Planets Math Concepts with a Planet

Theme:
English - Vocabulary
1. Counting
1. Planet Count the 8 planets in the solar
2. Sun system,
3. Moon Count stars, moons, or rockets in
4. Star pictures
5. Earth
6. Mars 2. Addition & Subtraction
7. Jupiter "If you see 3 planets and 2 more,
8. Saturn how many are there?"
9. Uranus "5 stars are shining. 2 go away.
10. Neptune How many are left?"
11. Venus
12. Mercury 3. Patterns
13. Solar System Create patterns with planet
14. Space pictures: Sun, Earth, Moon, Sun,
15. Rocket Earth, Moon...
16. Astronaut
17. Orbit 4. Sorting & Classifying
18. Gravity Sort planets by size, color, or
19. Telescope position from the Sun
20. Galaxy
21. Meteor 5. Measurement
22. Asteroid Use non-standard units (like
23. Comet cubes) to “measure” cutouts of
24. Crater planets
25. Rotation
26. Revolution 6. Graphing
27. Night Make simple bar graphs: "Favorite
28. Day planet" class vote
29. Sky Count and graph types of space
30. Explore objects in a picture
7. Shapes & Geometry Planet song to remember their
Identify circles (planets), stars, order
rectangles (rockets), etc. Solar system craft (cut and paste
planets in order)
Science Modeling planets with playdough
Basic Fun Facts or paper
Key Planet Concepts: Compare planet sizes using
1. The Sun is a star at the center images
of our solar system. Watch short videos or animations
about the solar system
2. There are 8 planets that orbit
the Sun: Social

Mercury Ways Planets Fit Social Studies

Venus for 1st Grade:
Earth
Mars 1. Understanding the World and
Jupiter Beyond
Saturn Earth is our home in space
Uranus Earth is one of many planets in the
Neptune solar system
People live and work on Earth, not
3. Earth is our home planet—it has on other planets
air, water, and life.
2. Explorers and Exploration
4. Planets are different in size,
color, and temperature. Astronauts are modern explorers
Space travel is a type of
5. The Moon orbits the Earth. exploration
Compare space explorers to early
6. Astronauts travel to space to Earth explorers.
learn more about planets.
3. Time and Calendars
Fun Activities:
The Sun and Moon help us tell
time (day/night, months, seasons) 1. Pollution
Earth’s movement around the Sun 2. Environment
gives us a year 3. Earth
4. Air
4. Maps and Globes 5. Water
6. Land
The globe is a model of Earth 7. Trash
Learn that Earth is round like a 8. Waste
ball (a planet!) 9. Recycling
Locate Earth in the solar system 10. Garbage
11. Recycle
5. Jobs and Roles 12. Litter
13. Plastic
Learn about astronauts, scientists, 14. Wastewater
and engineers 15. Oil Spill
How people work together to 16. Smoke
explore space 17. Factory
18. Chemicals
19. Dirty
Activity Ideas: 20. Clean
21. Conserve
Create a "My Planet, My Home" 22. Energy
poster about Earth 23. Global Warming
24. Greenhouse Gases
Make a timeline of famous space 25. Climate Change
events (like the Moon landing) 26. Reforest
27. Conservation
Role-play as astronauts learning 28. Earth Day
about Earth from space 29. Sustainability
30. Ecosystem

Pollution
Maths:
English - Vocabulary
Pollution & Environment Math Compare the length of trash piles
Activities: (real or pictures).
Use cubes or paperclips to
1. Counting & Tallying: measure the size of recycled
Count how many pieces of trash objects.
are in a picture or during a pretend
clean-up. Activity Example:
Tally different types of waste:
paper, plastic, cans. “Clean the Park Math Game” –
Use cards with trash items and
numbers. Students pick a card
2. Addition & Subtraction: and solve a math problem to
“There were 8 bottles on the “clean up” the park.
ground. 3 were recycled. How
many are left?”
“5 trees were planted. 4 more Science
were added. How many trees
now?” Topic: Pollution and the
Environment
3. Sorting & Classifying:
Sort pictures into trash, recycling, Learning Objectives:
and compost. By the end of the lesson, students
Group different materials: plastic, will be able to:
metal, paper. Understand what pollution is
Identify different types of pollution
4. Graphing (land, water, air)
Make a bar graph of trash types
collected during a clean-up (cans, Recognize ways to help the
paper, wrappers). environment
Survey the class: “How do you ---
help the Earth?” and graph the
results. Key Vocabulary (Simple Words):

5. Measurement: 1. Pollution
2. Environment
3. Trash Recycle paper and plastic
4. Litter Use less water and electricity
5. Clean Don’t litter
6. Dirty
7. Water Activities:
8. Air 1. Picture Sort – Show images and
9. Land ask: “Is this clean or polluted?”
10. Recycle
11. Reduce 2. Pollution Hunt – Use a picture
12. Reuse of a park or ocean with hidden
pollution items to find and discuss.
Main Concepts:
3. Recycle Bin Sort – Sort
What is Pollution? classroom trash (clean items) into
Pollution is anything that makes recycle or trash bins.
the Earth dirty.
(Example: Throwing trash on the 4. Make a Poster – “How I Can
ground.) Help the Earth”

