Oracle Day 5 – Single Row Functions
Note: Please watch my below-mentioned YouTube sessions for a better understanding of the
queries provided below.
NiC IT Academy YouTube Videos for reference
Oracle SQL Tutorial – Full course – English https://youtu.be/yukL9vRalVo
Oracle DB Installation:
Oracle 11g Installation: https://youtu.be/Jrefk1hOJQg
Oracle 21C Installation: https://youtu.be/xPSbxrMe7VU
Oracle SQL Tutorial – Playlist - English
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsphD3EpR7F9mmtY2jBt_O8Q9XmvrhQEF
Oracle SQL – Playlist - தமிழில்
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsphD3EpR7F-u4Jjp_3fYgLSsKwPPTEH4
Oracle SQL Day wise Video: ENGLISH
Oracle SQL Day 1 – Introduction to Oracle - https://youtu.be/hLnKjYGr730
Oracle SQL Day 2 – SQL Types DDL, DML, DRL, DCL, TCL - https://youtu.be/XpgjXvnfZec
Oracle SQL Day 3 – Constraints in Oracle - https://youtu.be/TmYqeFfHyyc
Oracle SQL Day 4 – SELECT Statements in Oracle - https://youtu.be/tYQfBgUCpoI
Oracle SQL Day 5 – Single Row Functions in Oracle - https://youtu.be/4qJJxQuHLC4
Oracle SQL Day 6 – Joins in Oracle - https://youtu.be/CkaqluC2afE
Oracle SQL Day 7 – Aggregate Functions in Oracle - https://youtu.be/BSiCWzj-py8
Oracle SQL Day 8 – Sub Queries in Oracle - https://youtu.be/KtUCyG2cZe4
Oracle SQL Day 9 – SET Operators in Oracle - https://youtu.be/B0JbGbWsEIA
Oracle SQL Day 10 – Analytical Functions in Oracle - https://youtu.be/gRC3ndWLsoo
Oracle SQL Day 11 - Views in Oracle - https://youtu.be/m8a1UtOmd5k
Oracle SQL Day 12 - Indexes in Oracle - https://youtu.be/reL2O-kvNxc
Oracle SQL Day 13 - Regular Expression - https://youtu.be/k_Eo08vLPhU
Oracle SQL Day 14 - Merge statement in Oracle - https://youtu.be/NGN_jYisBJM
Oracle SQL Day 15 - Performance Tuning - https://youtu.be/L5iVCVpnSUE
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[email protected] Single Row functions in Oracle:
Please watch the YouTube video to understand complete SQL concepts and practice below mentioned
queries.
select first_name,upper(first_name),lower(first_name),initcap(first_name),
length(first_name),reverse(first_name) from employees;
select * from employees where first_name='John';
select * from employees where first_name='john';
select * from employees where lower(first_name)='john';
select * from employees where UPPER(first_name)='JOHN';
select address,lower(address) from customer_details;
select address from customer_details where lower(ADDRESS)='chennai';
select * from customer_details where address ='chennai';
select * from customer_details where lower(address) ='chennai';
select * from customer_details where upper(address) ='CHENNAI';
-- Substr --sub string
substr(string,from_position,no_of_char); -- 3 argument
substr(string,from_position); -- 2 argument
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[email protected] select substr('Welcome to India!!!',12,5) from dual;
select substr('Welcome to India!!!',12) from dual;
select substr('Welcome to India!!!',-8) from dual;
select substr('Welcome to India!!!',-8,5) from dual;
select job_id,substr(job_id,1,4) from employees;
-- Instr will return the position of the character
select INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','R') from dual;
select INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','AB') from dual;
-- from 3rd position 2nd occurrence
select INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR',3,2) from dual;
select INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR',3,1) from dual;
select substr('When system dialog prompts, click Open Zoom Meetings.',1,
instr('When system dialog prompts, click Open Zoom Meetings.',',')-1) from dual;
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[email protected] select INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR GARDEN',' ') from dual;
select substr('CORPORATE FLOOR GARDEN',17) from dual;
select instr('CORPORATE FLOOR GARDEN',' ',1,2) from dual;
select substr('CORPORATE FLOOR GARDEN',instr('CORPORATE FLOOR GARDEN',' ',1,2)+1) from dual;
select substr('WELCOME TO CHENNAI CHROMPET',instr('WELCOME TO CHENNAI CHROMPET',' ',1,3)+1)
from dual;
--extract middle name from full_name
select substr('NIC IT ACADEMY',instr('NIC IT ACADEMY',' ')+1,
instr('NIC IT ACADEMY',' ',1,2)-instr('NIC IT ACADEMY',' ')) middle_name from dual;
select substr(full_name,instr(full_name,' ')+1,
instr(full_name,' ',1,2)-instr(full_name,' ')) middle_name from customer;
select LPAD('WELCOME',15,'*') from dual;
select RPAD('WELCOME',15,'*') from dual;
select LPAD(RPAD('WELCOME',15,'*'),30,'*') from dual;
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[email protected] select salary,LPAD(salary,15,0) from employees;
select LTRIM(' Welcome') from dual;
select RTRIM(' Welcome ') from dual;
select TRIM(' Wel come ') from dual;
select LTRIM('00000000000100123', '0') from dual;
select LTRIM('00101233234345354650121211', '021') from dual;
