<SYL-10>04.03.

09 FRESH COPY
*DETAILS OF COURSE
BS First Year, Semester-I

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-310

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Course Goals
• This course will introduce you to the vocabulary and concepts used in basic Analytical
Chemistry.
• You will learn the details of steps involved in the preparation and analysis of a sample, the
chemical basis and various techniques of analysis.
• You will also learn and use statistical methods to determine the precision and accuracy of
experimental results.
• Graded assignments, quizzes, class tests and a final exam will test your understanding of the
material dealing with these goals.
• To develop skills needed to solve analytical problems in a quantitative manner, particularly
with the aid of the spreadsheet tools.
• Teaching laboratory skills that will give students confidence in their ability to obtain high-quality
analytical data.

Course Description
• Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
• Measuring Apparatus
• Expression of Quantities and Concentrations
• Basic Approach to Equilibrium
• Errors in Chemical Analyses and Quality of Results
• Chemicals and reagents
• Use and handling of standards
• Sampling
• Errors
• Precision, Accuracy, Signal-to-noise ratio, Limits of detection and
• Statistical Evaluation of Data
• Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-311

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

Practical
The student is taught, how to prepare and standardize laboratory solutions, prepare
laboratory sample from raw sample, calibrate glassware, treat evaluate and present data
generated by replicate measurements. The student also learn the confident use of analytical
balance and routine laboratory instruments as pH meter, potentiometer, conductmeter and others.

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Books Recommended (Theory)
1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Books Recommended (Practicals)

1. British Pharmacopoeia
2. United States Pharmacopoeia
3 Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
4. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
5. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites

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 BS 1st Year, Semester-II

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-312

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

States of Matter
Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules
in motion: collision diameter and mean free path. Physical properties of liquids: surface tension,
viscosity, refractive index etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the
molecules in liquids. Packing of atoms in solids. Unit cells and crystal systems. Method of
crystal structure analysis. Brief account of polymers and composite materials with special
emphasis on superconductors, semi-conductors etc. Introduction to plasma. Liquid crystals and
Bose Einstein condensates.

Chemical Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Thermodynamic functions: internal energy,
enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Relation between thermodynamic functions. van’t Hoff’s
equation. Heat capacities, concept of entropy and probability.

Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction. Rate law, order and molecularity of the reactions. Zero, first and second order
reactions. Determination of reaction order and its rate constant. Effect of temperature on the
reaction rate. Concepts of chemical equilibrium. Le-Chatelier’s principle and its applications.
Elementary concepts underlying complex and fast reactions.

Solution Chemistry
Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s and Henery’s laws and their applications. Molecular
interactions in solutions. Colligative properties. Distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture.

Surface Chemistry
Concept of interfaces. Adsorption and adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherms. Catalysis, colloids emulsion and their industrial applications.

Electrochemistry
Basic concepts of electrochemistry. Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and
Kohlrausch’s law. Debye-Huckel theory and activity coefficient. Application of conductance
measurement. Electrode potential. Electrochemical cell. Application of electrode potential

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-313

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

Practical
• Determination of viscosity and parachor values of liquids.
• Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions viscometrically.
• Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity.
• Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive index measurements.
• Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation of boiling point (ebullioscopic method).
• Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of freezing point (cryoscopic
method).
• Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
• Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
• Kinetic study of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.
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• Determination of partition coefficient of a substance between two immiscible liquids.
Books Recommended (Theory)
1. Alberty R. “Physical Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons (Latest Edition).
2. Atkins, P.W. “Physical Chemistry”, W.H. Freeman and Co. New York (Latest Edition).
3. Laidler K.J. “The World of Physical Chemistry”, Oxford University Press (Latest Edition).
4. Laidler K.J., John H.M. and Bryan C.S. “Physical Chemistry” 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin
Publishing Company Inc.(2003).
5. Peter P.A. “Chemical Thermodynamics” Oxford University Press (Latest Edition).
6. Brain S.E. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics”, E.L.B.S. Publishers (Latest Edition).
7. Barrow G.M. “Physical Chemistry”, McGraw Hill (Latest Edition).

Books Recommended (Practicals)

1. Jaffar M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (Latest Edition).
2. Levitt B.P. “Findlay’s Practical Physical Chemistry” ,Longman Group Limited (Latest Edition).
3. Shoemaker D. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry”, McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Limited (Latest Edition).

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 BS 2nd Year, Semester-III

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-410

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

The program is aimed that the student should learn:

1. The Development of periodic law and properties of elements in a systematic way.
2. The principal of chemical bonding
3. Chemistry of acid and bases
4. Chemistry of p-block Elements

1. The Periodic Law and Periodicity

Development of Periodic Table; Classification of elements based on s, p, d and f orbitals, group
trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements, i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii,
ionization potential, electron affinities, electronagetivities and redox potential.

2. Principles of Chemical Bonding

Types of chemical bonding; ionic bonding; the localized bond approach: VB theory, hybridization
and resonance; the delocalized approach to bonding: molecular orbital theory as applied to
diatomic and polyatomic molecules, three center bonds, bonding theory of metals and
intermetallic compounds; conductors, insulators and semiconductors; bonding in electron
deficient compounds; hydrogen bonding.

3. Acids and Bases

Concepts of acids and bases including SHAB concept, relative strength of acids and bases,
significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of Indicators, solubility, solubility
product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.

4. Chemistry of p-block Elements

Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the chemistry and structure of
noble gases and their compounds, chemistry and structure of interhalogens, pseudohalogens
and polyhalides. Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization.

5. Transition Elements
Electronic configuration, position in periodic table, general characteristics and properties
(Physical & Chemical) of d-block elements, nomenclature, nature of coordinate bond, Werner’s
theory and Valence bond theory (VBT).

6. Chemistry in Industry
Commercial Production of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Caustic Soda
and Washing Soda.
Production of various types of steel.

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-411

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

Practical
1. Laboratory Ethics and safety measures
Awareness about the toxic nature of chemicals and their handling, cleaning of glassware,
safe laboratory operations
2. Qualitative analysis
Analysis of four ions (two anions and two cations) from mixture of salts
3. Quantitative analysis
Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in theory/as per the availability of facilities.
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Recommended Books
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure
and Reactivity”, Harper and Row, New York, 2001 (Latest Edition).
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, Wiley,
New York, (Latest Edition).
3. Clyde Day, M. & Selbin, J., “Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry”, , Van Nustrand
Reinhold, (Latest Edition).
4. Lee, J.D., “Concise Inorganic Chemistry”, Chapman and Hall, (Latest Edition).
5. Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P. W. and Langford, C. H., “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, (Latest Edition).
6. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society,
(Latest Edition).
7. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman
Green & Co. (Latest Edition).

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 BS 2nd Year, Semester-IV

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-412

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry-the chemistry of carbon compounds; the nature of organic chemistry-a
historical perspective.

Chemical Bonding and Properties of Organic Molecules

Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond angles,
bond lengths, bond energies and shape of organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive and
field effects; resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism; hyperconjugation; hydrogen bonding; acids
and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases.

Classes and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Classification of organic compounds; development of systematic nomenclature of organic
compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons and heteroatom functional groups.

Functional Group Chemistry

A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, phenols, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, amines, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives.

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-413

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

Practical
Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in theory / as per the availability of the facilities.
Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press,
New York.
2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York
3. Sorrell, T. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Viva Books Private Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 1, Pearson Education, Delhi.
5. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. Ahluwalia, V. K. and Goyal, M., “A Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Narosa Publishing, House,N.Delhi
7. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
8. Bansal, R. K., “Organic Reaction Mechanisms”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi
9. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
10. Bailey Jr., P. S. and Bailey, C. A., “Organic Chemistry-A Brief Survey of Concepts and
Applications”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and Mechanisms”,
Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, New York.
3. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
4. Hand, C. W. and Blewitt, H. L., “Acid-Base Chemistry”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York
5. McMurry, J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California.
6. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. Panico, R., Powell, W. H. and Richer, J. C., “A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds”,
Jain-Interscience Press, Delhi.
8. Streitwieser Jr., A. and Heathcock, C.H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Macmillan Publishing
Company, New York.

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9. Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K., “Organic Chemistry”, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London.
BS 3rd Year, Semester-V / M.Sc.(Previous) Semester-I

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-500/ 500P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn the following:
1. The historical development of transition element chemistry
2. The importance and applications of the transition elements
3. To learn about coordination chemistry and various theories developed to explain the structure
and properties of these complexes
4. Reactions in non aqueous solvents.

1. Coordination Compounds
Historical back ground of coordination compounds, geometry of complexes having coordination
number 2 to 9, nomenclature, theories of coordination compounds; Werner's theory, valence
bond theory, crystal field and; molecular orbital theory; Jahn-Teller theorem; magnetic
properties; spectrochemical series, isomerism and stereochemistry, stability constants,
techniques for studying complexes, applications of coordination compounds.

2. Non Aqueous Solvents

Classification of solvents, types of reactions in solvents, effect of physical and chemical
properties of solvent, detailed study of liq. NH3, liq. H2SO4, liq HF, and liq. SO2, BrF3 and
reaction in molten salts system.

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-501/ 501 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
• Semi-micro analysis and Separation of anions in a mixture by paper chromatography
• Preparation of at least four coordination compounds in a pure state
• Complexometric titrations

Recommended Books
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure
and Reactivity”, Harper and Row, New York, (Latest Edition).
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, , Wiley, New
York, (Latest Edition).
3. Atkins, P. and Jones, L., “Chemicals Principles” Freeman & Company, 2002.
4. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”,
Wiley-Intersceince, New York, (Latest Edition).
5. A. K. Holliday, and A. G. Massey, "Inorganic Chemistry in Non-Aqueous Solvents", Pergamon
Press, New York, (Latest Edition).
6. Larsen, E. M., “Transition Elements”, W. A. Benjamin Inc., (Latest Edition).
7. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society,
(Latest Edition)..
8. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman
Green & Co. (Latest Edition).