Types of Pollution:
Air pollution – from smoke and Social
cars
What is Pollution?
Water pollution – trash or oil in Pollution is when our Earth gets
rivers/lakes dirty. It happens when people
throw trash on the ground, let
Land pollution – litter on the smoke into the air, or pour dirty
ground water into rivers. Pollution makes
it hard for people, animals, and
Why Pollution is Bad: plants to live.
It can hurt plants, animals, and
people. Types of Pollution:
1. Air Pollution – Smoke from cars
How Can We Help? and factories makes the air dirty.
Pick up trash
2. Water Pollution – Trash and 6.​ Far
chemicals in lakes, rivers, and 7.​ Near
oceans make water unsafe to 8.​ Distance
drink or swim in. 9.​ Ruler
10.​ Meter
3. Land Pollution – Litter and
garbage on the ground hurt 2.​Weight:
animals and make places look
11.​ Heavy
bad.
12.​ Light
13.​ Weigh
14.​ Balance
How Does Pollution Affect Us? 15.​ Kilogram
It can make people sick. 16.​ Gram
It hurts animals and plants. 17.​ Scale
It makes the Earth dirty and sad. 18.​ Load
19.​ Mass
How Can We Help? 20.​ Weight
Throw trash in the bin.
Recycle bottles and paper. 3.​Capacity (Liquid):
Walk or ride a bike instead of
using a car. 21.​ Full
Plant trees and keep parks clean. 22.​ Empty
23.​ Half-full
24.​ Litre
Measurement 25.​ Millilitre
26.​ Measure
English: Vocabulary 27.​ Pour
28.​ Container
29.​ Bottle
1.​Length / Height
30.​ Cup
1.​ Long
2.​ Short Science : Measurement
3.​ Tall
1.​ Length
4.​ High
2.​ Height
5.​ Low
3.​ Width
 4.​ Depth units (like paper clips, blocks).
5.​ Distance
6.​ Meter (m)
7.​ Centimeter (cm) 2. Weight – Understanding heavier
8.​ Millimeter (mm) vs. lighter.
9.​ Kilometer (km) Tools: Balance scale, hands-on
10.​ Ruler comparison.

11.​ Mass
12.​ Weight 3. Volume – Which container holds
13.​ Gram (g) more or less.
14.​ Kilogram (kg)
Tools: Measuring cups, beakers,
15.​ Balance
bottles.
16.​ Scale
17.​ Newton (N)
18.​ Force 4. Temperature – Understanding
hot and cold.
19.​ Volume
20.​ Capacity Tool: Thermometer (basic
21.​ Milliliter (ml) introduction).
22.​ Liter (L)
23.​ Measuring cylinder
5. Time – Introduction to time
24.​ Beaker measurement.
25.​ Overflow can
Tools: Clocks, timers, calendars
26.​ Temperature (days, months).
27.​ Thermometer
28.​ Celsius (°C)
29.​ Time Activities:
30.​ Stopwatch Measure the length of classroom
items with paper clips.
Key Concepts: Weigh objects using a balance
1. Length – Comparing which scale and cubes.
object is longer or shorter. Pour water into different
Tools: Ruler, string, non-standard containers and compare volumes.
Observe and record the Example:​
temperature (hot/cold days). "A book weighs 1 kilogram. An
eraser weighs 50 grams."
Track time with a stopwatch or
sand timer during activities.

3. Capacity / Volume
Maths
●​ Concepts:
1. Length (Standard Units) ○​ Measure in milliliters
(mL) and liters (L)
●​ Concepts: ○​ Compare how much
○​ Measure using containers hold
centimeters (cm) and
meters (m) (metric) or Example:​
inches/feet (imperial, "This water bottle holds 500 mL.
if relevant) The jug holds 2 L."
○​ Compare lengths and
order objects 4. Time
●​ Skills:
○​ Use rulers or ●​ Concepts:
measuring tapes ○​ Tell time to the nearest
○​ Estimate then measure 5 minutes
○​ Understand a.m. /
Example:​ p.m., and duration of
"Estimate the length of your desk. time
Measure it using a ruler. It's 90 cm ●​ Skills:
long." ○​ Read both analog and
digital clocks
○​ Solve problems
involving elapsed time
2. Weight / Mass
Example:​
●​ Concepts: "School starts at 8:30 a.m. Lunch
○​ Use grams (g) and is at 12:00 p.m. How many hours
kilograms (kg) between?"
○​ Compare: heavier,
lighter 5. Temperature
●​ Activities:
○​ Use a scale to weigh ●​ Concepts:
classroom items ○​ Read temperature
using Celsius (°C) (or
 Fahrenheit if used) Recognizing coins and bills.
○​ Understand hot vs. Understanding value and using
cold money in simple ways

Example:​
"It is 30°C today. It's a hot day!" Activities:
Create a personal timeline of
6. Money (Sometimes included) important life events.
●​ Concepts: Use a classroom calendar to track
○​ Recognize coins and holidays or birthdays.
bills Explore a map of the school or
○​ Count and compare neighborhood.
amounts Measure how many steps it takes
to walk from one place to another.
Example:​ Use play money in a class "store"
"You have two $1 coins and one to buy items.
50c coin. How much money do
you have?"
Energies

