Physical Science Research

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Proponents:

Martin, Mikaella Janelle G.

Oseo, Krissha Mae Lyle D.

Sorio, Charlene A.

Research Adviser:

Mrs. Anniebeline A. Ramos

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution is a significant global issue due to the excessive production and

inadequate disposal of plastic waste, resulting in considerable harm to both land and marine

ecosystems. In addressing the environmental impact of conventional plastics, this study explores

the potential of bioplastics as a sustainable alternative, particularly those derived from bio-based

polymers. In response to this challenge, the researchers focus on enhancing cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic by reinforcing it with chayote fruit (Sechium edule), aiming to improve its

durability and physical properties. Chayote is carefully collected, cleaned, and processed to

extract starch, which is dried and purified through controlled conditions to ensure stability and

quality. The cassava starch undergoes modification with acetate solution, optimizing its structure

for reinforcement. Bioplastic films are then produced by combining the modified cassava and

chayote starches with plasticizing agents like polyvinyl alcohol and citric acid. Data comparing

the reinforced and unmodified films, along with a cost analysis, will help evaluate whether

chayote-based bioplastics are practical and sustainable for production. The findings could benefit

sectors like the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), plastic consumers,

and organizations committed to sustainable practices, offering insights into the use of reinforced

bioplastics that contribute to environmental conservation.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

INTRODUCTION

Plastic has become an invaluable and ever-present element in our economy and daily life,

but it offers an outstanding worldwide environmental concern. This problem arises from the

widespread presence of plastic waste in our surroundings, driven by its excessive use, insufficient

recycling efforts, and disposal in landfills. Plastic is being produced at an unparalleled pace, and it

is building up in the environment. It is expected that 6.3 billion tons of plastic trash will be

produced worldwide, with 95% of it coming from fossil fuels and harming both land and marine

ecosystems in accordance with Schmaltz (2020). Because of the global environmental issues

created by conventional fossil-based plastics, there is an urgent need for more sustainable

alternatives in the realms of plastic manufacturing and use. Consequently, bioplastics, which are

plastics made from bio-based polymers, have gained attention as a viable remedy with the

potential to replace conventional plastics in order to reduce waste and minimize their

environmental footprint.

The widespread accumulation of plastic waste has surged dramatically since the

introduction of this material, resulting in the birth of environmental issues. This challenge is

particularly prominent in the Philippines, a nation of 114 million people spread across 7,641

islands, which contributes to over one-third of the planet's oceanic plastic waste as reported by

Ramos (2023). The combination of widespread poverty and corporate interests has driven

Filipinos to engage in frequent, small-quantity purchases within a "sachet economy," sustaining

the accumulation of plastic waste on both land and in the country's water bodies, even more than

two decades after passing the law of pivotal waste management. Regrettably, many of the targets

laid out in the 2001 legislation remain unmet (Han, 2023). While this growth has assisted in
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

numerous positive aspects, it has also accidentally fueled a crisis of plastic pollution. Given the

considerable volume of imported and domestically manufactured plastic for consumption, the

country has struggled to align with the imperative of reducing, recycling, and reusing (the 3Rs).

Consequently, the utilization of biodegradable plastics represents an innovative strategy to

confront this challenge by diminishing the reliance on conventional plastics and promoting

biodegradability.

The term "bioplastics" encompasses a diverse range of materials that share a common

characteristic: they are manufactured from renewable or recycled raw materials, and they offer

the potential to significantly reduce plastic pollution associated with plastic production and

disposal (Coppola et al., 2021). The production and utilization of these bioplastics have garnered

significant attention in recent years due to growing environmental concerns and the need for

sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics, which currently

represent only a small fraction (approximately one percent) of the nearly 300 million tons of

plastic produced annually as determined by Atiwesh (2021), are on standby for substantial

growth in response to increasing demand for eco-friendly materials in various applications and

products.