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 BS 3rd Year, Semester-V / M.Sc.(Previous) Semester-I

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-502/ 502 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Isomerism
Introduction; classification of isomerism; optical isomerism: optical activity, chirality and optical
activity, symmetry elements and optical inactivity, relative and absolute configuration, R,S tation,
method of determining configuration, racemic mixtures and their resolution, asymmetric
synthesis, optical activity in biphenyls, allenes and spiro compounds, stereospecific and
stereoselective reactions; geometrical isomerism: determination of configuration of geometrical
isomers, Z,E convention and cis trans isomerism in cyclic systems; conformational isomerism:
conformational analysis of mono-substituted cyclohexanes, di-substituted cyclohexanes and
decalin systems.

Introductory Organic Spectroscopy

Introduction to IR, UV, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrometric methods, and their usage for structure
elucidation of some simple organic compounds.

Aliphatic Substitution Reactions

Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms─study of SN2, SN1, SNi, SN2′,
SN1′, SNi′ mechanisms; neighbouring group participation─intramolecular displacement by
neighbouring oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen; structure and reactivity─effects of the
substrate structure, entering group, leaving group and reaction medium on the mechanisms and
rates of substitution reactions.

Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms─study of SE1, SE2 (front), SE2

(back) and SEi mechanisms; structure and reactivity─effects of substrate, leaving group and
medium on the rates of these reactions.
Elimination Reactions
Eliminations Proceeding by Polar Mechanisms: Study of E1, E1cB and E2 mechanisms;
orientation: Saytzeff and Hofmann rules; structure and reactivity─the effects of substrate
structure, attacking base, leaving group and the reaction medium on the rates and mechanisms
of elimination reactions; competition between elimination and substitution reactions.

Eliminations Proceeding by Non-polar Mechanisms: Pyrolytic eliminations─study of Ei and

free-radical mechanisms; orientation in pyrolytic eliminations.

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-503/ 503 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the theory / as per the availability of the facilities

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Eliel, E.L., Wilen, S.H. and Doyle, M.P., “Basic Organic Stereochemistry”, Wiley-Interscience,
N. Y.
2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
3. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
4. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
5. Norman, R. O.C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes,
Cheltenham.
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6. Kalsi, P.S. “Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S., “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide for
Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, London.
8. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. McMurry,J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole PublishingCompany, California.
2. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3. Solomons, T.W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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 BS 3rd Year, Semester-V / M.Sc.(Previous) Semester-I

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-504/ 504 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Virial equations. Maxwell’s law of molecular velocities. Calculation of molecular velocities and
binary collisions. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s law of energy distribution. Method for the determination
of the Avogadro number (NA).

Chemical Thermodynamics
Relation of entropy and energy with equilibrium constant, and their dependence on temperature.
Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation. Chemical potential. Partial molar quantities. Free energy
change. Fugacity of gases. Phase diagram and stability of a single component system.

Chemical Kinetics
Integrated rate laws: Third order reactions with same and different initial concentrations of
reactants. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate. Elementary and complex reactions:
opposing, parallel, consecutive bimolecular reactions and chain reactions. Steady state
approximation, Lindemann’s theory of unimolecular reactions. Bimolecular collision theory,
transition state theory, kinetics of thermal and photochemical reactions.

Quantum Chemistry
Limitation of classical mechanics, Wave and particle nature of matter, de Broglie’s equation,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Schrodinger wave equation and its solution for particle in 1-
dimentional and 3-dimentional boxes. Concept of quantization of energy, introduction to
spectroscopy of molecules, spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms.

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-505/ 505 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
• Equilibrium constant of the KI + I2 = KI3 reaction
• Kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate
• Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose
• Study of the adsorption isotherms of acetic acid-charcoal system
• Study of the charge transfer complex formation between iodine and benzene
• Determination of activation energy for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
• Determination of partial molar volumes
• Characterization of the given compound by UV-Vis spectroscopy
• ⬧  ⧫ ❖⚫⚫⧫  ⧫ ⚫⧫⬧

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Alberty, R. A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G. B. “ Physical Chemistry”. 4th ed, John Wiley and
Sons (2004).
2. Ball, D W., “Physical Chemistry” 1st ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc. (2003).
3. Engel, Thomas and .Reid p., “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics”
1st ed., Benjamin Cummings (2006).
4. James K. and Wothers, P., “Why Chemical Reactions Happen”. Oxford University Press
(2003).
5. Smith, E. Brain, “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 5th ed., Imperial College Press (2004).
6. Stephen B. R., Rice S. A. and Roses J., “Physical Chemistry”, Oxford University Press
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 (Latest Edition).

7. Jurg W., “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” W. A. Banjamin (Latest Edition).

8. Chorkendorff, I. and Niemantsverdriet, J.W. “Concept of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics” 1st
ed., John Wiley and Sons (2003).
9. Espenson, J. H. “ Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism” 2nd ed., McGraw Hill (2002).
10.Berry R. S., Stuart A.R., and Roses J. “ Physical and Chemical Kinetics”, Oxford University
Press (Latest Edition).

Books Recommended (Practical)

• Helpern Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook”, Prentice Hall
(Latest Edition).
• Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative
Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis”English Language Book Society
(Latest Edition).
• Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (Latest Edition).
• Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (Latest Edition).

12
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-V / M.Sc.(Previous) Semester-I

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-506/ 506 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Principles and Application of Chemical Equilibrium

Systems in Quantitative Analysis
• Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
• Stoichiometric Reactions
• Acids, Bases and Buffers
• Acid-Base Titrations
• Complexometric Titrations
• Redox Titrations
• Non-aqueous Titrations
• Karl-Fischer Titrations

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-507/ 507 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
• Calibration of volume measuring glassware
• Calibration of electronic analytical balance
• Calibration of conductivity meter and potentiometer
• Two experiments demonstrating the use of gravimetry in quantitative analysis
• Two experiments based on acid-base titrations
• Two experiments based on complexometric titrations
• Two experiments based on redox titrations
• Two experiments based on non-aqueous titrations
• Two experiments based on Karl-Fischer titrations

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank
A. Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Books Recommended (Practical)

1. British Pharmacopoeia
2. United States Pharmacopoeia
3 Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
4. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
5. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites

13
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-V / M.Sc. (Previous), Semester-I

Title of the Course: Industrial Chemistry Course # CHEM-508/ 508 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

Fundamentals of Chemical Industry

Basic principles and parameters for industrial plant location; Elementary treatment of general
unit operations commonly used in industries such as size reduction; evaporation, filtration,
distillation, crystallization and drying; Chemical unit processes like carbonation, sulfitation,
defecation, nitration, etc. in chemical process industries.

Basic and Heavy Chemical Industries

Raw materials and chemicals; Flow sheet diagrams and commercial production of sulphuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, caustic soda and washing soda;
Applications of these chemicals in chemical industries.

No Practical

Books Recommended

1. Shreves chemical process industry by George T. Austin, latest edition.

2. Chemical process industries by R. Norris Sherve Joseph A. Brinke, Jr.

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 BS 3rd Year, Semester-VI / M.Sc.(Previous), Semester-II

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-510/ 510 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn the following:
1. Chemistry of Lanthanides, their purification and properties.
2. Chemistry of actinide and their characteristics.
3. Chemistry of metal carbonyls their synthesis structure and properties.

Chemistry of f-Block Elements

(i) Lanthanides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, Lanthanide’s contraction,
oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties, general characteristics, occurrence,
extraction and general principles of separation, complexes and uses.
(ii) Actinides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, oxidation states, general
characteristics, half life and decay law.

Sigma donar pi-acceptor Complexes

Mononuclear and polynuclear metal carbonyls: the eighteen electron rule as applied to metal
carbonyls; rationalization of molecular structure; evaluation of structures based on
spectroscopic evidences; chemistry of metal carbonyls and their derivatives (nitosyls, halides
and hydrides

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-511/ 511 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
• Semi-micro analysis and Separation of cations in a mixture by paper chromatography
• Redox Titration
• Estimation of at least two halides by adsorption indicator
• Gravimetric estimation of Ba2+ and C2O4
2- ions

Recommended Books
1. Huheey, J. E, Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure
and Reactivity”, Harper & Row, New York, (Latest Edition).
2. Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A. and Bochmann. M., “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”
Wiley-Intersceince, New York, (Latest Edition).
3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., “Chemistry of the Elements”,
Pergamon Press, New York, (Latest Edition).
4. Willium W.Porterfield. Inorganic chemistry, Unified approach, Elsevier company, Delhi, (2005)
5. Mackay,K.M.,Mackay, R.A. and Henderson,W., “Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry”
Stanley Thomas Publisher Ltd. (Latest Edition).
6. Bassette, J.,Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Book Society
Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language
(Latest Edition).
7. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman
Green & Co. (Latest Edition).

15
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-VI / M.Sc.(Previous), Semester-II

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-512/ 512 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Addition Reactions
Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition to C=C: Their mechanisms, orientation and
stereochemistry; electrophilic addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to C=C; electrophilic
addition to conjugated dienes; nucleophilic addition to C=C and C=C-C=O linkage.

Nucleophilic Addition to C=O: Structure and reactivity of carbony1 group; simple addition
reactions i.e. addition of water, alcohol, hydrogen cyanide and bisulphite; addition/elimination
reactions: addition of derivates of ammonia; stereoselectivity in carbony1 addition reactions.

Organometallic Compounds
Principles; organomagnesium, organosodium, organolithium, organocopper, organocadmium,
organomercury and organozinc compounds: their structure and reactivity, methods of
preparation and synthetic applications.

Chemistry of Enolate Ions and Enols

Acidity of carbonyl compounds; enolization of carbonyl compounds; α-halogenation of carbonyl
compounds; aldol-addition and aldolcondensation; condensation reactions involving ester
enolate ions; alkylation of ester enolate ions.

Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms of substitution; orientation and reactivity;
electrophilic substitution reactions i.e. nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, Friedel-Craft’s
reaction, diazocoupling, formylation and carboxylation.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms - study of SNAr, SN1 and benzyne

mechanisms; structure and reactivity - the effects of substrate structure, leaving group and the
attacking nucleophile on the rates of substitution reactions.

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-513/ 513 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the theory / as per the availability of the facilities.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Norman, R. O.C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes,
Cheltenham.
2. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
3. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
4. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
6. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
16
7. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
3. Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science &
Technology Company, New York.
4. Carroll, F. A., “Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, New York.
5. Ege, S., “Organic Chemistry”, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.
6. Parkins, A. W. and Poller, R. C., “An Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry”, Macmillan,
London.

17
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-VI / M.Sc. (Previous), Semester-II

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-514/ 514 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Electrochemistry
An introduction to electrochemistry, chemical reactions and redox potentials, electrochemical
cells and types of electrodes. Nernst’s equation and its application. Predicting reactions, stability
of oxidation states, cell potential and thermodynamics. Theory of metallic conduction. Electrode
potential, liquid junction potential, transference number. Ions aqueous solution. Ionic activity and
Debye Hǖckel theory.

Nuclear Chemistry
Atomic nucleus, nuclides, nuclear stability, modes of decay, nuclear energetics, nuclear models
(shell + liquid drop model), fusion and fission, non-spontaneous nuclear processes, nuclear
reactors, beta decay systematic, nuclear spins.

Group Theory
Symmetry and symmetry operations. Point groups. Properties of groups, matrices,
transformation of matrices, character tables and their applications in molecular spectroscopy.

Photochemistry
Principles of photochemistry. Laws of photochemistry. Einstein’s law of photochemical
equivalence. Rates of intramolecular processes. Chemical reactions and their quantum yields.
Hydrogen – bromine and hydrogen – chlorine reactions.

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-515/ 515 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
• Spectroscopic determination of Cu % in the given sample.
• Conductometric determination of Cu (II)- EDTA mole ratio in the complex.
• To determine the effectiveness of an extraction of I2 solution by using Solvent Extraction
method.
• Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method.
• Determination of percentage composition of KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7 in a given solution by
spectrophotometry.
• Evaluation of pKa value of an indicator by spectrometric method.
• Conductometric determination of hydrolysis constant (Kh) of conjugate base of a weak acid.

Recommended Books (Theory)

1. Cotton F.A. “Chemical Applications of Groups Theory” Interscience Publishers (Latest Edition).
2. Lowell Hall H. “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw Hill Book Company
(Latest Edition).
3. Albert R.A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G.B. “Physical Chemistry”., John Wiley and Sons (2004)
4. Ball D.W. “Physical Chemistry” 1st ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc. (2003).
5. Calvert J.G. and Pitts J.N. “Photochemistry” John Wiley, New York (Latest Edition).
6. Suppan P. “Principles of Photochemistry”, The Chemical Soc., UK (Latest Edition).
18
7. Vertes A. “Basics of Nuclear Science” Kluwer Academic Publisher London (2003).
8. Friedlander G. and Kennedy J.W. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry” , Wiley, New York
(Latest Edition).

Recommended Books (Practical)

1. Bassetts J., Denney C., Jeffery G.H. and Mendham J. “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative
Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book
Society. (Latest Edition).
2. Hatch R.C. “Experimental Chemistry” van Nostrand Reinhold Company (Latest Edition).
3. Halpern, Arthur M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” Prentice Hall
(Latest Edition).
4. Shoemaker D. “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (Latest Edition).

19
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-VI / M.Sc. (Previous), Semester II

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-516/ 516 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 03 Marks: 100

Separation Techniques
• Introduction to Analytical Separations: Masking, Precipitation and Filtration,
• Solvent Extraction
• Chromatography
• Electrophoresis
Thermal Analysis
• Thermogravimetry
• Differential Thermal Analysis
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• Thermo-Mechanical Analysis

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-517/ 517 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100 / 50 P

Practical
Ten experiments based on theory topics / as per availability of the facilities.

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Books Recommended (Practicals)

1. British Pharmacopoeia
2. United States Pharmacopoeia
3 Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
4. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
5. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites

20
 BS 3rd Year, Semester-VI / M.Sc. (Previous), Semester II

Title of the Course: Industrial Chemistry Course # CHEM-518/ 518 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

Glass Industry
Raw materials and manufacture of glass; Chemistry involved in the production of glass; Types
of glass; Glassy state phenomena and annealing of glass; Photochromic and photographic
lasses; Production of safety glasses.

Ceramics Industry
Raw material used for ceramics; Chemistry involved in the production of ceramics articles and
wares; Types and classification of ceramic products; Manufacture of ceramics products.

Cement Industry
Raw materials used for cement production; Chemistry involved in the production of cement;
Manufacture of cement by wet and dry processes; Types of cement and composition of clinker.
Chemical phenomena and chemistry involved in the hardening and setting of cement.

Water Treatment, Steam Production and Scale Removal

Sources of water; Hardness of water; Water treatment and conditioning for municipal and
industrial purposes. Steam production and its utilization for power and energy generation; Boiler
water treatment; Chemistry involved in the formation of scale; Prevention of scale formation

No Practical

Books Recommended

1. Shreves chemical process industry by George T. Austin, latest edition.

2. Chemical process industries by R. Norris Sherve Joseph A. Brinke, Jr.

21
 BS 4th Year, Semester-VII / M.Sc. (Pass) Final, Semester-III
Students have to choose Analytical/ Inorganic/ Organic/ Physical Chemistry
as a field of specialization

SPECIALIZATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Paper-I
Title of the Course: Spectroscopic Methods Course # CHEM-600 / 600 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis

• Making Measurements with Light
• Instruments for Measuring Absorption
• Calculations Involving Absorption
• Atomic Spectroscopy

Paper-II
Title of the Course: Electrochemical Methods Course # CHEM-602 / 602 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Electrochemical Methods
• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Electrochemical Cells, Electrode Potentials
• Calculating Potentials of Electrochemical Cells and Applications
• Ion-selective Electrodes
• Polarography
• Voltametry

Paper-III
Title of the Course: Nuclear Techniques Course # CHEM-604 / 604 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Nuclear Techniques
• Radioactivity
• Neutron Activation Analysis
• Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
• Isotope Dilution Method
• Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
• Mössbauer Spectroscopy
• Radio-Immuno Assay
• X-Ray Technique

22
Title of the Course: Advanced Practical Course # CHEM-605 / 605 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

• Calibration of a uv-visible spectrophotometer as per requirements of British Pharmacopoeia

• Experimental determination of limits of detection and quantitation by use of spectrophotometry
• Experimental determination of precision, accuracy and
specificity
• Two experiments for quantitative determination of analytes of interest by spectrophotometry
• Two experiments for quantitative determination of analytes of interest by atomic spectrometry
• Three experiments based on electrochemical techniques
As per the availability of the facilities

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Books Recommended (Practicals)

1. British Pharmacopoeia
2. United States Pharmacopoeia
3 Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
4. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
5. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites

23
 BS 4th Year, Semester-VIII/ M.Sc.(Pass) Final, Semester-IV

Paper-IV
Title of the Course: Hyphenated Techniques Course # CHEM: 606/ 606 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Hyphenated Techniques
• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
• Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
• MS-MS
• LC-FTIR
• Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Paper-V
Title of the Course: Advanced Chromatography Course # CHEM: 608/ 608 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Advanced Chromatography
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
• Thin Layer Chromatography
• Gel Permeation Chromatography
• Paper Chromatography

Paper-VI
Title of the Course: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Course # CHEM: 610/ 610 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Special Topics
• Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry
• Tanden Mass Spectrometry
• Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
• Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
• Other topics of interest

Title of the Course: Advanced Practical/Project Course # CHEM: 611/ 611 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

• Calibration and validation of an HPLC system as per requirements of British Pharmacopoeia

or
United States Pharmacopoeia
• Experimental determination of limits of detection,quantitation,precision,accuracy and
specificity
resolution, column efficiency etc by use of HPLC
24
• Determinations demonstrating the use of other chromatographic techniques
• Suitable number of advanced practicals may be prescribed by the departments keeping in
view the facilities and expertise available.

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Books Recommended (Practical)
4. British Pharmacopoeia
5. United States Pharmacopoeia
6. Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
7. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
8. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites.

Title of the Course: Comprehensive Examination Course # CHEM: 612/ 612 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Comprehensive examination shall be conducted by all the Senior Faculty members of their
respective field of specialization, from the Chemistry courses students have studied during their
4 years (BS) / 2 years (M.Sc. Pass) stay in Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry.
Therefore the students are advised that beside their courses of final year, they must remain in
touch with the courses of Chemistry they have studied in their previous year (s).
Comprehensive examination shall be held either in the MCQs form or orally.

25
SPECIALIZATION IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

BS 4th Year, Semester-VII/ M.Sc.(Pass) Final, Semester-III

Paper-I
Title of the Course : Instrumental Methods of Analysis Course # CHEM: 620/ 620 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn and able to
interpret simple spectra.
1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
2. Ultra violet spectroscopy
3. Infrared spectroscopy
4. Mass Spectrometry
5. Thermal Analysis

Instrumental Methods of Analysis

Physical methods in Inorganic Chemistry, TGA & DTA, NMR, IR, UV Spectroscopy, Mass
Spectroscopy; Basic principles, Instrumentation and Applications

Recommended Books
1. Vogel, A. I., “A Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis”, English language Book Society
(Latest Edition)
2. Daniels, T., “Thermal Analysis” (Latest Edition)
3. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G.S., “Introduction to Spectroscopy”, Saunders
College Publishing, (Latest Edition).
4.Silverstein, R. M., Barler, C. G. and Mogrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds”,
5. Kemp, W., “NMR in Chemistry A Multi Nuclear Introduction”, McMillan Press Ltd., (Latest
Edition)
6. Drago, R. S., “Physical Method in Inorganic Chemistry”, W.B. Saunders Company, (Latest
Edition)
7. Bassetta, J., Denney, C., Jeffery, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative
Inorganic Analysis including Elementary Instrumental Analysis”, English language book
Society (Latest Edition).
8. Douglas, A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Trmothy, A., “Principles of Instrumental Analysis”,
Saunders College Publishing, New York, (Latest Edition).
9. Ewing, G.W., “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”, McGraw Hill, New
York, (Latest Edition).