Social English : Vocabulary

Key Concepts in Social Studies
Measurement: 1.​ Energy
2.​ Light
1. Time Measurement 3.​ Heat
Understanding the past, present, 4.​ Sound
and future. 5.​ Movement
Using calendars, clocks, and
6.​ Sun
timelines.
Learning days of the week, 7.​ Electricity
months, and seasons 8.​ Battery
9.​ Push
2. Distance and Location 10.​ Pull
Understanding near and far. 11.​ Hot /Cold
Introduction to maps and globes. 12.​ Machine
Measuring short distances (steps, 13.​ Bright
blocks, etc.) 14.​ Dark
15.​ Wind
3. Money (Optional in Some
Curriculum) 16.​ Water
 17.​ Fire ●​ Make a bar graph of how
18.​ Switch students use energy at
19.​ Plug home (TV, lights, computer)
20.​ Wires ●​ Survey: “What is your
21.​ Power favorite energy source—sun,
wind, or water?”
22.​ Charge
23.​ Burn
24.​ Glow 5.​Patterns
25.​ Fuel ●​ Create a pattern using
energy icons (sun, battery,
sun, battery…)
Energy Theme:
1.​Counting & Number Sense Sample Activity:
●​ Count how many light “Energy Hunt Math” – Students
bulbs, batteries, or solar walk around the room and tally the
panels are in a picture
number of energy-related items
●​ “How many sun rays do you
see?” (light switches, plugs, windows for
sunlight).
2.​Addition & Subtraction Would you like a printable
worksheet or activity page using
●​ “The windmill made 5 spins.
these ideas?
Then it made 3 more. How
many in total?”
●​ “There were 7 batteries. 2 Energies for Science
were used. How many are
left?” At this level, students are
introduced to basic forms of
3.​Measurement energy and how energy affects
the world around them.
●​ Compare the length of
different energy sources
(wires, panels) Key Energy Concepts:
●​ “Which object is heavier: a
1.​ Energy is all around us – It
battery or a flashlight?”
makes things move, light up,
or get warm.
4.​Graphing
 2.​ Light Energy – Comes from
the Sun, flashlights, or
lamps. Energy Concepts - Social
3.​ Heat Energy – Comes from Studies:
the Sun, fire, ovens, or warm
objects. 1.​ Community Helpers and
4.​ Sound Energy – Comes Energy
from music, talking, animals,
and machines. ○​ Learn about people
5.​ Movement (Motion) who work with
Energy – Things that energy: Here’s a
move have energy (like simple explanation
a rolling ball or about pollution and
spinning fan). the environment,
6.​ Sources of Energy – The suitable for a
Sun is our main source. 1st-grade social
Others include batteries, studies level:
electricity, and wind.
7.​ Using Energy Safely – Pollution and the Environment
Don’t touch hot things or
open plugs!
Pollution is when the air, water, or
land gets dirty. This can happen
when people throw trash on the
Hands-On Activity Ideas: ground, put dirty smoke in the air,
or pour chemicals in the water.
●​ Sun vs. Shade Test: Put
two cups of water in the In Types of Pollution:
1st grade Social Studies,
energy is not a core topic, 1.​ Air Pollution – Dirty air from
but you can connect cars, buses, and factories.
energy to community life, 2.​ Water Pollution – Trash or
chemicals in rivers, lakes,
daily routines, and
and oceans.
responsibilities in simple
3.​ Land Pollution – Littering
ways. Here's how to explore and throwing garbage on the
energy within a social ground.
studies framework:
Why It’s Bad: 3.​ Natural Resources

●​ It can hurt animals and ○​ Simple intro to energy

plants. sources: sun, water,
●​ It can make people sick. wind
●​ It makes the Earth dirty and ○​ These are resources
unsafe. from Earth that help
us live and work
What We Can Do to Help: 4.​ Responsibility and Safety