select RTRIM('00101233234345354650121211', '021') from dual;
select LTRIM(RTRIM('00101233234345354650121211', '021'),'021') from dual;
select REPLACE('JACK and JUE','J','BL') from dual;
select REPLACE(JOB,'MANAGER','BOSS') from EMP;
job:
===
Manager BOSS
manager BOSS
MANAGER BOSS
select REPLACE(upper(JOB),'MANAGER','BOSS') from EMP;
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[email protected] select phone_number,replace(phone_number,'.',null) from employees;
515.123.4567 ==> +1-51512-34567
select phone_number,'+1-'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),1,5)||'-
'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),6,5)||'-'||
substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),11,5) new_ph_num from employees;
515.123.4567
select phone_number,
case
when length(phone_number)=12 then '+1-'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),1,5)||'-
'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),6,5)
else
'+1-'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),1,5)||'-'||substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),6,5)||'-'||
substr(replace(phone_number,'.',''),11,5) end new_ph_num from employees;
translate - position wise translation
ABCD XYZ
A--> X
B--> Y
C--> Z
D--> NUll
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[email protected] WBADCS --> WYXZS
select translate('WELCOME TO CHENNAI','ABCDEF','WXYZ') from dual;
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
E null
F null
WLYOM TO YHNNWI
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Dealing with Null values:
Any arithmatic operations on null values results null
value*null ==> null
value+null ==> null
value-null ==> null
-------------------------------------------------------------------
NVL - 2 arg
NVL2 - 3 arg
Nullif - 2 arg
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[email protected] Coalesce - n arg
NVL(arg1,arg2)
if arg1 is null ---> arg2
if arg1 is not null --> arg1
select NVL(5,6) from dual; -- 5
select NVL(null,6) from dual; --6
select * from employees;
select employee_id,salary,commission_pct,salary+(salary*commission_pct) total_salary from
employees;
select employee_id,salary,commission_pct,salary+(salary*nvL(commission_pct,0)) total_salary from
employees;
NVL2(arg1,arg2,arg3)
if arg1 is null ---> arg3
if arg1 is not null --> arg2
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[email protected] select nvl2(4,8,12) from dual; --8
select nvl2(null,8,12) from dual; -- 12
select * from employee;
select employee_id,emp_name,allocation_id,nvl2(allocation_id,'Allocated','Waiting for project')
allocation_status
from employee;
-----------------------------------------------------------
nullif(arg1,arg2)
if arg1=arg2 ---> null
if arg1 != arg2 ---> arg1
select nullif(5,8) from dual; --5
select nullif(8,8) from dual; -- null
select first_name,last_name from employees where first_name=last_name;
select first_name,last_name from employees where nullif(first_name,last_name) is null;
-----------------------------------------------------------
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[email protected] coalesce(arg1,arg2,arg3.. ..arg_n)
-- It will return first not null value
COALESCE -- It will always return first not null value
select commission_pct,manager_id,department_id from employees;
select commission_pct,manager_id,department_id,
COALESCE(commission_pct,manager_id,department_id,0) from employees;
select employee_id,salary,commission_pct,salary+(salary*COALESCE(commission_pct,0)) total_salary
from employees;
select coalesce(mobile_no,office_no,resi_no,'no_phone_number') from dual;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select round(0.7) from dual;
select round(2.8) from dual;
select round(4.35) from dual;
select round(5435.7878) from dual;
select round(5435.3878) from dual;
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[email protected] select round(5435.7878,2) from dual;
select round(5435.9978,2) from dual;
select round(5435.783258,3) from dual;
select round(5435.783258,4) from dual;
select round(5435.7878,-2) from dual;
select round(5475.7878,-2) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------
-- Trunc will always take base value
select trunc(0.7878) from dual;
select trunc(5435.7878) from dual;
select trunc(5435.3878) from dual;
select trunc(5435.7878,2) from dual;
select trunc(5435.783258,3) from dual;
select trunc(5435.783258,4) from dual;
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[email protected] -- it will remove timestamp from a date&time, returns date part alone
select SYSTIMESTAMP from dual;
select trunc(SYSTIMESTAMP) from dual;
--------------------------------------------------------------
ceil -- always top value
Floor -- Always base value
select floor(5.99999999) from dual;
select floor(5.000000999) from dual;
select ceil(5.99999999) from dual;
select ceil(5.000000001) from dual;
what is the difference between trunc and floor?