26
Paper-II
Title of the Course: Reaction Mechanism & Course # CHEM: 622 / 622 P
Bonding Anomalies
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn the following:
1. Periodic Anomalies and Bonding in Electron deficient Compounds
2. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions
3. Electron Transfer Reaction

Periodic Anomalies and Bonding in Electron deficient Compounds

First- and second- row anomalies; the use of d- orbitals by non-metals; reactivity and d- orbital
participation; pπ-dπ bonds; the use of p- orbitals in π- bonding; periodic anomalies of non-metals
and post-transition metals. Multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, three centre two
electron bond (3c-2e) and three-center, four-electron (3c-4e) bond model.

Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions

Classification of reaction mechanisms; rate laws; steady state approximation; inert and labile
complexes; substitution reactions; octahedral complexes: acid hydrolysis, acid catalyzed
aquation, anation reactions, base hydrolysis, attack on ligands, steric effects of inert ligands;
square planar complexes: nucleophilic reactivity, trans-effect, cis-effect, effect of leaving group,
mechanism of substitution, racemization reactions.

Electron Transfer Reactions

Electron transfer reactions in co-ordination compounds, mechanism of electron transfer
reactions, outer sphere or tunneling mechanism, inner sphere or ligand bridge mechanism,
factors effecting the rate of electron transfer reactions, two electrons transfer reactions,
complementary or non complementary electron transfer reactions, oxidation reduction
reactions of metal ions

Recommended Books
1. Basolo, F., and Pearson, R. G., “Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions”, Wiley, New York,
(Latest Edition).
2. Huheey, J. E, Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity”, Harper & Row, New York, (Latest Edition).
3. Benson, D., Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions in solution: McGraw Hill. (Latest Edition).
4. Purcell, K.F. and Kotz, J.C., “Inorganic Chemistry” W.B. Saunders Company Holt-Saunders
(Latest Edition).
5. Shirve D.F. Atkins P.W. and Langford C.H. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press
(Latest Edition).
6. Wilkins R.G. “Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complex” VCH
27
 Publishers, Inc., (Latest Edition).
7. William. J., Modern inorganic chemistry McGraw Hill Company (Latest Edition).
8. Porter Field. W.W., Inorganic Chemistry a Unified Approach 2nd ed. Elsevier Publishers, 2005
Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” by
John Willey and Sons, (Latest Edition).
9. R.B. Jordan, Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organomettalics Systems. Oxford
University Press, New York, (Latest Edition). An excellent introduction.
10. R.G. Wilkins, The study of kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions of transition metal
complexes, VCH Publishers, New York, (Latest Edition). Excellent discussions of rate laws,
their interpretation and experimental establishment.

Paper-III
Title of the Course: Application of Inorganic Compounds Course # CHEM: 624/ 624 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn and had a sound knowledge of the
following:
1. Organic Reagents used in Inorganic Analysis, their selectivity, specificity etc.
2. Polymer Chemistry

Organic Reagents Used in Inorganic Analysis

Types of reagent, specificity and sensitivity of the reagents, methods of application with specific
examples, complexometric and gravimetric methods involving various reagents, chelates and
chelate-effect.

Polymer Chemistry
Molecular species: Introduction, homoatomic and heteroatomic inorganic polymers, chains and
cages of Boron, Silicon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur; their synthesis, reactivity and
applications, metal clusters. Polyionic species: Isoply and heteropoly anions of transition metals,
Silicates, borates, condensed phosphates, zeolites.

Recommended Books
1. Malcoim, P.S. “Polymer Chemistry” Oxford University Press 2005.
2. Mandelkern “An Introduction to Macromolecules” Springer (Latest Edition).
3. Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry” Plenum Publishers (Latest Edition).
4. Emeleus and Sharpe., “Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry”.
5. Huheey, J. E, Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity”, Harper & Row, New York, (Latest Edition).
6. F. W. Billmeyer. “A Text book of Polymer Science” John Willey & Sons, New Delhi, 20002.
7. P.Powell. “Non Metal Chemistry”, Chopman & Hall., (Latest Edition).
8. Miessler G.L. and Tar Donald, A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice Hall (Latest Edition).
9. Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” by
John Willey and Sons, (Latest Edition).
OR

Subject to the availability of faculty

Paper-III
Title of the Course: Bio Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM: 624/ 624 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

28
Objective of the Program
After completing this program the students will seek the knowledge of the use of non-
metals and metals in Biological system, which are necessary for life.

Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metals and non-metals in biological systems: The elements of life and bioinorganic
chemistry, Biological functions of the bioelements, Proteins and peptides, Enzymes Carbonic
anhydrase, Alkaline Phosphate (AMP< ADP&ATP)

Morphine and porphyrins, cyclo chrome, chlorophyll, Hemoglobin, Vitamins B12, Metal ions
and Chelating Agents in medicines, Essential and Trace Elements in Biological Systems,
reactivity of oxygen, transport and storage of oxygen molecules, O2 activation, dioxygenases, 0-0
bond cleavage models.

Title of the Course: Advanced Practical Course # CHEM: 625/ 625 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

• Use of some organic reagents for the estimation of various elements

• Preparation of at least six compounds/organometallic compounds in a pure state and
determination of their state of purity
• The experiments may be set making use of conductivity meter and potentiometer depending
upon the availability.

Recommended Books
1. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society,
(Latest Edition).
2.Fritz, J. S. and Schenk, G. H., “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry”, Allyn and Bacon Inc.,
(Latest Edition).Pass, G and Sutcliffe, H., “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, 1972

29
 BS 4th Year, Semester-VIII/ M.Sc. (Pass) Final, Semester-IV

Paper-IV
Title of the Course: Organometallic Chemistry Course # CHEM: 626/ 626 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn and have knowledge of the
following:
1. Chemistry of Organometallics with especially with reference to their types and bonding.
2. Reactivity of Organometallic Compounds in Homogenous Catalytic

Chemistry of Organometallics
History and introduction to organometallic compounds, types of bonding. Transition metals;
single, double and triple bonds to carbon (compound types, acyls, alkylidene complexes and
alkylidyne complexes), delocalized hydrocarbon systems (alkenes, olefins, allyl and
butadienes), alkyne complexes, cyclic π-complexes (five- and six- member rings).

Organometallic Compounds in Homogenous Catalytic

Reactions
Homogenous catalytic hydrogenation, dimerization, oligomerization, polymerization, oxidation,
hydrosilation, hydroformylation of olefins. Catalytic polymerization of acetylenes, insertion
reactions, use of organometallic compounds in organic synthesis.

Recommended Books
1. Powell, P., “Principles of Organometalics Chemistry”, (Latest Edition).
2. Akio Yamamoto “Organotransition Metal Chemistry”, Printice Hall, (Latest Edition).
3. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”,
Wiley-Intersceince, New York, (Latest Edition).
4. Miessler G.L. and Tar Donald, A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice Hall (Latest Edition).
5. Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” by
John Willey and Sons, (Latest Edition).
6. Zuckerman, H., “Basic Organometallic Chemistry”, (Latest Edition).
7. William. J., Modern inorganic chemistry McGraw Hill Company, (Latest Edition).
8. Porter Field. W.W., Inorganic Chemistry a Unified Approach 2nd ed. Elsevier Publishers, 2005.

Paper-V
Title of the Course: Magnetochemistry Course # CHEM: 628/ 628 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

30
After completing this program students will be able to learn the following:
1. Magneto Chemistry
2. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination

Magnetochemistry
Theory of magnetism, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferro-, ferri- and antiferromagnetism,
magnetic susceptibility, magnetic moments, Faraday’s & Gouy’s methods,orgital contribution to
magnetic moment, Russell-Sanders coupling scheme, derivation of term symbols of for p1 -p6
and d1 - d10 systems, pigeon holes diagram, effect of temperature on magnetic properties of
complexes. Magnetic moment of lanthanides.
Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination
Oxidative Addition: one electron oxidative addition, addition of oxygen, addition of bimetallic
species, hydrogen addition, HX addition, organic halides, Reductive Elimination Reactions.

Recommended Books
1. Douglas, B., McDaniel, D. and Alexander, J., “Concepts of Models of Inorganic Chemistry”,
John Wiley & Sons Inc., (Latest Edition).
2. Huheey, J. E, Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity”, Harper & Row, New York, (Latest Edition).
3. Mackay, K. M., Mackay, R. A. and Henderson, W., “Introduction to Modern Inorganic
Chemistry”, Stanley Thomas Publisher Ltd. (Latest Edition).
4. Miessler, G. L. and Tarr Donald, A., “Inorganic Chemistry”, Prentice Hall International, (Latest
Edition).
5. Purcell, K.F. and Kotz, J.C., “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry” W.B. Saunders
Company Holt-Saunders (Latest Edition).
6. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”,
Wiley-Intersceince, New York, (Latest Edition).
7. William. J., Modern inorganic chemistry McGraw Hill Company (Latest Edition).

