RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AFFILIATED TO POKHARA UNIVERSITY

SANIAMBAPUR, SARRA DANG

A REPORT ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SARRA SHOPPING

MALL

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Arbin Chaudhary :-20041212 Department of Civil Engineering Rapti
Hari Basnet :-20041221 Engineering College
Jayram Chaudhary :-20041222
Kamal Basnet :-20041223
Sagar Khanal :-20041229
Sarita Kharel :-20041232
Niraj Basnet :-20040866

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SANIAMBAPUR, SARRA DANG

1
 Abbreviations
LL : Live load
DL : Dead load
EQ : Earthquake load
ESM : Equivalent Static Method
SBC : Safe Bearing Capacity
Vb : Seismic base shear
Ah : Design horizontal seismic coefficient
W : Seismic weight of the structure
Z : Seismic one factor
I : Importance factor
R : Response reduction factor
RCC : Reinforced concrete
Sa/g : Spectral acceleration coefficient
Ta : Fundamental period of vibration
D : Overall depth
Deff : Effective depth
Pt : Percentage of steel
Vu : shear force
Tv : Nominal shear stress
Tc : Design shear strength
Fck : Characteristics strength of concrete
Fy : Minimum yield stress of steel
BM : Factored/bending moment
SF : Factored/shear force
c/c : center to center

# : Diameter of re-bar

Ast : Area of steel

S : Pitch of Stirrups

H : Height of the building

d' : Effective cover to reinforcement

fb : Compressive strength of brick unit

2
fmo : Compressive strength of mortar

Em : Modulus of elasticity of masonry

col Average shear stress on column

nc Total no. of columns

nf Total no. of frames in the direction of

loading

Vi Storey shear at level i

Ac Total cross-sectional area of columns

Nf1 Total no. of frames along X-direction

Nf2 Total no. of frames along Y-direction

L Length of the building

D Base dimension of the building

c/c Clear cover

d’ Effective cover

Ag Area of column

Arebar Area of rebar

Sv Spacing of stirrups

Asv Area of stirrups

Atensin Area of Tension rebar

P Percentage of steel

Mhog Moment of resistance due to hoggiet

Msag Moment of resistance due to moment

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are
extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our final year project work. Whatever we
have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

Firstly, we would like to thank Institute of Engineering for including the final year project as a part of our
curriculum. Special thanks go to Er.BR joshi sir and Department of Civil Engineering for initiating and
facilitating this Building Project to further enhance our knowledge of structural analysis and design.

We respect and thank our Supervisor – Er. Dipesh D.C. For providing us all support and guidance during
the working phase.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all
teaching staffs and Department of Civil Engineering which helped us in successfully completing our project
work.

Acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning our family members and friends who have
been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of the project.

4
 ABSTRACT
The project comprises of making planning, analysis, design and estimation of shopping mall at Sarra, Dang.
The principle objectives of this project are to plan, analysis and design shopping mall using AutoCAD,
Revit architecture and Etabs. The design also involves building consists of basement parking, 5 stored of
total area. The building consist of various types of shops, trade offices, restaurants etc. thus we have
provided all adequate features to our maximum level required for a shopping complex. We design the
building as a frame structure in limit state method for calculating beam moment both for safety and
serviceability. The plinth area is about 760.72m^2. This floor comprises of shops, First floor with or with
various shops, Third floor is provided with shops, restaurant food court, play area etc. design of structural
component such as slabs, beam ,column, staircase and footing are carried out as per IS: 456-2000.

This Project aim to understand the relationship between the popularity and attractiveness of commercial
buildings, shopping malls and any relationship with visitor satisfaction. This would assist in designing new
malls or commercial buildings, predict their degree of popularity, and help achieve both higher revenue
resulting from increasing the number of visitors and their satisfaction, comfort and enjoyment of the space.

The material was used as specified by national building code. Concrete M20 grade and Fe 415 steel bar
were considered for all the design. Brick wall are worked in C.M 1:5 mix 230mm thick. The mall is built
with almost all the amenities required for the people to get internet in their busy schedule. This structure is
going to be design with the view that all the entertainment facilities should be made available one roof. The
overall plinth area of the mall is 760.72m^2.
The project will commence within the above mentioned criteria and the strength and serviceability will be
checked. If the condition are okay the final output of the project as detailed drawings will be obtained else
certain changes in the design will be required