●​ Throw trash in the bin. ○​ Using energy wisely is

●​ Recycle paper, plastic, and part of being a
cans. responsible community
●​ Walk or ride a bike instead of member
driving. ○​ Learn basic electrical
●​ Plant trees and take care of safety (don’t touch
nature. plugs or cords)
5.​ Geography and Homes
Let me know if you'd like pictures,
a worksheet, or an activity to go ○​ Compare homes in
with it! different places
and how they use
○​ Engineers, utility
energy (cold vs.
workers
warm areas)
○​ How they help bring
electricity, heat, and ○​ Look at how climate
water to homes and affects energy needs
schools (heaters, fans, etc.
2.​ Daily Life and Energy Use
●​ Draw your home and circle
where energy is used (TV,
○​ How we use energy at lights, oven)
home and school ●​ Community worker
(lights, cooking, heat, role-play: Be an electrician
technology) or solar panel installer
○​ Ways we can save ●​ Energy-saving pledge:
energy (turning off Students list one way they
lights, unplugging can save energy
devices)
 ●​ Sort pictures: Renewable ●​ Wind
(sun, wind) vs. ●​ Pumpkins
non-renewable (coal, oil). ●​ Apples
●​ Grapes
●​ Squash
●​ Soup
Seasons and Food
Winter:
English - Vocabulary
●​ Winter
●​ Snow
Spring:
●​ Cold
●​ Flowers ●​ Ice
●​ Frost
●​ Rain
●​ Snowman
●​ Sunshine ●​ Snowflake
●​ Buds ●​ Mittens
●​ Garden ●​ Scarf
●​ Strawberries ●​ Boots
●​ Lettuce ●​ Jackets
●​ Carrots ●​ Hat
●​ Igloo
●​ Peas
●​ Blanket
●​ Cherries ●​ Hot chocolate
●​ Hibernation
Summer:
●​ Penguin
●​ 11. Hot ●​ Polar bear
●​ Beach ●​ Skates
●​ Ice cream ●​ Sky
●​ Watermelon ●​ Sledding
●​ Mango ●​ Shiver
●​ Corn ●​ Frozen
●​ Tomatoes ●​ Cloudy
●​ Berries ●​ Storm
●​ Lemonade ●​ Cocoa
●​ Barbecue ●​ Wool
●​ December
Autumn (Fall): Science:
●​ Leaves
Autumn Foods: ●​ Mushrooms
●​ Apples ●​ Beans
●​ Pears ●​ Turnips
●​ Pumpkins
●​ Sweet potatoes Easy Autumn Meals:
●​ Corn ●​ Apple pie
●​ Grapes
●​ Pumpkin soup
●​ Carrots
●​ Squash ●​ Roasted corn
●​ Nuts ●​ Sweet potato mash
●​ Cranberries ●​ Warm fruit salad
●​ Broccoli
●​ Cabbage Summer Foods:
●​ Mushrooms ●​ Watermelon
●​ Beans ●​ Mango
●​ Turnips ●​ Ice cream
●​ Cucumbers
Easy Autumn Meals: ●​ Tomatoes
●​ Apple pie
●​ Corn
●​ Pumpkin soup
●​ Berries (strawberries,
●​ Roasted corn blueberries)
●​ Sweet potato mash ●​ Peaches
●​ Warm fruit salad ●​ Pineapple
●​ Salad
Autumn Foods: ●​ Lemonade
●​ Apples ●​ Melon
●​ Pears ●​ Smoothies
●​ Pumpkins ●​ Popsicles
●​ Sweet potatoes ●​ Grapes
●​ Corn
●​ Grapes Easy Summer Snacks:
●​ Carrots ●​ Fruit salad
●​ Squash ●​ Cold juice
●​ Nuts ●​ Veggie sticks
●​ Cranberries ●​ Yogurt with fruit
●​ Broccoli ●​ Frozen bananas
●​ Cabbage
Spring Foods Vocabulary: ●​ Soup
●​ Hot chocolate
●​ Strawberry ●​ Pumpkin
●​ Peas ●​ Sweet potato
●​ Carrot ●​ Cabbage
●​ Lettuce ●​ Broccoli
●​ Asparagus ●​ Cauliflower
●​ Radish ●​ Oranges
●​ Spinach ●​ Apples
●​ Cherries ●​ Pomegranate
●​ Pineapple ●​ Stew
●​ Mango ●​ Carrot
●​ Cucumber ●​ Gingerbread
●​ Green beans ●​ Cornbread
●​ Corn ●​ Nuts
●​ Tomato
●​ Herbs (like mint or basil) Fun Learning Activities:

Fun Activity Ideas: ●​ Draw & Color: “Draw your

favorite winter food and label
●​ Food Sorting: Sort foods by it.”
color or type (fruits vs. ●​ Food Group Sorting: Sort
vegetables). the foods into fruits,
●​ Spring Food Hunt: Find vegetables, and warm
spring foods in pictures or in dishes.
a pretend grocery store. ●​ Food Rhymes: Make simple
●​ Drawing & Labeling: Let rhymes with the words (e.g.,
kids draw their favorite "Hot chocolate in a cup, I like
spring food and write its to drink it up!").
name. ●​ Matching Game: Match
●​ Tasting Chart: Try a few pictures of winter foods to
spring foods and rate them: their names.
"Yummy" or "Not for me."
Maths:
Winter Foods Vocabulary:
1. Spring Theme – Measurement ●​ Activities:
& Counting ○​ Create leaf color
patterns
●​ Concepts: Length, height, (red-yellow-red…)
and counting in patterns ○​ Graph favorite fall
●​ Activities: fruits or weather types
○​ Measure plant growth ○​ Count and sort acorns
using cubes or paper or pumpkins
clips
○​ Count petals on 4. Winter Theme – Shapes &
flowers or raindrops in Time
pictures
○​ Skip counting with ●​ Concepts: 2D/3D shapes,
bugs or spring items basic time-telling
(2s, 5s, 10s) ●​ Activities:
○​ Build snowflakes using
2. Summer Theme – Addition & shapes
Subtraction ○​ Identify shapes in
winter clothes (circle =
●​ Concepts: Adding and buttons, triangle = hat)
subtracting within 20 ○​ Read time to the hour
●​ Activities: with a “winter clock”
○​ Ice cream scoop math
(add scoops to cones)
○​ Beach ball math
problems (subtract Science
sunhats or sunglasses)
1. Spring – Plant Growth &
○​ Solve “Summer picnic”
Weather Changes
word problems
●​ Concepts:
3. Fall Theme – Patterns & ○​ Plants need sunlight,
Graphing water, and soil
●​ Concepts: Identifying and ○​ Weather becomes
creating patterns, simple warmer and rainy
data handling ●​ Activities:
 ○​ Plant a seed and ○​ Learn about animal
observe its growth migration and
○​ Track rainy vs. sunny hibernation
days ●​ Vocabulary: leaf, fall,
●​ Vocabulary: seed, sprout, change, hibernate, migrate
rain, sunshine, grow
4. Winter – Seasons & Weather
2. Summer – Sunlight & Heat Observations