Paper-VI
Title of the Course: Nuclear Chemistry Course # CHEM: 630/ 630 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Objective of the Program

After completing this program students will be able to learn the following:
1. The chemistry of radio isotopes, their reactions and applications.
2. Nuclear reactions

Nuclear Chemistry
Introduction, theory of disintegrations, positive ray analysis, mass spectrograph, Astam mass
spectrograph, Dempster mass spectrograph, Jordan double focusing mass spectrograph, Bain
bridge mass spectrograph, structure of the nucleus, half life nuclear binding energy, artificial
disintegration. Fission and Fusion reactions, Accelerators of
charged particles, applications of Radio Isotopes

Recommended Books
1. Fried Landler, Kennedy and Miller, “Nuclear and Radiochemistry”, John Willey and Sons, Inc.
(Latest Edition).
2. Choppin, G. R. and Rydber, J., “Theory and Applications”, Pergamon (Latest Edition).
3. Arnikan, H. J., “Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry”, (Latest Edition).
4. Harvey, B.G. “Nuclear Physics and Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall Inc., (Latest Edition).
5. Naqvi, I. I., “Radiochemistry”, University Grants Commission, (Latest Edition).

31
Title of the Course: Advanced Practical/Project Course # CHEM: 631/ 631 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

• Spectroscopic determination of some metal ions.

• Recording and characterization of at least five organometallic compounds by IR and UV
spectrophotometer to the subject of availability of facilities.
• Estimation of different metals in food, tap water and brass etc. by Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer/ flame photometer / UV /Visible spectrophotometer, subject to the availability of
facilities.
Recommended books
1. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book
Society, (Latest Edition).
2. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman
Green & Co. (Latest Edition).
3. Fritz, J. S. and Schenk, G. H., “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry”, Allyn and Bacon Inc.,
(Latest Edition).
4. Pass, G and Sutcliffe, H., “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
(Latest Edition).

Title of the Course: Comprehensive Examination Course # CHEM: 632/ 632 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Comprehensive examination shall be conducted by all the Senior Faculty members of their
respective field of specialization, from the Chemistry courses students have studied during their
4 years (BS) / 2 years (M.Sc. Pass) stay in Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry.
Therefore the students are advised that beside their courses of final year, they must remain in
touch with the courses of Chemistry they have studied in their previous year (s).
Comprehensive examination shall be held either in the MCQs form or orally.

32
SPECIALIZATION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

BS 4th Year, Semester-VII/ M.Sc.(Pass) Final, Semester-III

Paper-I
Title of the Course: Reaction Mechanism Course # CHEM: 640/ 640 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation: Introduction; reactions involving elimination of hydrogen, cleavage of C-C bond,
replacement of hydrogen by oxygen and addition oxygen to the substrate; oxidative coupling.
Reduction: Introduction; reactions involving replacement of oxygen by hydrogen, removal of
oxygen from the substrate and reduction with cleavage; reductive coupling.

Protective Groups
Hydroxyl-, amino-, carboxyl- and carbonyl- protecting groups in organic synthesis.

Pericyclic Reactions
Principles; cycloadditions; electrocyclic reactions; cheletrophic reactions; sigmatropic
rearrangements; the ene-reaction and related reactions.

Chemistry of Heterocyclic (Compounds)

Introduction; nomenclature; structure and aromaticity; basicity and acidity of the nitrogen
heterocycles; chemistry of furan, pyrrole and thiophene; synthesis of indoles and isoindoles;
chemistry of pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline; occurrence of heterocyclic compounds.

Recommended Literature
Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Norman, R. O.C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes,
Cheltenham.
2. Rinehart Jr., K. L., “Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds”, Prentice-Hall, London.
3. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Smith, M. B., “Organic Synthesis”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
5. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
7. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
8. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and
Synthesis”, Plenum Press, New York.
9. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

Supplementary Literature

33
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science &
Technology Company, New York.
2. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. House, H. O., “Modern Synthetic Reactions”, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company,
California.
4. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 1, Pearson Education, Delhi.
5. Greene, T. W., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Paper-II
Title of the Course: Molecular Rearrangements Course # CHEM: 642/ 642 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Molecular Rearrangements
Types of rearrangements; general mechanisms of nucleophilic, free radical and electrophilic
rearrangements; reactions: hydrogen and/or carbon migration to electron-deficient carbon,
nitrogen and oxygen; carbon migration to electron-rich carbon; aromatic rearrangements:
interand intra-molecular carbon migration from oxygen to carbon.

Free Radicals
Introduction; radical generation; radical detection; radical shape and stabilization; radical
reactions: addition reactions - addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, halomethanes, other
carbon radicals and S-H compounds; substitution reactions-halogenation, oxidation and
substitution involving aryl radicals.

Reactive Intermediates
Carbenes, nitrenes, and arynes: Their generation, stability, reactions and synthetic applications.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York
2. Norman, R. O.C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes,
Cheltenham.
3. Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science &
Technology Company, New York.
4. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
5. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and
Mechanisms”, Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, New York.
6. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
7. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
8. Gilchrist, T. L. and Rees, C. W., “Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes”, Nelson, London.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
3. McMurry, J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California.
4. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 1, Pearson Education, Delhi.
5. Smith, M. B., “Organic Synthesis”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. Lwowski, W., “Nitrenes”, Interscience Publishers, New York.

34
Paper-III
Title of the Course: Spectroscopy Course # CHEM: 644/ 644 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Organic Spectroscopy
A brief review of introductory organic spectroscopy.

Infra Red Spectroscopy

Theory and applications of Infra red spectroscopy

1
H-NMR and 13C-NMR
Chemical shift; factors affecting chemical shift; spin relaxation; spin-spin coupling; coupling
constants; factors affecting coupling constants; 2-D NMR.

Mass Spectrometry
Introduction; mass spectrometers; ionization and ion sources: electron impact and chemical
ionization; field ionization; field desorption; fast atom bombardment; plasma desorption,
thermospray and electrospray mass spectra; fragmentation pattern of common functional
groups.Combined usage of IR, UV, NMR and Mass spectrometric methods for
structure elucidation of organic compounds having medium complexity.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Kemp, W., “Organic Spectroscopy”, Palgrave, New York.
2. Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Williams D. H. and Fleming, I., “Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry”, Athlone
Press, London.
4. Atta-ur-Rehman, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy”, UGC, Islamabad.
5. Davis, R. and Freason, M., “Mass Spectrometry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Bansal, R. K., “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Lambert, J. B, Shurvell, H. F., Lightner, D. A. and Cooks, R. G., “Introduction to Organic
Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
2. Anderson, R. J., Bendell, D. and Groundwater, P., “Organic Spectroscopic Analysis”, The
Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
3. Gilchrist, T. L., “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, Longman, Singapore.
4. Joule, J. A. and Mills, K., “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, Blackwell Science, Tokyo.

35
Title of the Course: Advanced Practical Course # CHEM: 645/ 645 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of papers I, II & III/as per the facilities available..

BS 4th Year, Semester-VIII/ M.Sc. (Pass) Final, Semester-IV

Paper-IV
Title of the Course: Natural Products Chemistry Course # CHEM: 646/ 646 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

General Introduction to Natural Products

Alkaloids
Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with
particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine atropine, quinine,
papaverine and morphine.

Terpenoids
Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with
particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-
cadinene.

Steroids
Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of
cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal
cortical hormones.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 2, Pearson Education Ltd., Delhi.
2. Shoppee, C. W., “Chemistry of the Steroids”, Butterworths, London.
3. Hesse, M., “Alkaloid Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
4. Fieser, L. F. and Fieser, M., “Steroids”, Asia Publishing House, London.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

36
Title of the Paper-V
Course: Lipids, Proteins & Synthetic Drugs Course # CHEM: 648/ 648 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Mechanisms and Methods of Determining Them

Review of kinds and mechanism of organic reactions; thermodynamic and kinetic requirements
for reactions: kinetic and thermodynamic control; The Hammond postulate; microscopic
reversibility; methods of determining mechanisms; identification of products; determination of
the presence of an intermediate; the study of catalysis; crossover experiments; isotopic labeling;
stereochemical and kinetic studies; solvent effect.

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids

Chemistry of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and their importance in living
systems.

Synthetic Drugs
Introduction; classification; chemistry of analgesics and antipyretics, sulpha drugs/
sulphonamides, antimalarials and antibiotics.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Carroll, F. A., “Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, New York.
2. Jones, R. A. Y., “Physical and Mechanistic Organic Chemistry”, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
3. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and
Synthesis”, Plenum Press, New York.
4. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Gould, E. S., “Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry”, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
New York.
6. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
7. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
8. Brown, W. H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Saunders College Publishing, Tokyo.
9. Ahluwalia, V. K. and Goyal, M., “A Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi.
10. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 2, Pearson Education, Delhi.
11. Blei, I. and Odian, G., “General, Organic and Biochemistry”, W. H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
12. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
13. Burger, A., “Medicinal Chemistry Part I & II”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
14. Wolff, M. E., “Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry Part II”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
15. Williams, D. A. and Lemke, T. L., “Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry”, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, New York.

37
Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
2. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
3. Norman, R. O. C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes,
Cheltenham.
4. Isaacs, N. S., “Physical Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.

Paper-VI
Title of the Course: Application of Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM: 650/ 650 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Transition Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

Transition metals and their complexes; oxidation states; the dn notations; electron counting: the
16- and 18- electron rules; fundamental reactions of transition metal complexes; the Heck
reaction and other examples of transition metal catalyzed reactions.

Reterosynthesis
Introduction to reterosynthesis and disconnection approach; synthesis of aromatic compounds
with one and two group carbon C-X disconnections; donor and acceptor synthons; C-C
disconnections and 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5- and 1,6- difunctionalized compounds.