5
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 8
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................................9
1.3 Objectives of the project ................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................10
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................. 10
1.6 Limitation ....................................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Methodology for architectural ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2 Methodology for structural plan ..................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS DESIGN AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................25
4.1 General Parameters of the Building ............................................................................................25
4.2 Structural Parameters of the Building .........................................................................................25
4.3 Material Properties ......................................................................................................................26
4.3.1 Concrete ...................................................................................................................................26
4.3.2 Reinforcement Steel .................................................................................................................26
4.4 Analysis and Design Basis ..........................................................................................................26
4.5 Design Methodology .................................................................................................................. 27
Limit States .......................................................................................................................................27
Ultimate Limit State Verification: .................................................................................................... 27
Serviceability Limit State Verification: ............................................................................................28
4.6 LOADING ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Load Cases ........................................................................................................................................29
4.6.1 Dead Load (DL) .......................................................................................................................30
4.6.2 Live Load (LL) ........................................................................................................................ 32
4.6.3 Earthquake Load (EL) ..............................................................................................................33
4.6.4 Wind Load (WL) ..................................................................................................................... 39
4.7 Modeling of the structure ................................................................................................................40
4.7.1 Modeling Approach ................................................................................................................. 40
6
 4.7.2 Properties and Sections of Structural Elements ....................................................................... 41
4.8 Analysis of the building ..................................................................................................................41
4.8.1 Base Shear and Lateral Forces .................................................................................................41
4.8.2 Displace and Drift in the Building ...........................................................................................42
4.8.3 Modal Results (Mode Shapes, Time Periods, Participation Factors) ...................................... 46
4.9 Member Forces (Frame Forces, Shell Forces / Stresses) ................................................................ 47
4.9.1 Axial Force .............................................................................................................................. 47
4.9.2 Shear Force .............................................................................................................................. 48
4.9.3 Bending Moment ..................................................................................................................... 49
4.10 Design of structural elements ....................................................................................................... 50
4.10.1 Structural Details of Beam .........................................................................................................56
4.10.2 Structural Details of Column ..................................................................................................... 57
4.10.3 Structural Details of Footing ..................................................................................................... 58
4.11 Structural Details of Stair ......................................................................................................... 69
4.12 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB .............................................................................................71
CHAPTER 5. CONLUSION AND DESCRIPTION .............................................................................78

7
 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
This project deals with design of planning, analysis and designing of a shopping mall. The project
comprises of making planning, analysis and design of shopping mall at Sarra, dang. The principle objective
of this project is to plan, analyses and design shopping mall using AutoCAD and Etabs.

One of the three fundamental needs of human life is shelter to meet functional requirements and to be
against the adverse environment impact from stone cave to scraper. The high rise building are those which
people consider as one of that is taller than the maximum height which they are willing to walk up. It
requires a vertical transport device known as lift. High rise building may be defined as a structure must be
based on solid ground and fabricated along its full height through deliberated process. A shopping mall is
one or more merchandising building with linked pathways that allow well as a parking area a modern,
indoor version of the old marketplace amid visually different surroundings.

Nepal is located in a seismic zone and is prone to earthquake we have experienced several earthquake in the
past, the most recent one being the Gorkha Earthquake April 25, 2015 which measured 7.8 on the Richter
scale. Proper analysis and safe design of structures therefore, carries importance which is the reason why
we proper to perform a project on seismic resistant building design.

Dang district is the district of Lumbini province located in the inner Terai of Midwestern Nepal. Deukhuri
valley of the district is the capital of the province and is the second largest valley of Asia surrounded by
sivalik hills and Mahabharata Range. The district headquarter Ghorahi is the seventh largest city and the
largest sub-metropolitan city of Nepal. Tulsipur sub-metropolitan city, the second largest city of dang is a
major transportation hub with an extensive road.

Sarra is situated in ward.16, of Ghorahi sub-metropolitan in Dang district. The lack of shopping malls in
Sarra area has led to a gap in the retail market, resulting in a need for the construction of a new shopping
mall to meet the demands of the growing population and provides a convenient shopping experience for the
community. Therefore, the construction of a new shopping mall is not only essential for meeting the needs
of the local community but also for contributing to the growth of the local economy.