●​ Concepts: ●​ Concepts:
○​ The sun gives us heat ○​ Cold weather, snow or
and light frost
○​ People and animals ○​ Some animals
need shade and water hibernate or grow thick
to stay cool fur
●​ Activities: ●​ Activities:
○​ Experiment with ice ○​ Dress paper dolls in
melting in sun vs. winter clothes
shade ○​ Observe frost or snow
○​ Talk about how to stay if available (or use
safe in hot weather pictures)
●​ Vocabulary: sun, hot, warm, ●​ Vocabulary: winter, cold,
melt, shade snow, hibernate, warm

3. Fall (Autumn) – Leaf Changes Optional Add-ons:

& Animal Behavior
●​ Seasonal Science Journal
●​ Concepts: (observe and draw what
○​ Trees lose leaves happens each season)
○​ Animals gather food or ●​ Hands-on experiments
prepare for winter (e.g., melting snow, growing
●​ Activities: seeds, watching shadows)
○​ Collect and compare
leaves
Social
1. Spring – Growth and New 3. Fall (Autumn) – Work and
Beginnings Harvest

●​ Social Concepts: ●​ Social Concepts:

○​ Community planting ○​ Farmers harvest crops
gardens or cleaning ○​ Communities prepare
parks for winter
○​ Celebrating new ●​ Activities:
beginnings (like ○​ Role-play as farmers
festivals or holidays) harvesting crops
●​ Activities: ○​ Talk about
○​ Draw community Thanksgiving or
helpers planting trees harvest celebrations
○​ Talk about spring ●​ Vocabulary: harvest,
festivals (Easter, Holi, farmer, food, share, prepare
Nowruz)
●​ Vocabulary: garden, grow, 4. Winter – Caring and
clean, help, celebrate Traditions

2. Summer – Leisure and Safety ●​ Social Concepts:

○​ Helping others
●​ Social Concepts: (clothing drives, food
○​ Summer break, banks)
vacations, and family ○​ Celebrating winter
time holidays and family
○​ Safety rules (sun tradition
safety, water safety) ●​ Activities:
●​ Activities: ○​ Make cards or care
○​ Create a “summer fun” packages
safety poster ○​ Share a holiday
○​ Discuss places people tradition from home
visit in summer (beach, ●​ Vocabulary: give, help,
park) warm, holiday, tradition
●​ Vocabulary: vacation, sun,
rest, safety, play Extension Ideas:
 ●​ Seasonal Jobs: What do ○​ Brahmaputra
people do in each season? ○​ Indus
(e.g., lifeguard in summer,
snowplow driver in winter) 2. Peninsular Rivers
●​ Seasonal Clothes: Dress a
●​ Origin: These rivers
paper doll in the right clothes
originate in the Western
for each season and explain
Ghats or central highlands.
why.
●​ Nature: Seasonal (mainly
rain-fed, so they may dry up
in summer).
Types of Rivers in India ●​ Features:
○​ Flow through plateaus
Rivers in India can be broadly
and plains.
classified into two main types
○​ Have rocky beds and
based on their origin:
waterfalls.
1. Himalayan Rivers ●​ Examples:
○​ Godavari
●​ Origin: These rivers ○​ Krishna
originate from the ○​ Cauvery
Himalayas. ○​ Mahanadi
●​ Nature: Perennial (they ○​ Narmada
have water throughout the ○​ Tapi
year because they are fed
by glaciers and rainfall).
●​ Features: Coastal Rivers in India
○​ Flow through deep
gorges and valleys. What are Coastal Rivers?
○​ Cause floods during
monsoons due to Coastal rivers are short rivers
heavy rain and melting that originate near the coastline
snow. and flow directly into the sea
●​ Examples: (Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal).
○​ Ganga They are usually seasonal,
○​ Yamuna depending on rainfall, and have
small drainage areas.
Key Coastal Rivers in India: Features of Coastal Rivers:

On the West Coast (Arabian ●​ Shorter in length compared

Sea) to major rivers.
●​ Seasonal, depending on
These rivers are typically short monsoon.
and fast-flowing due to the ●​ Limited water flow in dry
Western Ghats being close to the seasons.
sea. ●​ Important for local
1.​ Periyar – Kerala irrigation and transport.
2.​ Bharathapuzha – Kerala
3.​ Mandovi (Mahadayi) – Goa
4.​ Zuari – Goa Desert Rivers in India
5.​ Sharavathi – Karnataka
6.​ Kali – Karnataka Desert rivers mainly flow through
7.​ Netravati – Karnataka the Thar Desert in the Rajasthan
8.​ Vaitarna – Maharashtra region. These rivers are typically
9.​ Ulhas – Maharashtra seasonal and often disappear into
the sand or end in inland basins
On the East Coast (Bay of instead of flowing into the sea.
Bengal)
Key Characteristics of Desert
These are usually longer than Rivers:
west coast rivers and flow through
flat plains. ●​ Mostly seasonal (flow
during the monsoon).
1.​ Subarnarekha – Jharkhand, ●​ Often disappear in the
Odisha, West Bengal desert due to evaporation or
2.​ Vamsadhara – Odisha and seepage.
Andhra Pradesh ●​ Do not reach the sea.
3.​ Nagavali – Odisha and ●​ Important for irrigation and
Andhra Pradesh groundwater recharge in
4.​ Palar – Tamil Nadu arid areas.
5.​ Vaigai – Tamil Nadu
6.​ Pennar – Andhra Pradesh Main Desert Rivers in India:
1.​ Luni River​ 4.​ Katli River, Dohan River,
Krishnavati River​
○​ Origin: Aravalli Hills
near Ajmer, Rajasthan ○​ These are seasonal
○​ Flows through: streams that flow in
Rajasthan and Gujarat parts of Rajasthan and
○​ Ends in: Rann of Kutch Haryana
(does not reach the ○​ Mostly dry except
sea) during heavy rains
○​ Most important desert
river in India Types of Mountains in India
2.​ Ghaggar-Hakra River​
India has several types of
mountains, classified based on
○​ Origin: Himachal
their formation and structure.
Pradesh
Here are the main types of
○​ Flows through:
mountains found in India:
Haryana, Punjab,
Rajasthan 1. Fold Mountains
○​ Disappears in: Thar
Desert ●​ Formed by: The folding of
○​ Believed to be the the Earth's crust due to
remains of the ancient tectonic forces.
Saraswati River ●​ Characteristics: High
3.​ Sahibi River​ peaks, rugged terrain, and
formed over millions of
○​ Origin: Aravalli Hills, years.
Haryana ●​ Example:
○​ Flows through: ○​ Himalayas – The
Haryana and youngest and highest
Rajasthan mountain range in the
○​ Disappears in: world.
Mahendragarh district ■​ Major ranges:
(part of the desert Greater
region) Himalayas
(Himadri), Lesser
 Himalayas ●​ Formed by: Volcanic activity
(Himachal), (eruption of lava).
Shivaliks ●​ Example:
○​ Barren Island – Only
2. Block Mountains active volcanic island
in India, located in the
●​ Formed by: Faulting in the
Andaman and Nicobar
Earth’s crust (blocks of land
Islands
either rise or sink).
●​ Characteristics: Flat-topped
highlands with steep sides.
●​ Example: Summary Table:
○​ Vindhya Range –
Central India Type of Formatio Example
○​ Satpura Range – Lies Mountai n s
south of the Vindhyas n Process

3. Residual (Relict) Mountains

Fold Folding of Himalaya
●​ Formed by: Erosion of
Mountain crustal s
already existing mountains
s rocks
over a long time.
●​ Characteristics: Lower in
height, irregular shape.
Block Faulting Vindhya,
●​ Example:
Mountain in the Satpura
○​ Aravalli Hills – One of
s crust
the oldest mountain
ranges in the world, in
Rajasthan Residual Erosion Aravalli,
○​ Nilgiri Hills – Tamil Mountain of old Nilgiris
Nadu, Karnataka, s mountain
Kerala s
4. Volcanic Mountains
Volcanic Volcanic Barren Saltor 7,742 Ladak Karak
Mountain eruptions Island o meters h oram
s (Andama Kangr (Siach Range
n) i en
area)

Saser 7,672 Ladak Saser

Top Mountains in India – Height
Kangr meters h Muzta
& Location
i gh
(Karak
Mount Heigh State/ Mount
oram)
ain t Union ain
Peak Territo Range
ry Trisul 7,120 Uttara Kuma
meters khand on
Himal
Kangc 8,586 Sikkim Himal
ayas
henju meters ayas
nga
Anam 2,695 Kerala Weste
udi meters rn
Nanda 7,816 Uttara Himal
Ghats
Devi meters khand ayas

Doda 2,637 Tamil Nilgiri

Kamet 7,756 Uttara Garhw
betta meters Nadu Hills
meters khand al
Himal
ayas Mahe 1,501 Odish Easter
ndragi meters a n
ri Ghats
 China (Tibet
Mount 1,722 Rajast Aravall Autonomous Region)
Abu meters han i ○​ Mountain Range:
(Guru Range Himalayas
Shikh (specifically the
ar) Mahalangur Range)
●​ Coordinates:​
27.9881° N, 86.9250° E​