-- mod returns reminder in the division operation
select mod(55,4) from dual; -- 55/4 reminder 3
select mod(55,3) from dual; --55/3 reminder 1
-- leap year of hire_date
select * from employees where mod(to_char(hire_date,'yyyy'),4)=0;
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[email protected] select * from employees where mod(to_char(hire_date,'yyyy'),4)!=0; -- not equal <> !=
-- even number of employee_id
select * from employees where mod(employee_id,2)=0;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
months between two dates
-- MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1,date2)
select MONTHS_BETWEEN (TO_DATE ('2020/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd'), TO_DATE ('2010/01/01',
'yyyy/mm/dd') ) total_months from dual;
select months_between(sysdate, TO_DATE ('2000/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd')) from dual;
-- days between two dates
select date2 - date1 total_days from dual;
select TO_DATE ('2017/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd')- TO_DATE ('2014/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd') from dual;
-- next weekday of given date
select NEXT_DAY('31-Mar-20', 'FRIDAY') from dual;
select next_day(sysdate,'Thursday') from dual;
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[email protected] -- last day of given month
select LAST_DAY(sysdate) from dual;
select LAST_DAY(sysdate+25) from dual;
sysdate=last_day(sysdate)
-- add_months(date,number_of_months)
select ADD_MONTHS('01-Aug-03', 3) from dual;
select ADD_MONTHS(sysdate, 60) from dual;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Round and truncate of Dates:
Year
Month
Day
year --> half + half ====> 6 months + 6 months
if any date falls on first half of the 6 month --> first_day of the year
if any date falls on second half of the year (second six months) --> first_day of the next year
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[email protected] select ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-21'),'YEAR') from dual;
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-Apr-21'),'YEAR') from dual;
select ROUND(sysdate,'YEAR') from dual;
-- Last day of the year
select ROUND(sysdate,'YEAR')+360 from dual;
select last_day(ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-Apr-21'),'YEAR')+360) from dual;
Quarter ==> 90 days ==> 45 days + next 45 days
if any date falls on first half of the Quarter --> first_day of the quarter
if any date falls on second half of the Quarter (second 45 days) --> first_day of the next quarter
e.g JAN FEB MAR ==> Jan 1 to Feb 14 --> first half of the Q
Feb 15 to March 31 --> second half of the Q
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'Q') from dual;
-- jul,aug,sep --> 2nd half of Q3 --> first day of Q4
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('13-Apr-20'),'Q') from dual;
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[email protected] select ROUND(TO_DATE ('02-NOV-20'),'Q') from dual;
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('13-Apr-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('02-NOV-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
-- Weekday 3.5 days
Sun Mon Tue Wed+ Wed(12hrs) Thur Fri Sat Sun
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'DAY') from dual;
select ROUND(sysdate+4,'DAY') from dual;
select ROUND(TO_DATE ('30-NOV-16'),'DAY') from dual;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'YEAR') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('22-Apr-16'),'YEAR') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'Q') from dual;
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[email protected] select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('13-Apr-16'),'Q') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('02-NOV-16'),'Q') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('13-Apr-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('02-NOV-16'),'MONTH') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-16'),'DAY') from dual;
select TRUNC(sysdate+5,'DAY') from dual;
select TRUNC(TO_DATE ('30-NOV-16'),'DAY') from dual;
select sysdate+3 from dual;
first day of the month:
=======================
select to_date(to_char(sysdate,'yyyymm')||'01','yyyymmdd') from dual;
select TRUNC(sysdate,'Month') from dual;
select trunc(LAST_DAY(sysdate),'Month') from dual;
select last_day(ADD_MONTHS(sysdate, -1))+1 from dual;