8
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The lack of shopping malls in the area has led to a gap in the retail market, resulting in a need for the
construction of a new shopping mall to meet the demands of the growing population and provides a
convenient shopping experience for the community. The retail industry is a vital component of any
economy. It contributes significantly to the growth of the country’s GDP and creates employment
opportunities for people. However, the lack of shopping malls in the area has led to a gap in the retail
market. As a result, the local communities have to travel long distances to buy their daily essentials. This
inconvenience not only leads to increased travel expenses but also results in a waste of time. Therefore,
there is a need for the construction of a new shopping mall to meet the demands of the growing population
and provides a convenient shopping experience for the community. The current shopping options available
in the area are limited. The existing stores are small and do not offer a wide range of products. This lack of
variety makes it difficult for people to find what they need. Additionally, the stores are often crowded,
making it challenging to move around and shop comfortably. The absence of a modern shopping mall in the
area means that people have to travel to neighboring towns and cities to shop. This inconvenience not only
results in a waste of time but also increases travel expenses for residents. Therefore, the construction of a
new shopping mall will help to cater to the needs of the local community and provide a modern shopping
experience. The construction of a new shopping mall will have a positive impact on the local economy. It
will create job opportunities for people in the area and contribute to the growth of the retail industry. The
mall will attract people from neighboring towns and cities, which will help to boost the local economy.
Additionally, the mall will provide a platform for local businesses to showcase their products and services,
which will help to promote entrepreneurship and innovation. Therefore, the construction of a new shopping
mall is not only essential for meeting the needs of the local community but also for contributing to the
growth of the local economy.
1.3 Objectives of the project
1. General Objectives
The general objectives of these study is to analyze and design different structural component of element
and earthquake resistance multistoried building and detail of them according to the codal requirement of
IS 456-2000 and using Auto CAD & ETABS.
2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this study will be to:-
 To determine architectural design and drawing
 To Analysis of structure and design of the structural components accordingly.
 To Detailing of structure members.
 To Preparation of a complete document as a final report.

9
1.4 Significance of the Study
Shopping mall plays an important role in communities by providing a central location for people to shop,
socialize, and access services. They can serve as a hub for local business, creating jobs and supporting the
local economy.
Shopping mall can also provide community services such as healthcare clinics, libraries and government
offices. It will show the capability of the house to meet the need of the client’s.
Shopping mall can benefits a community by providing jobs and generating economic activity, as well as
offering a convenient location for people to purchase goods and services. They can also serve as a
community gathering place, offering spaces for events and socializing.
Shopping in the mall is really fun and it helps people to make a good and friendly
connection with people. Kids playing in shopping mall make it easy for kids to play and
enjoy their free time. It will be devoted to facilities requirement.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

Under the scope of the study, discuss focusing either geographical area or target ground/population or
research area, Similarly, the excepted challenges in the study that may limit the authenticity of the study
should be discussed.

Scope:

 This project work is limited to the structural analysis and the design only.
 The main scope of this assignment is to prepare detail project report, support for local and GON
approval of project preparation of the detail engineering report for basic infrastructure sub projects.
 The project is not concerned with the existing soil condition of the locality.
 The bearing capacity of the soil is assumed.
 The environmental, social and economic condition of that locality is not taken in consideration.
 Preparation of architectural plan according to client requirements.

1.6 Limitation
The law of Limitations creates a difficult question for those involved in construction projects: When does
the limitation period begin for a claim in negligence arising from a construction project.

 Difficult to interact with public.

 Time Constraints.
 Budget Constraint.
 Resource constraints.
 Technical, scope, environmental, regulatory limitations.

10
 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Every engineering design is the outcome of the past-experiences and observations. It is

necessary to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to the pre-existing standard
results or the past-experiences. Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength
and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure
capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its service life. Safe design of structures can be
achieved by applying the proper knowledge of structural mechanics and past experiences. It is needed to
provide authentic reference to the design made i.e. the design should follow the provision made in codes of
practices. Use of codes also keeps the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within its service
life. For this design, certain references and criteria are taken from the literatures discussed below:
1. Nepal National Building Code (NBC: 206- 1994):
Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1994 as part of a bigger project to mitigate the effect of
earthquakes on the building of Nepal. It deals primarily with matters relating to the strength of buildings.
However, there are some chapters on site considerations and safety during construction and fire hazards.
This code aims to bring uniformity to the building construction by providing some bye-laws and mandatory
rules. However, its development is relatively recent and it still lacks many documents required to support it.
To compensate for this unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian Standard codes. The four
different levels of sophistication of design and construction that are being addressed in this National
Building Code are as follows:
i. International state-of-art
ii. Professionally engineered structures
iii. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
iv. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.
This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e. professionally Engineered Structures. As the National
Building Code defines the use of international codes, which meets the requirements stated in NBC,
different Indian Standard codes are used for the design and analysis purpose.
2. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian Standard code since
National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient information and refers frequently to the Indian
standard codes. Indian Standard codes used in the analysis and design of this building are described below:

3. IS: 875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)-

Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:

11
A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the utility of the
building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic,
sanitation, ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum
requirements prescribed for each of the above functions. The minimum requirements pertaining to the
structural safety of the building are being covered in this code by way of laying down minimum designed
load which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed load, snow load and other external loads, the
structure is required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standard recommended in this code claims to
ensure the safety of the buildings and thereby reduced the hazards to life and property caused by unsafe
structures as well as eliminates the wastage caused by the assumption of unnecessary heavy loading.