Quick Facts:
Additional Facts:
●​ Highest peak in India:
●​ Local Names:
Kangchenjunga (8,586 m)
○​ In Nepal: Sagarmatha
●​ Tallest in South India:
○​ In Tibet (China):
Anamudi (2,695 m)
Chomolungma
●​ Oldest mountain range:
●​ Tallest mountain in the
Aravalli Range (Mount Abu
world above sea level.
is the highest point)
●​ Located in the Khumbu
region of Nepal, near
Mount Everest Base
Mount Everest – Height & Camp.
Location
Western Ghats – Mountains,
●​ Height:​ Heights & Locations
8,848.86 meters (29,031.7
feet)​ The Western Ghats are a
(as officially recognized mountain range that runs parallel
after 2020 measurement by to the western coast of India,
China and Nepal)​ from Maharashtra to Kerala.
They are also known as the
●​ Location:​ Sahyadri Hills and are a
UNESCO World Heritage Site for
○​ Continent: Asia their rich biodiversity.
○​ Country: Lies on the
border of Nepal and
Major Peaks in the Western
Ghats Kalsubai 1,646 m Maharas
htra
Mountai Height State
n Peak (meters)
Brahmag 1,608 m Karnatak
iri a
Anamudi 2,695 m Kerala

Pushpag 1,712 m Karnatak

Meesapu 2,640 m Kerala iri a
limala

Doddabe 2,637 m Tamil Location Overview:

tta Nadu
●​ Northern End: Maharashtra
(e.g., Kalsubai)
Kolaribet 2,630 m Tamil ●​ Central Region: Karnataka
ta Nadu (e.g., Pushpagiri,
Brahmagiri)
●​ Southern End: Kerala &
Mukkurt 2,554 m Tamil Tamil Nadu (e.g., Anamudi,
hi Peak Nadu Doddabetta)

Chembra 2,100 m Kerala

Peak Quick Facts:

●​ Highest Peak in Western

Ghats: Anamudi (2,695 m),
Agasthy 1,868 m Kerala &
Kerala
amalai Tamil
●​ States Covered:
Nadu
Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu
 ●​ Important for monsoon
rainfall, biodiversity, and Mahendr 1,501 m Odisha/T
river sources. agiri amil
Nadu

Eastern Ghats – Mountains,

Singi ~1,200 m Andhra
Heights & Locations
Hills Pradesh
The Eastern Ghats are a
discontinuous range of mountains
Narasim ~1,200 m Tamil
along the eastern coast of India,
ha Nadu
stretching from West Bengal
Parvatha
through Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Location Overview:
Major Peaks in the Eastern
Ghats ●​ Runs through Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Mountai Height Location Nadu, and parts of
n Peak (meters) (State) Telangana and
Chhattisgarh.
●​ The range is broken into
Arma 1,680 m Andhra segments by rivers, so it’s
Konda Pradesh less continuous than the
(Kalahan Western Ghats.
di)

Jindhaga 1,690 m Andhra Quick Facts:

da Peak Pradesh ●​ The Eastern Ghats are
older and more eroded than
the Western Ghats.
 ●​ They are lower in height ●​ Composed mainly of
compared to the Western metamorphic and igneous
Ghats. rocks.
●​ Important rivers like ●​ Rich in minerals like copper,
Godavari, Mahanadi, and lead, zinc, and marble.
Krishna originate here. ●​ Influences the climate by
●​ The range has rich acting as a barrier to the
biodiversity and many Thar Desert’s expansion.
ancient temples. ●​ Home to many wildlife
sanctuaries and historic
sites.
Aravalli Range – Overview

The Aravalli Range is one of the Major Himalayan Rivers of India

oldest mountain ranges in the
world, located in northwestern
River Approxi States
India.
mate Covered
Length
(km)
Key Facts about the Aravalli
Range
Ganga 2,525 km Uttarakha
●​ Location:​ (total nd, Uttar
Extends across Rajasthan, length) Pradesh,
from Delhi in the northeast Bihar,
to Gujarat in the southwest. West
●​ Length: About 692 km (430 Bengal,
miles) others
●​ Age: Over 1.5 billion years
old — among the oldest
mountain ranges on Earth. Yamuna 1,376 km Uttarakha
nd,
Features of the Aravalli Range
Haryana,
Uttar
 Pradesh, mainly in
Delhi Pakistan)

Brahmap 2,900 km Arunacha Ravi 720 km Himachal

utra (total l Pradesh,
length) Pradesh, Punjab
Assam
(flows
mainly in Tawi 141 km Jammu &
India) Kashmir

Indus 3,180 km Ladakh

(total (in India), Notes:
length) mainly
flows ●​ Many Himalayan rivers
through originate from glaciers and
Pakistan snowfields in the
Himalayas.
●​ The lengths mentioned are
Sutlej 1,450 km Himachal total lengths; some rivers
Pradesh, flow outside India too.
Punjab ●​ These rivers are perennial
and vital for irrigation,
hydropower, and drinking
Beas 470 km Himachal water.
Pradesh,
Punjab