Synthetic Polymers
Introduction to polymer chemistry; step growth polymerization; free radical polymerization; ionic
polymerization; stereochemistry in polymers; polymerization using Ziegler-Natta catalyst; stereo-
regulation and conformation polymers; molecular weight determination of polymers;
structure-property relationship; reactions of synthetic polymers; degradation and stability with
special emphasis on thermal and photodegradation.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science &
Technology Company, New York.
2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
3. Powell, P., “Principles of Organometallic Chemistry”, Chapman & Hall, New York.
4. Parkins, A. W. and Poller, R. C., “An Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry”, Macmillan,
London.
5. Waren, S., “Organic Synthesis-The Disconnection Approach”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Waren, S., “Workbook for Organic Synthesis-The Disconnection Approach”, John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
7. Smith, M. B., “Organic Synthesis”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
8. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
9. Parker, D. B. V., “Polymer Chemistry”, Applied Science Publishers, London.
10. Billmeyer Jr., F. W., “Textbook of Polymer Science”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Challa, G., “Polymer Chemistry−An Introduction”, Ellis Horwood, New York.
2. Stevens, M. P., “Polymer Chemistry−An Introduction”, Addision-Wesley Publishing Company,
London.
3. Wade Jr., L. J., “Organic Chemistry”, Pearson Education, Delhi.
38
4. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

Title of the Course: Advanced Practical/Project Course # CHEM: 651/ 651 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of papers IV, V &VI / as per the
facilities available.

Title of the Course: Comprehensive Examination Course # CHEM: 652/ 652 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Comprehensive examination shall be conducted by all the Senior Faculty members of their
respective field of specialization, from the Chemistry courses students have studied during their
4 years (BS) / 2 years (M.Sc. Pass) stay in Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry.
Therefore the students are advised that beside their courses of final year, they must remain in
touch with the courses of Chemistry they have studied in their previous year (s).
Comprehensive examination shall be held either in the MCQs form or orally.

Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Clarke, H. T., “A Handbook of Organic Analysis-Qualitative and Quantitative”, CBS Publishers
& Distributors , New Delhi.
2. Mann, F. G. and Saunders, B. C., “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
3. Vogel, A. I., “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part 3: Quantitative Organic Analysis”,
Longman, London.
4. Vishnoi, N. K., “Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
5. Furniss, B. S., Hannaford, A. J., Smith, P. W. G. and Tatchell, A. R., “Vogel’s Text Book of
Practical Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
6. Shriner, R. L., Hermann, C. K. F., Morrill, T. C., Curtin, D. Y. and Fuson, R. C., “The
Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. Mendham, J., Denney, R. C., Barnes, J. D. and Thomas, M. J. K., “Vogel’s Text Book of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, Pearson Education, New Delhi. 8. Beckett, A. H. and
Stenlake, J. B., “Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry”, Athlone Press, London.
9. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S. “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide for
Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, London.
10. Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
11. Kalsi, P.S. “Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
12. Palleros, D. R., “Experimental Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Keese, R, Muller, R. K. and Toube, T. P., “Fundamentals of Preparative Organic Chemistry”,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Gurtu, J. N. and Kapoor, R., “Advanced Experimental Chemistry”, S. Chand & Company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
3. Newman, M. S., “An Advanced Organic Laboratory Course”, Macmillan, New York.
4. Zubrick, J. W., “The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student’s Guide to Techniques”,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Kemp, W., “Organic Spectroscopy”, Palgrave, New York.
6. Lambert, J. B, Shurvell, H. F., Lightner, D. A. and Cooks, R. G., “Introduction to Organic
39
 Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
7. Williams D. H. and Fleming, I., “Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry”, Athlone
Press, London.
8. Atta-ur-Rehman, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy”, UGC, Islamabad.
9. Davis, R. and Freason, M., “Mass Spectrometry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

SPECIALIZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

BS 4th Year, Semester-VII/ M.Sc.(Pass) Final, Semester-III

Paper-I
Title of the Course: Polymer Chemistry Course # CHEM: 660/ 660 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Polymer Chemistry
Introduction to Polymers. Step-growth Polymerizations. Polymer chain growth. Kinetics of
polymer chain growth. Copolymerization. Emulsion Polymerization. Natural and Inorganic
Polymers. Physical Aspects of polymers. Molecular Weight of Polymers: Distribution, averages,
and methods of determination. Viscosity. Osmometry. Light scattering method. Diffusion.
Sedimentation. Optical rotation method. Structure of Polymer Chain: Introduction to chain
isomerism, stereochemistry, configurations, and conformations. (not in Hiemenz). Amorphous
State of Polymers: In depth examination of polymer conformation, microstructure, and dynamics
in the amorphous state. Polymer viscoelasticity: Stress relaxation, mechanical models of
polymer behavior, time-temperature superposition, rheology and Crystalline State of Polymers:
crystallization and kinetics, crystalline structures, experimental methods. Polymer Solutions and
Blends:

Recommended Books
1. Hiemenz P.C. “Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts” Marcel Dekker (Latest Edition).
2. Stevens M.P. “Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction” Oxford University Press (Latest Edition).
3. Allcock H.R. and Lampe F.W. “Contemporary Polymer Chemistry” Prentice-Hall (Latest Ed.)
4. Rudin “The Element of Polymer Science and Engineering” Academic Press (Latest Edition).
5. Sperling L.H. “Introduction to Physical Polymer Science” Wiley Interscience (Latest Edition).
6. Boyd R.H. and Phillips P.J. “The Science of Polymer Molecules” Cambridge (Latest Edition).
7. Malcolm P.S. “Polymer Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2005).
8. Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry” 2nd ed. Plenum Publishers (Latest Edition).

Paper-II
Title of the Course: Spectroscopy Course # CHEM: 662/ 662 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Quantum Chemistry
Operators and their properties. Angular momentum. Central field problem. Approximate
methods. Perturbation methods and variation principle. Many electron systems. Treatment of
simple harmonic oscillator, diatomic rigid rotor. Valence bond and molecular orbital theories. pi-
electron calculations.

Molecular Spectroscopy

40
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Symmetry properties of molecules.
Microwave and infrared spectroscopy. Rotational, vibrational and rotational-vibrational spectra
of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Electronic spectra of simple molecules. Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy.

Recommended Books
1. Micheal D.F. “Elements of Quantum Mechanics” Oxford University Press (2005).
2. Whiffen D. H. “Spectroscopy” Longmans Green and Co.: London, (Latest Edition).
3. Barrow G. “Molecular Spectroscopy” McGraw Hill (Latest Edition).
4. Becker E. D. “High Resolution NMR; Theory & Chemical Application”, New York, Academic
Press (Latest Edition).
5. Graybal J.D. “Molecular Spectroscopy”, New York, McGraw-Hill (Latest Edition).
6. Griffiths, David J., “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd ed., Prentice Hall (2004).
7. Hayward, David O., “Quantum Mechanics for Chemists” 1st ed., John Wiley (2003).
8. House, James E., “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics” 2nd ed., Elsevier-Academic Press
(2003)

Paper-III
Title of the Course: Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry Course # CHEM:664/ 664 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Statistical Thermodynamics
Description of various systems. Concepts of states, accessible states and distribution.
Probability concepts. Maxwell - Boltzmann’s statistics for the systems of independent particles.
Partition functions. The relationship of partition function to the various thermodynamic functions.
Transitional, vibrational and rotational partition functions and equilibrium constant. Statistical
thermodynamics. Applications to equilibrium and chemical kinetics. Bose-Einstein’s and Fermi-
Dirac’s statistics.

Electrochemistry
Electrical Double Layer: Interface. A look into the interface; OHP and IHP. Contact adsorption
Gibbs Surface Excess. Potential differences across metal solution interfaces. Outer and surface
potential differences. Galvani potential difference. Electrochemical potential difference.
Interfacial tension. Electro capillary thermodynamics. Lippmann’s equation. Helmholtz-perrin
model, Gouy-Chapmann model. Stern model, and BDM (Bockris-Devanathan-Muller) model.
Charge density. Differential capacitance. Shape of capacitance-charge curve. The Capacitance
hump.

Electrode Kinetics
Electrochemical devices. Charge transfer processes in the absence and presence of electrical
field. The Over potential. Butler-Volmer’s equation. The Idea of equilibrium exchange current
density. The Symmetry factor. High field and low field approximation. Tafel’s equation. Cyclic
voltammetry and its applications. Fuel cell, corrosion and its prevention. Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy.

Books Recommended
1. Gasser R.P.H. and Richards W.G. “Entropy and Energy Levels” Oxford University Press
(Latest Edition).
41
2. Wayatt P.A.H. “The Molecular Basis of Entropy and Chemical Equilibrium” Royal Institute of
Chemistry London (Latest Edition).
3. Smith E.B. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” Oxford University Press (Latest Ed.).
4. Bockris J.O.M. and Reddy A.K.N. “Modern Electrochemistry” Vol-I and II, 4th ed. Plenum
Press, London (2003).
5. Muhammad M. and Amjad M. “Principles of Electrode Kinetics” Rooha Printers, Lahore
(Latest Edition).
6. Seddon J.M. and Gale J.D. “Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics” Royal Soc Chem,
UK (2002).
7. Aston J.G. and Fritz J.J. “Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics” John-Wiley,
New York (Latest Edition).
8. Albery J., Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon, Oxford (Latest Edition).
9. Engel, Thomas and Philip Reid, “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics”, and Kinetics
1st ed., Benjamin Cummings (2006).
10. Bard A.J. and Faulkner L.R. “Electrochemical Methods” John Wiley & Sons (Latest Edition).

Title of the Course: Advanced Practical Course # CHEM: 665/ 665 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Specific experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending upon their
availability. Special experiments may also be designed for which a specimen list of instruments
is given below. For the innovative designing of experiments the Journal of Chemical Education
may be consulted.

Instruments:
PH-meter
Conductivity meter
Dipole meters
Electrogravimetric apparatus
UV/Visible spectrometer
Infrared spectrophotometer
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Stopped flow spectrometers
Gas Chromatography
HPLC
Light Scattering Instruments

Experiments
• Determination of partial molar quantities.
• Determination of free energy changes, standard free energies.
• Verification of Kohlrausch law.
• Study of temperature dependence of electrode potentials.
• Determination of heat of solution, ionic reactions and other experiments from thermochemistry.
• Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method.
• Precipitation value of electrolytes.
• Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation.
• Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its interpretation.
• Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid.
• Determination of percentage composition of KMnO4-K2Cr2O7 in given solution by
spectrometry.
• Evaluation of pKa value an indicator by spectrometric method.
• Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles & their characterization using IR and XRD techniques

42
Recommended Books
1. Braun R.D. and Walters F. “Application of Chemical Analysis” (Latest Edition).
2. David P. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” (Latest Edition).
3. Shoemaker C.W., Nibler G.J.W. and Christian G.D. “Analytical Chemistry” 6th ed. (2004).
4. James A.M. and Prichard F.E. “Practical Physical Chemistry” Longman (Latest Edition).
5. Mowry S. and Ogren P.J., J. Chemical Education, (Latest Edition).
6. Shoemaker D.P., Garland C.W. and Nibler J.W. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” McGraw
Hills, New York (Latest Edition).

BS 4th Year, Semester-VIII/ M.Sc. (Pass) Final, Semester-IV

Paper-IV
Title of the Course: Radiation Chemistry Course # CHEM: 666/ 666 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Radiation Chemistry
Development and advancement in radiation chemistry. Radiation dosimetry. Fricke dosimeter,
dosimetry in pulse radiolysis. Energy states in radiation chemistry. Excited states, production
formation through excited states. Fragmentation, predissociation, photochemical decay.
Evidence for the existence of excited state and its types. Ions and electrons, radiolysis of gases.
radiolysis of liquids, solids, and frozen liquids and gases behaviour of ions in radiation
chemistry. General energy transfer. characteristic and applications of gas, liquid and solid phase
radiolysis. Instrumentation, purity of chemicals and methods. Recent application of radiation
chemistry.

Photochemistry
Scope of photochemistry. Energy transfer in photochemical reaction. Quantum yield of emission
process radiation and nonradiation process. Kinetics and Quantum yields of radiative and
nonradiative process (fluorescence, phosphorescence, inter system crossing, internal
conversion , quenching), and Stern-Volmer reactions. Photosensitized reactions. Photochemical
reaction in gas phase and in solutions. Flash photolysis. Advance approach to kinetics of
photochemical reactions. Applied photochemistry. atmospheric photochemistry. Photosynthesis,
photochemistry of polymers, photomedicines. Techniques in photochemistry, introduction, light
source. Incandescent filament lamps, discharge lamps, lasers, synchrotron reaction,

Paper-V
Title of the Course: Surface Chemistry Course # CHEM: 668/ 668 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Solid State Chemistry

Intermolecular forces. Symmetry of condensed systems. Properties of solids (electrical,
mechanical and optical). Lattice defects, doping for defects. Electron-gas model, heat capacity
paradox, electrical conductivity. Band theory of metallic state. Conductors semiconductors and
insulators. Controlled valency and hopping phenomena, p & n-type conductivity, p, n-junctions.
Solid-state reactions. Developments in superconductivity.

Surface Chemistry and Catalysis

43
Solid surfaces. Gas solid interface. Thermodynamics of adsorption. Heterogeneous catalysis.
Kinetic and mechanisms of catalyzed reactions. Adsorption at liquid surfaces. Enzymatic
catalysis. Organized molecular assemblies. Colloidal solutions. Catalyst preparation methods.
Industrial catalysts.

Books Recommended
1. Calvert J.G. and Pitts J.N. “Photochemistry” John Wiley, New York (Latest Edition).
2. Wayne and Richard P. “Photochemistry” Macmillan (Latest Edition).
3. Hughes G. “Radiation Chemistry” Oxford Series, UK (Latest Edition).
4. Spinks J.W.T. and Woods R.J. “An introduction to Radiation Chemistry” Wiley Inter Sci. Pub,
USA (Latest Edition).
5. O’Donnell J.H. and Sangster D.F. “Principle of Radiation Chemistry” Edward Arnold Pub, UK
(Latest Edition).
6. Baco Z.M. and Alexander P. “Fundamentals of Radiobiology” CLBS, UK (Latest Edition).
7. Suppan P. “Principle of Photochemistry” The Chemical Soc. UK (Latest Edition).
8. Aziz F. and Rodgers M.A.J., “Radiation Chemistry Principles and Application” Ed., VCH
Publishers, Inc. (Latest Edition).
9. Wayne R.P. “Principles and Application of Photochemistry”, University Press Oxford London
(Latest Edition).
10. Segal H. “Enzyme Kinetics” John Wiley New York (Latest Edition).
11. Schlutz A.R. “Enzyme Kinetics” (Latest Edition), Cambridge University Press England.
12. Wetson R. and Schwavz H.A. “Chemical Kinetics” Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey (Latest Ed).
13. West A.R. “Solid State Chemistry”, J. Wiley, New York (Latest Edition).

Paper-VI
Title of the Course: Chemical Kinetics Course # CHEM: 670/ 670 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Chemical Kinetics
Derivation of the rate equations. Theory of absolute reaction rate. Reversible reactions, parallel
reactions and consecutive reactions. Correlation between physical properties and concentration.
Comparison of collision and absolute reaction theories. Advanced theories unimolecular
reactions. Potential energy surfaces. Thermodynamic formulation of reaction rates. Calculation
of entropy and enthalpy changes. Thermal decomposition of nitrogen pentaoxide. Reactions in
solutions. Influence of ionic strength on the reaction rate. Effect of dielectric constant of the
medium on the rate of the reaction. Single sphere activated complex model. Double sphere
activated complex model. Complex reactions. Chain reactions. Single chain carrier with second
order breaking. One chain carrier with first order breaking. Two chain carrier with second order
breaking. Experimental techniques for fast reactions.

Recommended Books
1. Albery J., Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon, Oxford (Latest Edition).
2. Espenson, J. H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism 2nd ed., McGraw Hill London
(2002).
3. Espenson J.H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms” McGraw Hill, New York
(Latest Edition).
4. Frost A.A. and Pearson R.G. “Kinetic and Mechanism” John Wiley and Sons Inc, New
York (Latest Edition).
5. Laidler K.J. “Chemical Kinetics” Pearson Education Company, New York (Latest Edition).
6. Laidler L.J.“Reaction Kinetic VII,II Reaction in Solution” Pergamon Press, N.Y (Latest Ed).

Title of the Course: Advanced Practical/Project Course # CHEM: 671/ 671 P

Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100
44
• Study of multistep reactions.
• Sugar analysis and inversion studies by polarimetry.
• Study of isotherms and experiments of surface chemistry.
• Kinetics of fading of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution.
• Study of the effect of pH on the rate constant of the reaction between iodide and persulphate
ions.
• Study of the salt effect on the rate constant of the reaction between similar charges of ions.
• Kinetics of autocatalytic reaction between permanganate and oxalate ions.
• Determination of energy of activation of the reaction between similar chargers of ions.
• Kinetics of the reaction between methylorange and peroxodisulphate ions in presence of
bromide ions.
• Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method.
Title of the Course: Comprehensive Examination Course # CHEM: 672/ 672 P
Credit Hours (C.H) 04 Marks: 100

Comprehensive examination shall be conducted by all the Senior Faculty members of their
respective field of specialization, from the Chemistry courses students have studied during their
4 years (BS) / 2 years (M.Sc. Pass) stay in Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry.
Therefore the students are advised that beside their courses of final year, they must remain in
touch with the courses of Chemistry they have studied in their previous year (s).
Comprehensive examination shall be held either in the MCQs form or orally.

Recommended Books
1. Braun R.D. and Walters F. “Application of Chemical Analysis” (Latest Edition).
2. David P. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” (Latest Edition).
3. Shoemaker C.W., Nibler G.J.W. and Christian G.D. “Analytical Chemistry” 6th ed. (2004).
4. James A.M. and Prichard F.E. “Practical Physical Chemistry” Longman (Latest Edition).
5. Mowry S. and Ogren P.J., J. Chemical Education, (Latest Edition).
6. Shoemaker D.P., Garland C.W. and Nibler J.W. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” McGraw
Hills, New York (Latest Edition).

45
 CURRICULUM OF CHEMISTRY
FOR
BS I, II (SUPPORTING COURSES)

46
 BS I & II Supporting (Minor) Courses

BS First Year, Semester-I

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Course # CHEM-320

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

Solution Chemistry
Expressing the concentration of solution. Normality, molarity, molality, % composition and mole
fraction. Ideal and non-ideal solutions Raults law and Henerys laws and their applications,
colligative properties distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture.

States of Matter
Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules
in motion: collision diameter and mean free path. Physical properties of liquids: surface tension,
viscosity, refractive index etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the
molecules in liquids. Packing of atoms in solids. Unit cells and crystal systems. Method of
crystal structure analysis. Brief account of polymers and composite materials with special
emphasis on superconductors, semi-conductors etc. Introduction to plasma. Liquid crystals and
Bose Einstein condensates.

Chemical Thermodynamics
Basic concept of thermodynamics. First law of thermodynamics, Hess’s law, various heats of
changes associated with physical processes and study of thermochemcial reactions.

Chemical equilibrium
Types of equilibrium, equilibrium constant and its calculation in terms of concentration, moles
and mole fraction.

Chemical Kinetics
Introduction to rate law, order and molecularity, first order rate equation and activation energy.

Title of the Course: Physical Chemistry Practical Course # CHEM-321

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100
1. Determination of density of common liquids.
2. Preparation of solution (Normal molar % and ppm solutions).
3. Determination of surface tension.
4. Determination of viscosity.
5. Calibration of glassware and statistical evaluation of data.
47
6. Construction of models of unit cells of NaCl, graphite, CsCl & seven crystal systems.

Books Recommended (Practical)

1. Jaffar M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (Latest
edition).
2. Levitt B.P. “Findlay’s Practical Physical Chemsitry” Longman Group Limited (Latest
edition).
3. Shoemaker D. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Limited (Latest edition).