Furthermore, it is important to recognize that biodegradable plastic films present a notable

advantage in addressing environmental concerns related to plastic residues. As highlighted in a

study conducted by Moshood (2022), biodegradable plastic films have the innate capability to

break down into harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) within a relatively short time

frame. This contrasts with traditional polyethylene films, which prove challenging to remove

completely from the environment and do not provide a radical solution to the persistent issue of
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

plastic residues. This means that the environmental benefits of biodegradable plastics extend

beyond their reduced carbon footprint, as they also hold the potential to effectively eliminate the

long-lasting environmental risks posed by plastic residues, further underlining their role in

sustainable materials and waste management practices.

One of the key sources of bioplastics is starch, which accounts for roughly 50% of

commercially used bioplastics. Starch-based bioplastics offer several advantages, such as ease of

production and suitability for packaging applications. These materials exhibit desirable tensile

properties for packaging purposes, with glycerol commonly added as a plasticizer to achieve the

desired characteristics (Marichelvam et al., 2021). Among the materials that can be employed for

bioplastic production, starch stands out as a natural polymer derived from plants (Ali et al.,

2023). Its inherent eco-friendliness, abundance, and cost-effectiveness make it a viable option for

creating biodegradable plastics.

Cassava, also known as Manihot esculenta, is a tropical plant that stands out for its high

starch content and it holds particular promise as a raw material for bioplastic manufacturing.

Cassava captures carbon dioxide during its growth, distinguishing it from fossil fuels used in

plastic production as specified by Wahyuningtyas et al. (2023). These attributes align with the

goals of eco-conscious research aiming to assess the carbon footprint reduction potential of

cassava starch-based biodegradable materials.

Chayote, scientifically known as Sechium edule but more commonly referred to as

"sayote" in the Philippines, is a familiar and widely consumed edible plant within the country. It

belongs to the botanical family Cucurbitaceae, which includes other familiar members like
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

melons, cucumbers, and squash. This versatile plant, beyond its well-known culinary uses, has an

additional feature that makes it noteworthy: the production of sayote fruits that are rich in starch

conforming to Braganza (2023). These starchy fruits have the potential to serve as a valuable

source of starch at the local or regional level. This unique attribute opens up possibilities for

various applications, including the development of biodegradable materials like starch-based

plastics, where chayote starch can play a role as a sustainable and eco-friendly component.

Shiga (2022) pointed out that Chayote fruit structures closely resemble those found in

potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava. They primarily consist of high quantities of cellulose (92%

in raw samples and 88% in cooked samples) and hemicellulose, moderate amounts of pectin, and

a substantial content of glucose (47%). Cellulose, which is a linear homopolysaccharide

comprised of β-D-glucopyranose units linked by β-1,4 bonds, is a naturally occurring polymer

with a structure that exhibits well-organized crystalline regions and amorphous components like

pectin, lignin, and hemicellulose (Balakrishnan, 2020). The use of cellulose as a reinforcing

material in starch-based films is particularly intriguing due to the chemical similarities in their

polysaccharide structures, which can result in strong interfacial adhesion between the matrix and

cellulose per Rico (2021).

In this study, the researchers aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of how cassava

starch-based biodegradable plastic responds to the inclusion of chayote fruit reinforcement. This

research addresses significant concerns in the field of sustainable materials by investigating the

efficacy of chayote fruit as a reinforcement for cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic,

contributing to the broader objectives of reducing environmental impact, promoting eco-friendly

materials, and working towards a sustainable future.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES

1. Equipment and Raw Material Acquisition

In this initial step, the researchers aim to secure the essential raw materials for the

experiment. This includes the procurement of 600 g of cassava starch and 6000 g of chayote

fruits which was turned into 0.51 g of chayote starch

EQUIPMENTS AND MEASUREMENT USE

MATERIALS

267.12 g

Used as a cross-linking agent

to improve the strength and

stability of the bioplastic.

Sodium acetate

1.5 g

Used as a binder or additive to

improve the mechanical

properties of the bioplastic.

Polyvinyl alcohol

84 g (6 tbsp)
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Used as a pH adjuster or

additive to modify the

properties of the bioplastic.

Citric acid

600 g

Provides additional starch

content to improve the

consistency and properties of

Cassava starch the bioplastic.

84 g (6 tbsp)

Enhances the flexibility and

elasticity of the bioplastic.

Glycerol plasticizer
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

6000 g

These will be the source of

starch, which is a key

component of the bioplastic.

