previous classes, we have learnt about repeated addition, that is, multiplication, Have you ever heard the term repeated multiplication? Repeated multiplication is when a number is repeatedly multiplied by itself several times, Now, quickly solve the questions based on repeated multiplication 1. 6x6x6= 2. 5x5x5x5= 3. 3x3x3x3x3= 4. 2x2x2x2x2x2x Suppose a number is to be multiplied by itself 20 times. Is it convenient to write the same number 20 times? Is there a shorter way to write the Tepeated multiplication? Let us find the answers of these questions in this chapter, a i EXPONENTS Base is the number which is repeatedly We know that $+5= 10. Itean also be written ‘Multiplied by itself Exponent or Index is te 455 x2=10. Now, what willbe the result of umber of times the base will be multiplied 2x2x2x2%2? Itmeans 2is multiplied by ‘0 itself. In 25, 2 is the b: d 5 is the iselffive times. This can be written ina shorter exponent.” sean way as 2 and itis tead as 2 raised to the power In The concise way of writing a number (or an Ser SY that if ais aration expression) multiplied by itself repeatedly ee aX ax ax... x a (times) is known as the exponential form or <*. Here, «a is the base and nis the exponen ‘ 5 a’ is « exponential expression. a" § called the ‘nth Power of a’ and is read 8 "aised to the power 2°, Scanned with CamScannerasp It + Any number raised to the power I gives the number itself. For example, 2! 22,3'=3, etc. , Some powers have special names, For example, 6?, which is ‘6 raised to the power 2’, is also read as “6 squared’. 7°, which is ‘7 raised to the power 3’, is also read as ‘7 cubed’, Solved Examples Example 1: Write the base and the exponent of the following. a) (4b) 6) 12% Solution: a) Base = —4 and exponent = 2 b) Bas and exponent = 3 ©) Base = 12 and exponent = 4 Example 2: Evaluate the following. a) 2b) (38) (3° d) CIE Solution: a) 4=2x2x2x2=16 b) (3) = (3) x (-3) x (3) == 27 ©) (38 = ($3) x (3) x (3) x (3) x 3) x(-3)= 729 & C=) xx CD) x)=! We can see from Example 2 that when base is a negative number and exponent is odd, the expression has a negative value but if the base is negative and exponent is even, the expression has a positive value. Exponents on Rational Numbers if isa rational number and 1 is a positive integer, then 3) Hen Solved Example Example 3: Find the value of the following. “8 @) Solution: 2¥_2.2,2,2,2 a) (2) = 2xoxExixe SRS ESS _2x2x2x2x2 __32_ ~3x5x5x5x5 3125 _ (Dx(-7)x(-7) +343 9x 9x9 729 Get It <= > Base and exponent cannot be multiplied to find the value of the exponential expression, x5=10 * 2=2x2x2x2x2=32 v Base and exponent cannot be interchanged to find the value of the exponential expression, H=3 x 59 =5 x 5x 5=125 and 38=3x3x3x3x3=243 So, 125 #243 = 435 v (GB, syuauodx3 pue siemog Scanned with CamScannerConversion into Power Notation ‘To convert a given number into power notation for, we tind its factors and then group these factors in power notation or exponential form. For example, 36 © 6? and 36 © 22s 3° to case of rational numbers, we need to find such factors of its numerator and denominator ‘So that both of them can be expressed in terms of the same exponent. Solved Examples Example 4: Express the following in power notation. a) 340 db Solution: a) By prime factorisation of 540, we find S40 = Dx 2x3x3K3Kx5 b) 125 =(-5)x(-5)x(-3) 216 =6x6x6 32 (24-2) C2)4(2x(-g) i gyg a 3x3x3433 | | | ' Example 5: Write the following in the exponential form. 333.3 yaa 4 on =5)x(-5)x(-3) °) ($) b) (-5)x¢ as Solution: 3.3.3.3 (2) a) 2xix2x2={= aaa b) (-S)x(-3)x(-5) =(-° °) (S)-23 125) 5x5x5 1. White the base and the exponent of each of the following. a) 6° d@) (-34¥ b) 3° oa 2) 40" (6) Write the following in exponential form. a) (-2) = (-2) x (-2) b) Ax Ax kXK eo) SK8xK8 7 4) nxaxnxmxmxmxd ©) (-3) x (-5)xaxaxaxaxb | 1) product of b squared andc cubed | | : | i - Convert into Power notation. a) 15,625 = re b) -2197 oo) 55 a) St eo) —243_ | 49 1,00,000 i Be ea es ee Scanned with CamScannerWy re 4, Find the value of the following oO HEY 4 3) ary 9 (3J Laws OF EXPONENTS ‘he laws of exponents are very helpful while forming the operations of multiplication {nd division in numbers involving exponents, Multiplying Powers with the same Base Law 1: If x is a non-zero rational number and aand b are whole numbers, then x* x xo = yor For example, Px 3a 3? 238 )--@) SePegt x Beware Vv The exponents can be added only if the bases are the same. Dividing Powers with the Same Base Law 2: Ifx is a non-zero rational number and aand b are whole numbers, then Byer x° =x"? when a>b a yd. 1 tabs —— whena ) Evaluate [{(a’)}']. ao rs ‘ ea ill (3) iv (§) ne ) toevaeotsin(2)x(2)=(2) “s ia ii, al iv. -1 i. 3 ii, 2 iii, 1 iv. -2 102 ©) The value of Ke 2 12 ii, 0.5 iii, 1 (=) s}uauodx3 pue siamog Scanned with CamScanner= simplify the following and express ! f) The number for the expanded form ps a single power. uo ili 6x 1048 x 108 +2 102+ 1 x 10) a) x5? axe tl +610? tefl ® Px i 62216 ii, 608216 °) oe lowing x3 . ‘, ify the fol . iii, 6080216 iv, 6080210 simplify 8) (9 x5*)= (6) =___—_ 2 : a) 2x9) i (4) ii 25 itt. 625 ive (6) 5 10 hy Simplify [{(a' +a") ] ia? ii ad® iid? iv 0 i) The value of (274°) is HGF -2 = » oa 1 1 1 1 i 6 1 (442) x3" -7P I EF Evaluate the following. i-8 ik 43D ) 4 oa 3. Express the following in the power notation. 10. Express the numbers appearing in the a) -15625 b) 2197) 1024 following statements in the scientific impli notation. ee a) There are 86,400 seconds in a day ® Fear) {)?*S}+6" by Mass of the Moon is xa! 5. Evaluate the following using the laws 73,49,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 kg of exponents. c) Distance between the Sun and the a) 3x6 Earth is 1,46,90,00,00,000 m. 3 4 »(3)-G) 3Y (73 3 3 c) (3) (3) @) 14204" x14) 6. Find the value of the following. a (SY b) wy DAN A) 6x3") 46°22») The area of the Atlantic is 6,40,00,000 sq miles. compare them to find wi Express th hich ocean coy wae ee ll i ~ Express the following numbers in the +18,00,000 sq mi ate 4 eS an the a Vers More area 4) Mass of the Jupiter is 1,89,87,00,00,00,00, 0,00,00,00,00,00,000 kg. usual form, a) 2.36 x 109 ©) 0.8 x 10-5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' ' 1 I 1 ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' 1 I I I I 1 1 1 ' ' 1 I b) 5.6 x 10" d) 2.1875 x 10° | ’ wees a of the Pacific Ocean two 5 . Sceans in scientific notation and Scanned with CamScannerSe 1 1 | Geography 1 The dist pated rom the centre of our Galaty 1s about 460,000,000, 0100 080,000,080 {_iscistanoc From the Earth is abous 1.49%,000,000.000 m. These astrenomacal maby ort 1 vey ea fore. they are written in screntific notation using exponents so (hat éheey become tad. understand and compare, Write them in scien reninon 2 Ey © @=axa%a™-.-(ntimes ) 1s called the mth power of 2 + (Negative number 7" = positive value + (Negative number ym" = negative value + = 1 where x is any non-zero 1 number Perform State True or False. | Any number raised to power | 1 2. a’b’ can be written asa +4 (-9)" is positive . A positive integer raised to an odd . 32 is the fifth power of 2 . 108+ 10° = 10 a 5? Bi rur eo Peasy Materials required: Square shest of paper see Pm! 1 Procedure: ' 1 f . ! Aim: To express exponents with Das ' ' This shect has no fold. Thus, it repessents 2" = | ty i yy Besser ee as shown Fig 51 Scanned with CamScanner ' ' * ' ’ ' ' + '