4. Nepal national building code NBC: 105-2020

According to Nepal national building cone NBC: 105-2020 for the structural design of several component
of building following requirement should be satisfied.
5. Beam

Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between one more

supports, and carrying vertical loads across its longitudinal axis as a girder, joist, purlin, or rafter.
Preliminary design of beam has been performed using thumb rule of 1”to 12” i.e. deff =span/12 to span/15
basic is adopted to consider the preliminary design of the beam section with ratio; b/D=1/2 to 1/3.
5.1 Types of beam
5.1.1 Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam is one whose one end is fixed and the other end carries a point or concentrated load.
5.1.2 Simply Supported Beam
A simply supported beam is one which carries two reaction forces at its two ends & a point load at its
mid-point.
5.1.3 Overhanging Beam
It is a type of simply supported beam which overhangs from its supports. An overhanging beam may
overhang on one side only or on both sides of the supports.

5.1.4 Rigidly Fixed or Built-In-Beam

It is a type of beam in which both ends are fixed and carries a point load at its centre.
5.1.5 Continuous Beam
It is a type of overhanging beam which consists of a numerous reaction forces and point load.

12
  Design of Reinforcement Beam
Step 1:
Determine Xumax /D for given grade of steel
Step 2:
Determine limiting moment of resistance (Annex G.1.16)
Mulimit=0.36fck( Xumax/d)[1-0.42 Xumax/d)^2 db
Step 3:
Compare Mu and Mulimit
If Mu=Mulimit (balanced section)
Ast=Mu/0.87fy (d-0.42Xumax)
Mu<Mulimit(under reinforced section)(Annex G1.3.b)
Mu=0.87 fy Ast d (1-Astfy/bdfck)
Step 4:
Mu>Mulimit the section is over reinforced and hence should be redesigned or designed a doubly reinforced
section.
 According to NBC: 105-2020 following are the criteria for design of beam:
1. Dimensional Limits
a) Beams shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3
b) Beams shall not have width less than 200 mm
c) Beams shall not have depth D more than 1/4th of clear span.
d) Width of beam bw shall not exceed the width of supporting member.

2. Transverse Reinforcement
a) Only vertical links/stirrups shall be used in beams inclined links/stirrups shall not be used.
b) Links/stirrups are permitted to be made of two pieces of bars also, namely a U-link with a 135° hook
with an extension of 6 times diameter (but not less than 65 mm) at each end, embedded in the core concrete,
and a cross-tie (see Fig. 4-1).
c) The hooks of the links/stirrups and cross-ties shall engage around peripheral longitudinal bars.
Consecutive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shall have their 90° hooks at opposite sides of
the beam.
6.Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

13
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In
architecture, “column” refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features. Preliminary design of column is done considering column of grid. For the load acting in the
column, live load is decreased according to IS 975-1978(PART2) and then design is carried out using sp-16
TYPES
6.1 Uniaxial column:
The column having axial lad acted in such a way that it is eccentric about one axis of the plane column then
it is called uni-axial column.
3.2 Biaxial column:
If the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of column then it is called biaxial column.
Design steps for column
 Calculation of design load
 Assume percentage of steel
 Calculation of size of column
 Check for slenderness ratio
 Check for eccentricity
 Calculate area of steel
 Design of ties
 Calculation of pitch
According to NBC: 105-2020 following are the criteria for the design of column
Requirements of this section shall apply to columns resisting earthquake-induced effects, in which the
factored axial compressive stress due to gravity and earthquake effects exceeds 0.08fck
Dimensional Limits
a) The minimum dimension of a column shall not be less than 20 dB, where dB is diameter of the largest
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar in the beam passing through or anchoring into the column at the
joint.
b) The minimum dimension of column shall be 300 mm.
c) Columns shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.45.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
a) Circular columns shall have a minimum of 6 numbers of bars and rectangular columns shall have a
minimum of 8 numbers of bars.
b) Minimum longitudinal steel ratio ρmin shall be0.01.
c) Maximum longitudinal steel ratio ρmax shall be 0.04.
d) Minimum diameter of the longitudinal bar shall be 12 mm.
14
Transverse Reinforcement
a) Transverse reinforcement shall consist of closed loops of spiral/ circular links/hoops for circular columns,
and rectangular links/hoops for rectangular columns.
b) The closed links/hoops shall have 135° hook ends with an extension of 6 times its diameter (but not < 65
mm) at each end, which are embedded in the confined core of the column.
c) The minimum diameter of a link/hoop shall be 8 mm
7. Footing
In a typical structure built on ground, the part which lies below the ground is referred to as the substructure
or the foundation structure. The purpose of foundation to effectively support the superstructure. The
foundation provided fora RC column is called as column base or a column footing reinforced concrete
footing are designed to resist the design factored moments and shear force due to the imposed loads. The
area of the footing should be such that the
bearing pressure developed at the base of footing does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
TYPES OF FOOTING
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Wall footing
Spread footing
Raft or mat footing
Strap footing
Cantilever footing
Design steps of footing
 Calculation of total load
 Calculation of area of footing
 Calculation of size of footing
 Calculation of soil pressure due to factored column
 Depth of footing is calculated by using three method
a. By one way shear criteria
b. By two way shear criteria
c. By bending moment criteria
 Determine area of reinforcement required by equation:
Mu=0.87 fyastd(1-fyast/fckBd)
 Check for development length