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[email protected] find first day and last day of quarter:
=============================
select TRUNC(sysdate,'Q') from dual;
select last_day(TRUNC(sysdate,'Q')+75) from dual;
select last_day(TRUNC(TO_DATE ('13-Apr-16'),'Q')+75) from dual;
Find First and Last Day of the last Quarter in ORACLE
===========================================
SELECT
ADD_MONTHS(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'Q'), -3) AS First,
TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'Q') - 1 AS Last
FROM DUAL;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select TO_CHAR(1210.73, '9999.9') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(1210.78, '$9999.9') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(1210.73, '$9,999.999') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'yyyy/mm/dd') from dual;
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[email protected] select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'Mon-ddth-yyyy') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'MM-ddth-yyyy') from dual;
select to_number(TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'mmddyyyy'))+1 from dual;
select to_char(sysdate+1,'mmddyyyy') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'HH24:MI:SS') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'mm/dd/yyyy HH24:MI:SS') from dual;
select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'HH12:MI:SS AM') from dual;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select abs(-354) from dual;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
decode
The DECODE function in Oracle allows you to have IF-THEN-ELSE logic in your SQL statements.
The expression is the value to compare. Many combinations of search and result
can be supplied. Search is compared against the expression, and if it is true, then result is returned
City New_city
Madras Chennai
Calkatta Kolkatta
Bombay Mumbai
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[email protected] Orissa Odisa
any other city -- > city
decode(city,'Madras','Chennai','calcatta','Kolkatta','Bombay','Mumbai','Orissa','Odissa',city) new_city
select subject_id,
decode(subject_id,1,'Mathematics',2,'Physics',3,'Chemistry','Others') subject_name
from students;
F Female
M Male
U Unknown
decode(upper(gender),'F','Female','M','Male','U','Unknown','Others')
transaction_status
S success
F FAILED
P pending
A approved
U unknown
example:
Transaction_status_code to Transaction_status:
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[email protected] 'S' Success
F Failed
P - pending
U unknown
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Case:
case when condition1 then statement1
when condition2 then statement2
when condition3 then statement3
else
statement
end;
salary_status:
--------------
salary < 5000 Low salary
salary >= 5000 <15000 Avg salary
salary >=15000 high salary
select employee_id,first_name,salary,
case
when salary < 5000 then 'Low salary'
when salary >= 5000 and salary <15000 then 'Avg salary'
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[email protected] else 'High Salary' end salary_status
from employees;
select employee_id,first_name,salary,
case
when salary < 5000 then 'Low salary'
when salary >= 5000 and salary <15000 then 'Avg salary'
else 'High Salary' end salary_status,
case
when salary < 5000 then salary+(salary*0.3)
when salary >= 5000 and salary <15000 then salary+(salary*0.2)
else salary+(salary*0.1)end new_salary
from employees;
select count(case when salary < 5000 then 'Low salary' end ) as low_salary_count,
count(case when salary >= 5000 and salary <15000 then 'Avg salary' end ) as avg_salary_count,
count(case when salary >= 15000 then 'high salary' end ) as high_salary_count
from employees;
select sum (case when id >= 0 then id end) as positive,
sum (case when id < 0 then id end) as negative
from customer2;
-- Exercise
-- Find the second Saturday of the given month
SELECT NEXT_DAY(NEXT_DAY((TRUNC(TO_DATE('01-MAR-2019', 'DD-MON-YYYY'),
'MONTH') - 1),
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[email protected] 'SATURDAY'),
'SATURDAY') SECOND_SATURDAY
FROM DUAL;
select (TRUNC(sysdate,'MONTH') - 1) from dual; -- last day of the previous month
select NEXT_DAY((TRUNC(sysdate,'MONTH') - 1),'SATURDAY') from dual;
select NEXT_DAY(NEXT_DAY((TRUNC(sysdate,'MONTH') - 1),'SATURDAY'),'SATURDAY') from dual;
========================================================
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