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Alberty R. “Physical Chemsitry” John Wiley and Sons (Latest edition).
2. Atkins, P.W. “Physical Chemistry” W.H. Freeman and Co. New York (Latest edition).
3. Laidler K.J. “The World of Physical Chemistry” Oxford University Press (Latest edition).
4. Laidler K.J. John H.M. and Bryan C.S. “Physical Chemistry 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin
Publishing Company Inc. (2003).
5. Peter P.A. “Chemical Thermodynamics “Oxford University Press (Latest edition).
6. Brain S.E. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” E.L.B.S. Publishers (Latest edition).
7. Barrow G.M. “Physical Chemistry, McGraw Hill (Latest edition).

48
 BS First Year, Semester-II

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Course # CHEM-322

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

An over view of Analytical Chemistry theory of analysis, qualitative, quantitative, fundamental &
characterization of classical & instrumental methods.

Theory of equilibrium
Thermodynamics of various types of chemical reactions, calculations of reaction, solubility &
activity, activity coefficients.

The importance of data in analysis

Description of data, digital information and its reliability in terms of confidence level, precision &
accuracy of data, coefficient of variance, significant tests for normal and random distribution of
error such as Q, F, t test.

Electroanalysis
Classification of analytical techniques, electroanalytical, spectroscopic & separation techniques,
theory of analysis, Nernst equation, standards & indicator electrodes, ion selective electrode
potentiometry, pH meter, amperometric & conductometric titrations, polarography.

Chromatography:
Chromatographic techniques paper, thin & column chromatography electrophoresis
chromatographic techniques.

Title of the Course: Analytical Chemistry Practical Course # CHEM-323

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

The student is taught, how to prepare and standardize laboratory solutions, calibration of
glasswares. The student also learn confident use of analytical balance and routine laboratory
instruments as pH meter, potentiometer, conductometer.

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler, Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle; (Latest Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company.
4. Quantitative Chemical Analysis by by D.C. Harris.

49
Books Recommended (Practicals)
1 Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London
2. Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N. Y.
3. Most of the experiments prescribed can be found on various websites

BS 2nd Year, Semester-III

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Course # CHEM-420

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

Review of Organic Chemistry

i) Nomenclature of Organic compounds and Nature of Chemical Bonds.

ii) Common and trivial names, systmatic naming of organic compounds (mono-functional and
bi-functional) by IUPAC rules.
iii) Types of Chemical bonds, Hybridization of orbital, Bond angles, Bond energies, Polar
character of covalent bond,Inductive effect,Theory of resonance,Type of organic reactions.
Iv) Isomerism.

Hydrocarbons.
i) Openand closed chain compounds: i) Alkanes, photochemical and pyrolytic reactions
ii) alkenes, preparation, properties and reactions iii) alkynes preparations, properties and
reactions cyclohexane and its structural conformation.

Aromatic Compounds
Chemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compound, carbonyl compounds and amino
compounds.

Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry Practical Course # CHEM-421

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

i) Purification and Chromatographic techniques, Recrystallization, various types of

distillations, paper and thin layer chromatography.
ii) Determination of boiling point and melting point.
iii) Preparations: Nitrobenzene, Acetanilide p-bromoacetanilide and Acetylsalicylic acid
(Asprine)
iv) Elemental and functional group analysis of organic compounds.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Organic Chemistry Vol. 1, "The Fundamental Principles by I.L. Finar, Longman, London.
2. Organic Chemistry, Vol. 11, "Sterochemistry and Chemistry of Natural Products, by I.L.
Finar Longman (U.K.).
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Peter Sykes, Longman Scientific
and Technical (U.K).
50
4. Organic Spectroscopy by Kemp Macmillan (U.K).
5. Small Scale Preparation of Organic compounds by Vogel Longman (U.K).
6. A Guide Book Organic Synthesis by Mackie & Smith Longman (U.K).

BS 2nd Year, Semester-IV

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Course # CHEM-422

Credit Hours (C.H) 02 Marks: 100

Periodic Classification
The long form of the periodic table and electronic basis for the periodic classification. Types of
elements. Periodic properties.

Chemical Bonding
Types of Chemical bonds (ionic, covalent and coordinate bond), Hybridization, Valence shell
electron pair repulsion theory, Valence bond theory of simple molecules and Molecular orbital
theory of simple homoatomic dinuclear molecules.

Acids and Bases

Concepts of acids and bases and their relative strength. Common ion effect with examples.

S-Block Elements
General characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metals based on electronic configuration,
similarities and differences between Group I and II elements.

P-Block Elements
Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the chemistry and structure of
noble gases and their compounds, chemistry and structure of interhalogens, pseudohalogens
and polyhalides. Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization.

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry Practical Course # CHEM-423

Credit Hours (C.H) 01 Marks: 100

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
1. Volumetric Analysis
a) Acid-base titrations
b) Oxidation Reduction titrations with KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7,
c) Iodometry
d) Argentometry

2. Gravimetric Analysis of:

a) SO42-, b) Fe2+ or Fe3+ c) Ni2+ d) Cl-1

51
 CURRICULUM OF CHEMISTRY
FOR
B.Sc. (PASS) PART-I & PART-II
COLLEGE SIDE STUDENTS

Scheme for B.Sc. (Pass) Part-I and Part-II Courses

B.Sc. (Pass) Part-I

Paper Course Title Marks

Paper-I Analytical Chemistry Theory 100
Analytical Chemistry Practical 50
Paper-II Organic Chemistry Theory 100
Organic Chemistry Practical 50
Total 300

B.Sc. (Pass) Part- II

Paper Course Title Marks

Paper-III Inorganic Chemistry Theory 100
Inorganic Chemistry Practical 50
Paper-IV Physical Chemistry Theory 100
Physical Chemistry Practical 50
Total 300

52
B.Sc. (Pass) Part-I Analytical Chemistry Paper-I Marks 100

Course Description
• Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
• Measuring Apparatus
• Expression of Quantities and Concentrations
• Basic Approach to Equilibrium
• Errors in Chemical Analyses and Quality of Results
• Chemicals and reagents
• Use and handling of standards
• Sampling
• Errors
• Precision, Accuracy,
• Statistical Evaluation of Data
• Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Analytical Chemistry Practical Marks 50

B.Sc. (Pass) Part-I Organic Chemistry Paper-II Marks 100

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry-the chemistry of carbon compounds; the nature of organic chemistry-a
historical perspective.

Chemical Bonding and Properties of Organic Molecules

Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond angles,
bond lengths, bond energies and shape of organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive and
field effects; resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism; hyperconjugation; hydrogen bonding; acids
and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases.

Classes and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Classification of organic compounds; development of systematic nomenclature of organic
compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons and heteroatom functional groups.

Functional Group Chemistry

A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, Cyclohexane, alkyl halides, alcohols,
phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives.

Spectroscopy
General introduction to Electromagnetic radiations and modern spectroscopic techniques.
53
Organic Chemistry Practical Marks 50

Subject to the availability of facilities

B.Sc. (Pass) Part-II Inorganic Chemistry Paper-III Marks 100

The Periodic Law and Periodicity

Development of Periodic Table; Classification of elements based on s, p, d and f orbitals, group
trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements, i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii,
ionization potential, electron affinities, electronagetivities and redox potential.

Principles of Chemical Bonding

Types of chemical bonding; ionic bonding; the localized bond approach: VB theory, hybridization
and resonance; the delocalized approach to bonding: molecular orbital theory as applied to
diatomic and polyatomic molecules, three center bonds, bonding theory of metals and
intermetallic compounds; conductors, insulators and semiconductors; bonding in electron
deficient compounds; hydrogen bonding.

Acids and Bases

Concepts of acids and bases including SHAB concept, relative strength of acids and bases,
significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of Indicators, solubility, solubility
product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.

Chemistry of p-block Elements

Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the chemistry and structure of
noble gases and their compounds, chemistry and structure of interhalogens, pseudohalogens
and polyhalides. Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization.

Transition Elements
Electronic configuration, position in periodic table, general characteristics and properties of d-
block elements, nomenclature, nature of coordinate bond, Werner’s theory and Valence bond
theory (VBT).

Chemistry in Industry
Commercial Production of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Caustic Soda
and Washing Soda.
Production of various types of steel.

Inorganic Chemistry Practical Marks 50

Subject to the availability of facilities

54
B.Sc. (Pass) Part-II Physical Chemistry Paper-IV Marks 100

States of Matter
Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules
in motion: collision diameter and mean free path. Physical properties of liquids: surface tension,
viscosity, refractive index etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the
molecules in liquids. Packing of atoms in solids. Unit cells and crystal systems. Method of
crystal structure analysis. Brief account of polymers and composite materials with special
emphasis on superconductors, semi-conductors etc. Introduction to plasma. Liquid crystals and
Bose-Einstein condensates.

Chemical Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Thermodynamic functions: internal energy,
enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Relation between thermodynamic functions. van’t Hoff’s
equation. Heat capacities, concept of entropy and probability.

Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction. Rate law, order and molecularity of the reactions. Zero, first and second order
reactions. Determination of reaction order and its rate constant. Effect of temperature on the
reaction rate. Concepts of chemical equilibrium. Le-Chatelier’s principle and its applications.
Elementary concepts underlying complex and fast reactions.

Solution Chemistry
Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s and Henery’s laws and their applications. Molecular
interactions in solutions. Colligative properties. Distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture.

Surface Chemistry
Concept of interfaces. Adsorption and adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherms. Catalysis, colloids emulsion and their industrial applications.

Electrochemistry
Basic concepts of electrochemistry. Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and
Kohlrausch’s law. Debye-Hueckel theory and activity coefficient. Application of conductance
measurement. Electrode potential. Electrochemical cell. Application of electrode potential

Physical Chemistry Practical Marks 50

Subject to the availability of facilities

55
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