Major Peninsular Rivers of India

Chenab 960 km Jammu &
Kashmir River Approxi States
(flows mate Covered
 Length htra,
(km) Gujarat

Godavari 1,465 km Maharas Tapi (or 724 km Madhya

htra, Tapti) Pradesh,
Telangan Maharas
a, Andhra htra,
Pradesh Gujarat

Krishna 1,400 km Maharas Pennar 597 km Karnatak

htra, a, Andhra
Karnatak Pradesh
a,
Telangan
a, Andhra Vaigai 258 km Tamil
Pradesh Nadu

Cauvery 760 km Karnatak

a, Tamil Notes:
Nadu
●​ These rivers mostly flow
eastwards into the Bay of
Mahanad 858 km Chhattisg Bengal, except Narmada
i arh, and Tapi which flow
Odisha, westward into the Arabian
Andhra Sea.
Pradesh ●​ Peninsular rivers are mainly
rain-fed and seasonal
compared to Himalayan
Narmada 1,312 km Madhya rivers.
Pradesh,
Maharas
 1.​ Emergent Layer
●​ The tallest trees that stick
Rainforests out above all others.
Sure! Here’s a simple explanation ●​ Birds and butterflies live
about Rainforests: here.
2.​ Canopy Layer
●​ Lots of trees with thick
leaves make a “roof.”
Rainforests ●​ Monkeys, parrots, and
●​ Rainforests are special snakes live here.
forests where it rains a lot — 3.​ Understory Layer
almost every day! ●​ Smaller trees and bushes
●​ These forests are very live here.
green and full of big trees, ●​ Frogs and jaguars like to
plants, and many animals. hide here.
●​ They are like nature’s home 4.​ Forest Floor
for animals like monkeys, ●​ The ground with leaves and
parrots, elephants, and plants.
many colorful insects. ●​ Big animals like elephants
●​ Rainforests are very and insects live here.
important because they help Types of Rainforests:
keep the air clean and give
us fresh air to breathe. 1.​ Tropical Rainforest
●​ You can find rainforests in 2.​ Temperate Rainforest
places like the Amazon in
Importance of Rainforests:
South America and the
Western Ghats in India. 1.​ Oxygen Production
2.​ Climate Regulation
3.​ Biodiversity hotspots
Layers of the Rainforest 4.​ Medicinal Resources
5.​ Water Cycle
The rainforest has different layers,
like a big cake! Each layer has Threads to Rainforests
plants and animals living there.
1.​ Deforestation
 2.​ Climate change Here are the key features of a
3.​ Illegal activities cliff explained simply:

Rainforests in India Key Features of a Cliff

India has some beautiful 1.​ Steep, Vertical Face

rainforests mostly in the Western ●​ A cliff is a very steep or
Ghats, Northeast India, and the almost vertical rock face.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. 2.​ High Elevation
●​ It usually rises high above
Where are the rainforests in the ground or water nearby.
India? 3.​ Made of Rock
●​ Cliffs are mostly made of
1.​ Western Ghats
hard rock like limestone,
●​ Found in states like Kerala,
sandstone, or granite.
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and
4.​ Formed by Erosion or
Maharashtra.
Tectonic Activity
●​ Known for lots of tall trees,
●​ Cliffs form because of
animals like elephants,
erosion (like wind or water
tigers, and colorful birds.
wearing away softer rock) or
2.​ Northeast India
earth movements pushing
●​ States like Assam,
rocks up.
Arunachal Pradesh,
5.​ Found Near Coasts,
Meghalaya, and Nagaland
Mountains, or Rivers
have dense rainforests.
●​ Cliffs can be by the sea,
●​ Home to rare animals like
along riverbanks, or on
the one-horned rhinoceros
mountainsides.
and many orchids.
3.​ Andaman and Nicobar Famous Cliffs Around the World
Islands
●​ Islands in the Bay of Bengal 1.​ Cliffs of Moher – Ireland​
with thick tropical rainforests.
●​ Lots of unique plants and ○​ Tall sea cliffs rising
animals live here. about 214 meters
above the Atlantic
Ocean.
 2.​ White Cliffs of Dover – 1.​ Coastal Areas – Along the
England​ edges of oceans or seas
where waves erode the land
○​ Famous chalk cliffs (like the Cliffs of Moher).
overlooking the 2.​ Mountain Regions – On
English Channel. steep mountain sides or hills
3.​ El Capitan – USA (Yosemite where rocks are exposed
National Park)​ (like the Himalayas or
Western Ghats).
○​ A huge granite cliff 3.​ Riverbanks – Where rivers
popular with rock cut through rock and form
climbers. steep edges.
4.​ Preikestolen (Pulpit Rock) 4.​ Plateaus and Canyons – At
– Norway​ the edges of high flat lands
or deep valleys.
○​ A steep cliff
overlooking a fjord,
with a flat top.

Famous Cliffs in India

1.​ Karnataka Western Ghats

cliffs​

○​ Steep cliffs in the

Western Ghats, like at
Coorg and
Chikmagalur.
2.​ Aravalli Hills cliffs​

○​ Rocky cliffs near

Mount Abu in
Rajasthan.

Cliffs are commonly found in these

places: