CAIE-IGCSE-Mathematics - Theory
CAIE-IGCSE-Mathematics - Theory
ORG
CAIE IGCSE
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1. Number
Natural numbers:
used for counting purposes
all possible rational & irrational numbers
Integer: a whole number
Prime numbers: ⊂ ‘is a subset of’
divisible only by itself and one
1 is not a prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g.
π
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational
number to itself thrice.
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational
number to -1, or 1 over that number
b∈X
1.1. HCF and LCM
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common
Multiple:
ξ=
A’ is shaded
1.2. Sets
Definition of sets e.g.
A=
B=
C=
D=
Set representations:
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A ∩ B is shaded
CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
103 = 1000
102 = 100 1.5. Percentages
101 = 10
100 = 1 Percentage:
10−1 = 0.1
10−2 = 0.01 Convenient way of expressing fractions
Percent means per 100
10−3 = 0.001
10−4 = 0.0001 Percentage increase or decrease:
10−5 = 0.00001
Actual Change
Limits of accuracy: Percentage increase = × 100
Original Amount
Simple interest:
PRT
I=
100
Compound interest:
r nt
A = P (1 + )
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Where, P = P rincipal, R = Rate Of Interest, N = When the question says, “Give your answer to two
number of times the interest is compounded per year decimal places,” use the formula!
and T = T ime Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as
saying “Make x the subject in ax2 + bx + c = 0”
1.6. Speed, Distance & Time ax2 + bx + c = 0
Speed = Distance
Time
Factorize a out
Total Distance
Average Speed = Total Time
a (x 2 + x ) + c = 0
b
Units of speed: km/h or m/s
a
Units of distance: km or m
Units of time: h or s Complete the Square
b 2
a ((x + ) − 2) + c = 0
km/h × 185 = m/s
b2
18 2a 4a
m/s × 5 = km/h
2
b2
2. Algebra & Graphs a (x + ) −
b
+c=0
2a 4a
b 2 b2 − 4ac
2.1. Factorisation a (x + ) =
2a 4a
3x(x + 2)
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =±
Difference of two squares: 2a 4a2
25 − x2 b ± b2 − 4ac
x+ =
2a 4a2
(5 + x)(5 − x)
4d + ac + ad + 4c b ± b2 − 4ac
x+ =
4 (d + c) + a(c + d) 2a 2a
(4 + a)(c + d) −b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Trinomial:
Standardized form:
x2 + 14x + 24
y = ax2 +bx + c
x2 + 12x + 2x + 24 Complete Square form:
x (x + 12) + 2 (x + 12) 2
y = (x + a) +b (Where axis of symmetry is x =
(x + 2)(x + 12) −a)
To find the turning point of the quadratic equation,
2.2. Quadratic Factorisation complete the square, then the turning point is:
(−a, b)
General equation: Ways to solve Quadratic equations:
Graphing Method
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Factorizing
Solve quadratics by: Quadratic Formula
Trinomial factorization Complete the Square
Quadratic formula - Graphing Method – Graph the equation,
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
see where it touches the X-axis
- Factorizing Standardized Form:
e.g. x2 − x − 6 = 0 y =ax3 +bx2 +cx + d
Properties:
x2 − x − 6 = 0 The highest exponent of x is 3
Has a maximum of 2 turning points
( x − 3) ( x + 2) = 0
Turning points are points after which a graph changes its
x1 = 3
gradient’s sign, changing direction between up and down.
x2 = −2
- Quadratic Formula
e.g. x2 − x − 6 = 0
Where a = 1, b = −1, c = −6
Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Therefore:
x=
2 ( 1)
x1 = 3
2.5. Exponential Graphs
x2 = −2
x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
( x + 5) 2 − 52 + 5 = 0
(x + 5)2 − 20 = 0
2
(x + 5) = 20
Standardized form:
x + 5 = ± 20
y = a ( b) x
Properties:
x = −5 ± 20
a is the y -intercept
Answer is: Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches but
never touches because the curve continues to
x1 = −5 +
20, x2 = −5 −
20
infinity. In this case, The asymptotes are y = 0 and
x=4
2.3. Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola) b is the rate of growth
When 0 < b < 1, the graph will go downwards from
Standardized Form: left to right
y = xa
If a is Positive: If a is Negative:
