UNIT I:

Introduction to AI - Intelligent Agents, Problem-Solving Agents,

Searching for Solutions - Breadth-first search, Depth-first search, Hill-climbing search,

Simulated annealing search, Local Search in Continuous Spaces.

Introduction:

 Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an

artificial device. The term was coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
 Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and apply the knowledge to
achieve goals in the world.
 AI is the study of the mental faculties through the use of computational models
 AI is the study of intellectual/mental processes as computational processes.
 AI program will demonstrate a high level of intelligence to a degree that
equals or exceeds the intelligence required of a human in performing some
task.
 AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, Computer
Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Biology, Cognitive
Science and many others.
 Although there is no clear definition of AI or even Intelligence, it can be
described as an attempt to build machines that like humans can think and act,
able to learn and use knowledge to solve problems on their own.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
History of AI
o Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the idea of making non-living
things smart. In ancient times, Greek stories mentioned gods creating clever
machines, and in Egypt, engineers made statues move. Thinkers like Aristotle and
Ramon Llull laid the groundwork for AI by describing how human thinking works
using symbols.
o In the late 1800s and early 1900s, modern computing started to take shape. Charles
Babbage and Ada Lovelace designed machines that could be programmed in the
1830s. In the 1940s, John Von Neumann came up with the idea of storing computer
programs. At the same time, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts started building the
basics of neural networks.
o The 1950s brought us modern computers, letting scientists dig into machine
intelligence. Alan Turing's Turing test became a big deal in computer smarts. The
term "artificial intelligence" was first used in a 1956 Dartmouth College
meeting, where they introduced the first AI program, the Logic Theorist.
o The following years had good times and bad times for AI, called "AI Winters." In the
1970s and 1980s, we hit limits with computer power and complexity. But in the late
1990s, things got exciting again. Computers were faster, and there was more
data. IBM's Deep Blue beating chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 was a big
moment.
o The 2000s started a new era with machine learning, language processing, and
computer vision. This led to cool new products and services. The 2010s saw AI take
off with things like voice assistants and self-driving cars. Generative AI, which makes
creative stuff, also started getting big.
o In the 2020s, generative AI like ChatGPT-3 and Google's Bard grabbed everyone's
attention. These models can create all sorts of new things when you give them a
prompt, like essays or art. But remember, this tech is still new, and there are things to
fix, like making sure it doesn't make things up.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence can be categorized in several ways, primarily based on two main
criteria: capabilities and functionality.
AI Type 1: Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: Narrow AI, also known as Weak AI, is like a specialist in
the world of Artificial Intelligence. Imagine it as a virtual expert dedicated to
performing one specific task with intelligence. For example, think of Apple's Siri. It's
pretty smart when it comes to voice commands and answering questions, but it doesn't
understand or do much beyond that. Narrow AI operates within strict limits, and if
you ask it to step outside its comfort zone, it might not perform as expected. This type
of AI is everywhere in today's world, from self-driving cars to image recognition on
your smartphone. BM's Watson is another example of Narrow AI. It's a
supercomputer that combines Expert Systems, Machine Learning, and Natural
Language Processing, but it's still a specialist. It's excellent at crunching data and
providing insights but doesn't venture far beyond its defined tasks.
2. General AI: General AI, often referred to as Strong AI, is like the holy grail of
artificial intelligence. Picture it as a system that could do any intellectual task with the
efficiency of a human. General AI aims to create machines that think and learn like
humans, but here's the catch: there's no such system in existence yet. Researchers
worldwide are working diligently to make it a reality, but it's a complex journey that
will require significant time and effort.
3. Super AI: Super AI takes AI to another level entirely. It's the pinnacle of machine
intelligence, where machines surpass human capabilities in every cognitive aspect.
These machines can think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate independently. However, it's important to note that Super AI is
 currently a hypothetical concept. Achieving such a level of artificial intelligence
would be nothing short of revolutionary, and it's a challenge that's still on the horizon.

AI Type 2: Based on Functionality

1. Reactive Machines: Reactive Machines represent the most basic form of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines live in the present moment and don't have memories or
past experiences to guide their actions. They focus solely on the current scenario and
respond with the best possible action based on their programming. An example of a
reactive machine is IBM's Deep Blue, the chess-playing computer, and Google's
AlphaGo, which excels at the ancient game of Go.
2. Limited Memory: Limited Memory machines can remember some past experiences
or data but only for a short period. They use this stored information to make decisions
and navigate situations. A great example of this type of AI is seen in self-driving cars.
These vehicles store recent data like the speed of nearby cars, distances, and speed
limits to safely navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI is still in the realm of research and
development. These AI systems aim to understand human emotions and beliefs and
engage in social interactions much like humans. While this type of AI hasn't fully
materialized yet, researchers are making significant strides toward creating machines
that can understand and interact with humans on a deeper, more emotional level.
4. Self-Awareness: Self-Awareness AI is the future frontier of Artificial Intelligence.
These machines will be extraordinarily intelligent, possessing their own
consciousness, emotions, and self-awareness. They'll be smarter than the human mind
itself. However, it's crucial to note that Self-Awareness AI remains a hypothetical
concept and does not yet exist in reality. Achieving this level of AI would be a
monumental leap in technology and understanding.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
 o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because
of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
o Enhanced Security: AI can be very helpful in enhancing security, as It can detect
and respond to cyber threats in real time, helping companies protect their data and
systems.
o Aid in Research: AI is very helpful in the research field as it assists researchers by
processing and analyzing large datasets, accelerating discoveries in fields such as
astronomy, genomics, and materials science.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being
so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our
mind while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires
lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.
 o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it
does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.

o Complexity: Making and keeping AI systems can be very complicated and

need a lot of knowledge. This can make it hard for some groups or people to
use them.
o Job Concerns: As AI gets better, it might take away not just basic jobs but
also some skilled ones. This worries people about losing jobs in different
fields.

Challenges of AI
Artificial Intelligence offers incredible advantages, but it also presents some challenges that need
to be addressed:
o Doing the Right Thing: AI should make the right choices, but sometimes it doesn't.
It can make mistakes or do things that aren't fair. We need to teach AI to be better at
making good choices.
o Government and AI: Sometimes, governments use AI to keep an eye on people.
This can be a problem for our freedom. We need to make sure they use AI in a good
way.
o Bias in AI: AI can sometimes be a bit unfair, especially when it comes to recognizing
people's faces. This can cause problems, especially for people who aren't like the
majority.
o AI and Social Media: What you see on social media is often decided by AI. But
sometimes, AI shows things that aren't true or are kind of mean. We need to make
sure AI shows the right stuff.
o Legal and Regulatory Challenges: The rapid evolution of AI has outpaced the
development of comprehensive laws and regulations, leading to uncertainty about
issues like liability and responsibility.
Example of Agents with their PEAS representation