CE- 607

Hydrology

Introduction
*1. Define Hydrology.
*2. What are the basic hydrological data required for the analysis and design of any hydrologic
project? Discuss briefly.
*3. Which topics engineering hydrology deals with?
*4. What are the components of hydrologic cycle explain with neat sketches
*5. What is the importance of hydrologic cycle? Draw hydrologic cycle showing its different
components.
*6. Describe the hydrologic cycle. Explain briefly the man’s interference in various parts of this
cycle.
*7. Write the Engineering applications of Hydrology.
8. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Precipitation
*1. How precipitation is collected and measured? What considerations are important for siting a
raingauge?
*2. Define precipitation. What conditions the atmosphere must fulfill to form precipitation? Name
some common types of precipitation with figures. /Name the common forms of precipitation.
Explain with their specifications.
*3. What are some common causes for inconsistency in raingauge records? Which method used to
check consistency of a record? Explain it.
4. Name the methods used to convert the point rainfall values at various stations into an average
value over a catchment? Why Thiessen-Mean method is superior to Arithmetical-Mean method?
*5. What is Hyetograph? Why it is useful in interpretation and analysis of rainfall data?
*6. Explain PMP curves. What are the applications of PMP curves?
*7. Brief the Importance of DAD analysis. Explain DAD analysis with necessary curves.
*8. A catchment has six raingauge stations. In a year, the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges
are as follows:
Station A B C D E F
Rainfall (cm) 82.6 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7
For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the optimum number of
stations in the catchment.

*9. In a catchment area, approximated by a circle of diameter 100 km, four rainfall stations are
situated inside the catchment and one station is outside in its neighborhood. The coordinates of
the centre of the catchment and of the five stations are given below. Also given are the annual
precipitation recorded by the five stations in 2019. Determine the average annual precipitation by
the Thiessen-mean method.

Station 1 2 3 4 5
Coordinates (30,80) (70,100) (100,140) (130,100) (100,70)
Precipitation
85.0 135.2 95.3 146.4 102.2
(cm)

10. Find the mean precipitation for the area sketch below by Thiessen’s method. Rainfall
readings in cm for the various stations are given.

11. Example 2.4 (Book Subramanya) + Class Lecture+ PDF

Evaporation, Transpiration & Infiltration

*1. Explain the energy budget method of estimating evaporation from a lake. 114
*2. Define PET and AET. Name the equations to determine evapotranspiration. 119
*3. Discuss the factors that affect the evaporation from a water body.
*4. Explain briefly the infiltration process by sketching an infiltration model and discuss the
factors which affect the infiltration process and how.131
5. Analytical Methods of evaporation estimation. 113
6. Infiltration capacity and its factors 133
7. How infiltration can be measured? 134
8. Infiltration Indices.
*9. A storm with 10.0cm precipitation produced a direct runoff of 5.8cm. Given the time
distribution of the storm as below, estimate the Ф-index of the storm. 145

Time from start (h) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Incremental rainfall in 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.5
each hour (cm)

*10. In a 140-min storm the following rates of rainfall were observed in successive 20-min
intervals: 3.0, 3.0, 9.0, 6.6, 1.2, 1.2 and 6.0 mm/h. Assuming the Ф-index value as 3.0mm/h and
an initial loss of 0.8mm, determine the total rainfall, net runoff and W-Index for the storm. 153,, solution in 44
page
11. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Streamflow Measurement
*1. How streamflow can be measured? 156
2. Explain the streamflow measurement by standard current-meter method
*3. What is stage hydrograph? Explain with figure. 160
4. Measurement of velocity: Vertical-axis meters, Horizontal-axis meters
5. Velocity measurement by floats: Area-velocity method, Moving boat method.
*6. During a flood flow the depth of water in a 10m wide rectangular channel was found to be
3.0m and 2.9m at two sections 200m apart. The drop in the water-surface elevation was found to
be 0.12m. Assuming Manning’s coefficient to be 0.025, estimate the flood discharge through the
channel. 178 page
*7. The following are the coordinates of a smooth curve drawn to best represent the stage-discharge
data of a river.
Stage (m) 20.80 21.42 21.95 23.37 23.00 23.52 23.00
Discharge 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
(m3/s)
Determine the stage corresponding to zero discharge. 161

Hydrographs
*1. Define Hydrographs. What are the components of a Hydrograph.
2. Enumerate the factors influencing flood/storm hydrograph.
*3. Define Unit Hydrograph and Synthetic Unit hydrograph. Write the assumption of unit
hydrograph.
*Enumerate the factors influencing storm hydrograph.
*4. Using S-curve method find 6-h UH from 2-h UH.
Time (h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2-h UHO 0 95 164 121 91 54 18 0

*5. Explain S-curve method. Given below 4-hr unit hydrograph using this construct 2-hr unit
hydrograph by S-curve method.
Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Inflow (m3/sec) 0 20 80 130 150 130 90 52 27 15 5 0 303

6. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Flood & Flood Routing

*1. Name the methods to estimate the magnitude of a flood peak.337
2. Unit-Hydrograph method. 338
*3. What are the statistical methods for estimation of design flood? Explain Gumble’s method. 343
4. Define: Design flood, Spillway Design Flood, Standard Project Flood, Probable Maximum
Flood. 359
5. What is Risk, Reliability and Safety Factor. 363
*6. Define Flood Routing? Which factors considered in flood prediction?/ Define Flood Routing.
Write down the classification of flood routing and what are the uses of flood routing
*7. Classify the flood routing methods. Define Attenuates. Show that in the level pool routing the
peak of the out flow hydrograph must intersect the inflow hydrograph. 374
*8. What is flood routing? Explain briefly the types of Flood Routing? Derived the Muskingum
routing equation?
*9. Example: 8.3, 8.4, 8.5 385
*10. Define Flood Control. What are the various structural methods adopted for control of
floods. 407
11. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Groundwater
*1. Define: Soil water Zone, Capillary Fringe, Intermediate zone, Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude,
Aquifuge, Confined aquifer, Unconfined aquifer, Water table, Coefficient of permeability,
Drawdown
2. Aquifer properties.
*3. Define confined and unconfined aquifer. Derive the equation relating the steady state discharge
from a well in an unconfined/confined aquifer. 450
*4. Example: 9.6, 9.7, 9.8. 452
5. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Remote Sensing & Telemetry

*1. Importance of hydrologic measurements
*2. Hydrologic measurements sequence
3. Telemetry Systems
4. Remote Sensing
5. Real-time data collection systems
*6. Flood early warning systems for urban area.
*7. Define remote sensing. Write down the main advantages of satellite remote sensing. What
are the applications of remote sensing?
*8. Describe flood early warning system for urban areas by remote sensing.
*9. Explain the sequence of steps commonly used for hydrologic measurement
10. Lecture+ Book+ PDF

Probable Set Distribution

 Introduction+ Precipitation: 1.5-2 set

 Evaporation, Transpiration & Infiltration- 01 set
 Streamflow Measurement – 01 set
 Flood+ Flood Routing+ Groundwater: 01-1.5 set
 Hydrograph – 01 set
 Remote Sensing & Telemetry- 01 set