2.6. Gradient of a Curve
The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
By drawing tangents
In a straight line, the gradient is constant
2.4. Cubic Equation Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph.
To find the gradient at a point:
1. Draw the graph
2. Draw a tangent at the point in the graph, ensuring
it only touches the graph at that point (Use a ruler)
3. Find the gradient of the tangent
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
y ≤ −7 × −3
y ≤ 21
When two inequalities present, split into two
x < 3x − 1 < 2x + 7
x < 3x − 1 3x − 1 < 2x + 7
1
x> 2
x<8
1
2
<x<8
point in terms of x
Interpret y = mx + c
When y = xn , dy = nxn−1
dx Draw straight-line graphs
Shade
st dy
1 Derivative = dx = f (x)
Solve
d2 y
2nd Derivative = dx
′′
2 = f (x)
2 < 0
d2 y
Minimum point: dx2 > 0
2.8. Inequalities
Work out the values and then place them into a
Solve like equations formula to work out nth term formula
Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign Geometric progression: the sequence where the term
has been multiplied by a constant to form the next term
y
−3 ≥ −7
nth term of G.P . = ar(n−1)
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
2.13. Functions
Function notation:
f : x → 2x − 1
From O to A: Uniform speed Function f such that x maps onto 2x − 1
From B to C: Uniform speed (return journey) Composite function: Given two functions f (x) and
From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0) g (x), the composite function of f and g is the function
that maps x onto f (g (x))
f ( 2)
Substitute x = 2 and solve for f (x)
f g(x)
Substitute x = g (x)
−1
f (x)
Gradient = speed Let y = f (x) and make x the subject
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
3.4. Quadrilaterals
3.3. Triangles
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Rectangle:
Parallelogram:
Rhombus:
Kite:
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Properties of circles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length
3.7. Polygons
Sum of angles at a point = 360∘
Angles on a straight line = 180∘
Sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
For regular polygon
∘
External angles = 360n
Co-interior angles add up to 180°
∘
Internal angles = 180∘ − 360n
Alternate angles
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Parallelogram = b × h or AB sin θ
Triangle= 12 b × h
Trapezium= 12 (a + b) h
Circle= πr2
Sector= πr2 × 360 θ
Sphere
Surface Area = 4πr2
Volume = 43 πr3
Kite
Surface area = pq2
4.3. Units
Volume:
Tangents from one point are equal. ∠between
tangent and radius is 90°
Alternate segment theorem
4. Mensuration
4.1. Area
Mass:
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
2 2
(x2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y 1 )2
f(x) = 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
5. Coordinate Geometry
5.1. Graphs
Gradient of a Straight Line:
y2 − y1
Gradient =
x2 − x1
Equation of Line:
f(x) = 1/x f(x) = 1/x2
y = mx + c
f(x) = x3
Find the gradient, m
Find the y -intercept, c
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.
adjacent
cos x = hypotenuse → CAH
opposite
tan x = adjacent → TOA
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Cosine rule
To find the angle given 3 sides
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos a =
2bc
To find side given angle and two sides
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos a
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Multiplication by a scalar:
Scalar quantity: has a magnitude but no direction
The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
Column vector: When describing a translation, it is necessary to give
the translation vector
Enlargement (E):
To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K
and the centre of enlargement
length of image
Scale f actor = length of object
8.1. Events
Exclusive events:
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of both
same time events
P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
6+1
Even no. of values 2 = 3.5th value
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Interpretation:
Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found 9.6. Stem and Leaf diagrams
by reading on the scale of y-axis
Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3) Stem-and-Leaf diagram is a quick way of summarizing a
range of data.
Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
There is a column known as the stem, contains which
versa (1)
Difference in position of boxes represents if data in contains unique elements of data formed by removing
one set is overall higher or lower than another data last digits of the data.
set. (3) and (4) Keys are used in this diagram
Variation in lengths of different sections and position
of median show how evenly the data is spread,
compared to other data sets (1)
9.7. Pictograms
Data is represented in pictures
A key is given to represent the value of a picture.
9.5. Pie Charts
E.g.
Sectors represent data, and these sectors form a circle.
Angle of a sector:
∘
Number of an item
θ= Total number of items × 360 = 5 people
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
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CAIE IGCSE
Mathematics
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