Chayote fruits

80 ml, 125 ml, and 250 ml

Used for accurate

measurement of ingredients of

various stages of the process.

Measuring cups

1 pc used in the study

Used for chopping and

preparing ingredients.
Chopping board
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

1 pc used in the study Used for chopping chayote

fruits and other materials.

Kitchen knives

Medium heat

Used to heat water for

dissolving ingredients, or

heating the mixture to facilitate

the blending of ingredients.

Stove

70 degrees

Used to dry and extract starch

from the chayote fruits.

Microwave Oven
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

12 inch Used for measuring specific

dimensions or lengths during

the preparation process.

Ruler

1 pc used in the study Used for shredding chayote

fruits and other materials.

Shredder

1 pc used in the study Used for cooking or heating

ingredients.

Pot

1 pc used in the study Used to sift and remove

impurities from the starch.

strainer
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

1 liter

Used as a solvent and to adjust

the consistency of the bioplastic

mixture.

Distilled water

1 pc used in the study

Used for measuring ingredients

accurately.

Electronic weighing scale

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Used for experimental purposes

for Biodegradation of the

Bioplastic.

Soil sample

Table 1. Overall Materials and Equipment Needed

Table 1 contains the overall materials and equipment needed in order to produce cassava

starch-based biodegradable plastic and the modified cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic

reinforced with chayote fruits.

2. Extraction of Chayote Starch

2.1 Preparation of Chayote Fruit

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

The process begins with the acquisition of 6000 g chayote fruit. These fruits are

first carefully washed and peeled to eliminate any impurities or contaminants present on

the outer surface.

Figure 2. Peeled Chayote Fruit

Figure 2 exhibits the removal of peels from the chayote fruit, in which it supports

the following process to keep it from mixing with any unnecessary elements. The peeling

process possesses a vital role in making a starch as it eliminates the unessential ingredients

or products that can contaminate the whole experimentation. The chayote fruit were

cleaned and thoroughly washed before and after this process to ensure its safety from any

contamination.

2.2 Slicing or Shredding

With cleaned chayote fruit at hand, the researchers employ cutting tools, such as

knives or shredders, to finely slice or shred the fruit into smaller pieces, resulting in 5400
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

g of shredded chayote fruit This initial preparation helps facilitate the subsequent

extraction of starch.

Figure 3. Shredded Chayote Fruit

Figure 3 displays the chayote fruit being shredded in a food processor, this helps

the process to be more efficient and precise when the extraction of starch from the

chayote fruit happens. The shredding also helps to break down the structure of the

chayote fruit down to its cellular level, which exposes the starch that is needed in the

experiment.

2.3 Starch Extraction

After the fruit have been prepared and reduced to smaller pieces, the researchers

proceed to extract the starch from them, leaving 4300 g of shredded chayote and 3300 ml

of liquid extract from it. This extraction is achieved by blending or mechanically

processing the shredded chayote fruit, which effectively releases the starch from the fruit

cellular structure.
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Figure 4. Extraction of Starch from Shredded Chayote

Figure 4 shows the starch of chayote being separated from the shredded chayote

fruit with a use of cloth to effectively separate the liquid form of the starch from its base.

The extraction of the starch is thoroughly processed until all the starch is removed and

separated from the shredded chayote fruit.

2.4 Separation Using Sieves

Following the blending or processing step, the resulting mixture of blended

chayote fruit and starch is carefully passed through sieves. These sieves play a crucial

role in separating the starch from other components within the mixture. As the mixture is

strained through the sieves, the starch particles are retained, while any unwanted

materials, including fibers and solids, are effectively filtered out. This process left a 1300

ml of moist starch particles.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Figure 5. Strained starch particles

Figure 5 illustrates the process of obtaining strained starch particles after blending

chayote fruit and starch. Following the blending or processing step, the mixture

undergoes careful sieving to separate the starch from other components. The sieves play a

vital role in retaining the starch particles, while effectively filtering out unwanted

materials such as fibers and solids, as depicted in the figure.

2.5 Drying for Purification

The chayote starch, once separated from impurities, is typically in a semi-moist

state. To ensure both purity and preservation, the starch is dried using appropriate

equipment, such as ovens or dehydrators. This drying process involves setting the oven at

70°C for 10 minutes and is essential as it eliminates excess moisture, stabilizes the

chayote starch, and prepares it for subsequent use in the research. This process produced

0.51 g of dried chayote starch. Once the chayote starch has been thoroughly dried, it is

carefully stored in suitable containers.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Figure 6. Drying of Chayote Starch

Figure 6 depicts the process of drying chayote starch using a microwave oven.

Initially obtained in a semi-moist state after separation from impurities, the chayote

starch undergoes drying to enhance purity, stability, and suitability for research

applications. The oven was set at 70°C for 10 minutes for this crucial step that involves

the removal of excess moisture, ensuring the chayote starch is properly preserved and

ready for subsequent use. Instead of using direct sunlight, researchers decided to use the

microwave oven for various reasons— the chayote starch may be contaminated with

other elements such as dust and other unwanted elements that may cause disturbance in

the process. The use of direct sunlight will greatly take much more time than using the

microwave oven. By using the microwave oven, the researchers will have more time and

margin for errors in making a successful film product.— After thorough drying, the

starch is meticulously stored in appropriate containers, as detailed in the figure.

3. Modification of Cassava Starch

Modification of cassava starch was carried out using acetate solution (CH3COOH +

CH3COONa) at pH 7. The preparation of the acetate solution was carried out by dissolving

44.52 g of sodium acetate in 50 ml of distilled water. After sodium acetate dissolved, acetic acid
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

was added into the solution, gradually until it reached pH 7. Distilled water was added to the

solution until the volume reached 1 l. The modification of cassava starch was carried out by

dissolving 100 g of cassava starch into 200 ml (40%) of acetate buffer solution in a beaker glass,

then the mixture was stirred and heated on a hot plate stirrer at a temperature of 40 °C to thicken,

after which it is dried at room temperature. After drying, the modified starch was mashed and

sieved at 80 mesh.

Figure 7.Cassava Starch reinforced with Chayote fruit starch

Figure 7 illustrates the modification of cassava starch using an acetate solution at pH 7.

The process involves preparing the acetate solution, dissolving cassava starch in the solution, and

subsequently stirring and heating it at 40 °C before drying at room temperature. The modified

starch undergoes additional steps, including mashing and sieving at 80 mesh, as depicted in the

figure.

4. Preparation and production of unmodified and Chayote-reinforced Cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic film

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

The modified cassava starch was dissolved in a container with distilled water with a ratio

of 1: 20. As much as 2.5 g (0.25%) of starch was dissolved with 50 ml of distilled water into a

beaker glass. The solution was heated in a water bath at 75°C for 20 minutes. The solution was

stirred at a constant speed of a mechanical stirrer at 200 rpm until its form was like a clear gel.

At the same time, in a separate beaker glass, polyvinyl alcohol was dissolved in 50 ml of

distilled water using a hot-plate magnetic stirrer, the amount of PVA was 0.25 g. After the starch

solution was gelatinized, glycerol plasticizer was added, followed by dissolved polyvinyl

alcohol, and continued stirring for 10 minutes. Finally, 14 g of citric acid which dissolved in 5

ml of distilled water was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred again until homogeneous

for more or less than 15 minutes at the same speed and temperature.

Figure 8. Gelatinization of starch solution

Figure 7 depicts the gelatinization process of modified cassava starch, where 0.25% of

starch is dissolved in 5% of distilled water and heated at 75°C for 20 mins. The figure likely

illustrates the subsequent steps, including the addition of polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol plasticizer,

and citric acid, with continuous stirring to achieve a homogeneous solution.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

The mixture solution was then poured into a mold (flexi glass) with a dimension of 20 x

20 cm and a thickness of more or less than 5mm. Spread the mixture solution evenly on the

surface of the flexi glass. The solution was then left to be air-dried at room temperature for more

or less than 72 hours until it formed film sheets (bioplastic). The bioplastic was removed from

the mold using tweezers and the film was ready to be characterized.

In addition to the aforementioned procedures, the researchers prepared additional

containers with the same quantities of the ingredients as mentioned earlier. However, these

containers had concentrations of chayote fruit starch, 0.17 g (12%) added to the mixture,

including the addition of polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol plasticizer, and citric acid, with continuous

stirring to achieve a homogeneous solution. This variation will serve as the reinforced bioplastic

film with chayote starch.

Figure 9. Molding of starch solution

Figure 8 depicts the creation of bioplastic film sheets by pouring a modified starch

solution into a 20 x 20 cm mold, spreading it evenly, and allowing it to air-dry for about 72
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

hours. The resulting bioplastic film is then removed from the mold using tweezers for

subsequent characterization.

5. Biodegradability Evaluation

The researchers used the method of landfilling at Mirabela Homes, in which the

researchers dug under the soil at approximately 15 cm, the researchers then put the films on the

dug areas and put soil over it. The films are left under the soil to test their biodegradability for 12

days and evaluate the difference between the day after landfilling and the day after digging out

the films from the soil. Additionally, the soil kept hydrated for it to be potentially inhabited by

microorganisms which help in the biodegradability of both chayote-reinforced cassava starch and

unmodified cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic, and keep the soil undisturbed from any

disturbances such as soil compaction. After 12 days, the researchers dug the films out of the soil

and evaluated the differences between the two variables in terms of their weight.

Flowchart
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will be implementing various statistical treatments for proper and concise

interpretation of data values. Every bit of information and data that will be collected through the

laboratory analysis will then be computed and explicated using the succeeding formulas:

Mean

Mean is the simple mathematical average of a set of numbers or groups. (Adam

Hayes, 2023). Under this study’s context, the mean will serve as a central measure to

summarize and compare the data. For each property, including water absorption, tensile

strength, elongation, and biodegradation, the researchers will calculate the mean values

separately for both types of plastics. These means will provide a representative measure

of the average performance of each material in terms of the specified properties. The

comparison of means will offer insights into potential differences or similarities between

the unmodified cassava-starch-based plastic and the chayote fruit-reinforced cassava-

starch-based plastic.

Σx
X=
N

Where:

X = The mean

Σ x = The sum of all values in the dataset

N = The number of observations

PAIRED T-TESTS
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Paired t-tests are a statistical tool specifically designed for this purpose. They

compare the means of two connected data groups. This is particularly valuable when

assessing the impact of an intervention or treatment (Field et al., 2022). By analyzing the

differences between paired measurements, like pre- and post-test scores, paired t-tests

effectively account for individual variations between subjects.

Unlike traditional methods that compare independent groups, paired t-tests focus

on connected data groups, where each subject contributes measurements from two

conditions (Pallant et al, 2022). This design is particularly valuable when evaluating the

effectiveness of interventions.

t = (d̄ - μ₀) / (Sd / √n)

Where:

● t = The t-statistic, reflecting the magnitude of the observed average difference (d̄ )

relative to the standard error (Sd) of the differences, considering the number of

pairs (n).

● d = The mean difference between the paired measurements.

● μ₀ = The hypothesized difference between the means (typically assumed to be 0,

indicating no expected difference).

● Sd = The standard deviation of the differences between the paired measurements,

capturing the variability within the data.

● √n = The square root of the number of pairs (n), accounting for

the sample size.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Risk and Safety

A careful consideration of ethical issues was crucial in investigating the efficacy of

chayote (Sechium edule) fruit as reinforcement for cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch-based

biodegradable plastic. In this context, obtaining permission from administrators and teachers for

conducting experiments was paramount and ensure clear communication of research goals and

potential consequences. Ethical responsibilities included securing informed permission from the

person in charge of supervising the experiments, particularly those who would have been

involved in and supervised the production of the bioplastic filmed. This ensured awareness of the

study's objectives, methods, potential risks, and benefits. Other ethical considerations involve

maintaining data integrity, transparent reporting, responsible resource use, and addressing cultural

preferences and affordability for the biodegradable plastic's eventual consumers. Emphasizing

these ethical factors promotes responsible research conduct, fostering honesty, openness, and

consideration for both human and environmental welfare, even in cases where direct involvement

in the cultivation or processing of chayote fruit is not undertaken by the researchers themselves.

RESULTS

This chapter provides the data gathered, the results of the statistical analysis, and the

interpretation of the findings. The results are presented in tables and derived from

experimentation involving the primary subjects: Unmodified Cassava starch-based biodegradable

plastic and Chayote fruit-reinforced Cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Table 1. The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the tensile strength of the cassava starch-

based biodegradable plastic.

Parameter Type of starch Mean SD Deviation

Tensile Cassava starch 2.51 0.27

strength

Chayote reinforced 1.31 0.95

starch

Table 2. The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the elongation of the cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic in terms of percentage increase in maximum length.

Parameter Type of starch Mean SD Deviation

Elongation Cassava starch 29.6 10.8

Chayote reinforced 8.25 3.92

starch

Table 3. The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the biodegradability of the cassava starch-

based biodegradable plastic in terms of Decrease in weight in grams.

Parameter Type of starch Mean SD Deviation

Biodegradability Cassava starch 0.88 0.28

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Chayote reinforced 0.86 0.10

starch

Table 4. The Significant difference in the Physicochemical and Mechanical properties of

the Unmodified Cassava Starch-based plastic and Chayote-reinforced Cassava starch-

based Biodegradable Plastic.

Para- Specimen Mean SD t- Critic Decision Interpretation

meters Deviat value al-

-ion value

Cassava There is a

Tensile starch 2.51 0.27 Reject Ho significant

Strength 2.72 2.1 difference.

Chayote 1.31 0.95

reinforced

starch

Cassava There is a

Elongation starch 29.6 10.8 significant

4.15 2.1 Reject Ho difference.

Chayote 8.25 3.92

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

reinforced

starch

Cassava There is no

starch 0.88 0.28 Accept Ho significant

Biodegrad- 0.15 2.1 difference.

ability

Chayote 0.86 0.10

reinforced

starch

DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the tensile strength of unmodified and chayote-reinforced cassava starch-

based biodegradable plastics. The unmodified cassava starch has a mean of 2.51 and a standard

deviation of 0.27, which is low compared to plastic standards (8–22 MPa). The chayote-

reinforced version has a mean of 1.31 and a standard deviation of 0.95, indicating a further

decrease in strength.

Table 2 presents the elongation of both materials. Unmodified cassava starch has a mean

of 29.6 with a standard deviation of 10.8, while the chayote-reinforced version has a mean of

8.25 with a standard deviation of 3.92. Both films show low elongation, far below the standard

(50-100%), indicating they can't withstand moderate force before breaking.

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Table 3 shows the biodegradability of both materials. The unmodified cassava starch has

a mean biodegradability of 0.88 (SD = 0.28), while the chayote-reinforced starch has a slightly

lower mean of 0.86 (SD = 0.10). Both biodegrade at a moderate pace, as seen from their

discoloration and deformation during landfill disposal.

Table 4 compares the physicochemical and mechanical properties. The tensile strength of

the unmodified cassava starch (mean = 2.51, SD = 0.27) is significantly higher than the chayote-

reinforced version (mean = 1.31, SD = 0.95), with a t-value of 2.72, rejecting the null hypothesis.

Similarly, elongation is greater in unmodified cassava starch (mean = 29.6, SD = 10.8) compared

to the chayote-reinforced version (mean = 8.25, SD = 3.92), with a t-value of 4.15, indicating a

significant difference.

The biodegradability of both samples is nearly identical, with the unmodified version

having a mean of 0.88 (SD = 0.28) and the chayote-reinforced version at 0.86 (SD = 0.18). The t-

value of 0.15 suggests no significant difference. This supports previous research highlighting

cassava starch as a promising biodegradable plastic with a lower environmental impact compared

to conventional plastics.

In conclusion, while cassava starch-based bioplastics show promise, reinforcing them

with chayote reduces both tensile strength and elongation, though biodegradability remains

comparable.
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The research focuses on the effectiveness of chayote fruit as a reinforcement in cassava

starch-based biodegradable plastic’s physicochemical which is its biodegradability and

mechanical properties namely, tensile strength and elongation. The 6000 g of chayote fruits were

bought, chayote starch was made by the researchers with the use of proper equipment. The plastic

films were specifically made by the researchers themselves in which it took several days to make

all the plastic films required. Using the recipe of Smoke (2020), with adjustments of its

measurements and ratios, the researchers were able to successfully make the bioplastic. The

chemicals used in the experiment were: glycerin, sodium acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and citric

acid. The number of samples for testing the tensile strength and elongation of both chayote-

reinforced cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic and cassava starch-based biodegradable

plastic was 10 pieces of rectangular films each variable, with a length of 250 mm, a width of 15

mm, and a thickness of less than 1 mm. Lastly, the number of films used to test the variables’

biodegradability was 5 pieces of rectangular plastic film for each variable, with a weight of 1.5

grams, a length of 50.8 mm, and a width of 25.4 mm. On the other hand, to test the

biodegradability of the cassava starch-based bioplastic and chayote-reinforced cassava starch-

based bioplastic, the researchers used the method of landfilling.

This study’s focal point is highlighted towards the fruit of Chayote in which it will be

utilized as a reinforcing agent for the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the Cassava

Starch-based biodegradable plastic, with the exclusion of tackling factors such as its chemical

composition. Furthermore, even with the many varying potential raw materials (i.e potatoes,

squash etc.) available for the reinforcement of the bioplastic, these aspects will also be excluded,
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

meaning to say that the paper's primary target is the chayote's potentiality alone. In addition to

that, the reinforced film to be produced will be of the same thickness, size and dimension as that

of the cassava starch-based film, however, it is important to note that testing the dimensions

properties is ruled out and deemed to be unneeded in the samples’ testing of physicochemical and

mechanical properties. To specify, the only features to be studied are; totality of the force (mPa)

loaded unto the film (tensile strength), degree of the sample’s total stretch without reforming back

to its original state (elongation at breaking point) in percents(%) and its increase in weight in

grams (biodegradation).
Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

CONCLUSION

Within the countless other feasible materials that may serve as a catalyst for the

strengthening of the cassava starch-based biodegradable plastic, and taking into account the

availability and pervasiveness of said materials, this study has centered its attention towards the

potentiality of Chayote as a reinforcing agent for the cassava starch-based bioplastic, more

specifically its bear fruit.

The researches have arrived on the following conclusions as analyzed through the study’s

findings and data:

1. The tensile strength of the reinforced cassava film had a lower ratio, suggesting that it is

more resistant to deformation before breaking at the yielding point.

2. The elongation of the chayote reinforced film has lower resistance than the unmodified

film, indicating that it is more vulnerable to tearing.

3. The rate of biodegradability of the chayote-reinforced bioplastic has no distinct

difference with the unmodified variant.

4. There is a significant difference between the modified and unmodified variants of the

bioplastic in terms of tensile strength and elongation, while their biodegradability has

little to no contrast and thus to be interpreted as not having a significant difference.

With the inclusion of the existing limitations set forth in the study, this research proposes

that there is a significance between the modified and unmodified bioplastic in terms of both the

tensile strength and elongation, and even with the slightest margin, the biodegradability was

found to have no significant difference. Further analysis and extensive research are

recommended in order to properly provide a better, clearer notion.

 Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure 2: Peeled Chayote Fruit 20

Figure 3: Shredded Chayote Fruit 21

Figure 4: Extraction of Starch from Shredded Chayote 22

Chayote (Sechium Edule) as an Innovative Reinforcement for Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Starch-based Biodegradable Plastic Film

Figure 5: Stained Starch Particles 23

Figure 6: Drying of Chayote Starch 24

Figure 7: Cassava Starch reinforced with Chayote fruit starch 25

Figure 8: Gelatinization of Starch Solution 27

Figure 9: Melting of Starch Solution

28

Table 1: The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the tensile strength of the cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic 33

Table 2: The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the elongation of the cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic in terms of percentage increase in maximum length 33

Table 3: The effect of reinforcing Chayote on the biodegradability of the cassava starch-based

biodegradable plastic in terms of decrease in weight in grams 34

Table 4: The Significant difference in Physicochemical and Mechanical properties of the

Unmodified Cassava Starch-based plastic and Chayote-reinforced Cassava Starch-based

Biodegradable Plastic 35