15
8. Slab
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings .Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced
concrete, typically between 100 and 500 millimeters thick, are most often used to construct floors and
ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.

One way slab

A One way slab is a simply a very wide beam that’s span between supports. A rectangular reinforced
concrete slab which spans a distance very much greater in one direction than the other; under these
conditions ,most of the load is carried on the shorter span.

Two way slab

A concrete lab support by beams along all four edges and reinforced with steel bar arranged perpendicularly.

A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two direction

Rectangular reinforced concrete slab having a span on long side.

LY/LX<2

Design steps of one way slab

Calculation of design parameter for given slab with given grade of concrete and steel considering the
balanced section

a. xu(limit)=0.53d/0.48d according to the fy

b. mu(limit)=0.183fckbd^2 /0.138fckbd^2 according to fy
c. Assume modification factor Bv*&*w del (cluse 23.2.1)2.
2. Calculate assume effective depth for deflection criteria.
3. Calculate the design loads
4. Calculate maximum bending moment according to type of slab
5. Calculate the actual effective depth
6. Calculate area of main reinforcement
7. Area of distribution reinforcement is provided as per minimum reinforcement criteria
8. Check for shear
9. Check for development length
10. Deflection for deflection

9. Regulations of national building code of Nepal

16
The National Building code of Nepal is a single document in which, like a network, the information
contained in various Nepal Standards is woven into
a pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements ofsections carefully analyzed and
fitted into make the whole document a cogent continuous volume.
A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself, contributes considerably to the economies in
construction particularly in building and plumbing services.
9.1 Plinth Regulations
No plinth or any part of the building should be less than 30cm above the determined level of:
 The center part of abutting street.
 The foot path of the abutting street.
 The highest part of the service lane which determines the drainage of the premises.
 Any portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building.
 Undulating or slopping land 1.2m above the drainage or country water level.
9.2 Rest Room
The height of the water closets measure from the surface of the floor to the lowest point to the ceiling shall
not be less than 2m.
 The area of water closet shall be 1.1m with the minimum width of 0.9m.
It should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open pace of area not less than 0.3m2 with side not less
than 0.3m.
9.3 Parapet Wall
Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof terrace shall not be less than 1.05m and not more
than 1.2m in height from finished floor level.
9.4 Boundary Wall
Except from with special permission of the authority, the maximum height of the compound wall shall be
1.5m above the center line of the front street.
 Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m is of the open type, the
construction of the design is to be approved by the authority.\
 In case of corner plot, the height of the boundary wall shall be restricted to 0.75m for a length of
10m on the front and side of the intersection sand the balance height of 0.75m if required in
accordance with open type constructions and the design is to be approved by the authority.

9.5 Stair case

17
  For shopping complex building the minimum width of stair case is 1.2m
 The rise should not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not be less than 200mm
Lifts indicates appliance designed to transport persons or material in a vertical direction A. Lift
Provision requirement
 Provision of Lift(s) shall be made for all the buildings above 5 stories or 16m in height.
 Provision of at least two lifts shall be made for high rise building [above 8 stories or 25m in height].
At least one of the lift shall be fire lift that can be used by fire fighter for rescue and access in case
of emergency.
 If lifts are provided, at least one of the lifts within the buildings under category 2 and 3 of ‘Disabled
Accessibility’ shall be accessible to the people on the wheel chairs. It may be noted however that
provision of lifts for buildings under category 2 is not mandatory while in case of category 3, ramps
may substitute for lifts. 16 B. Lift Size and Capacity requirement
 Minimum width of the Category 3 disabled accessible lift car shall be 1200mm X 1400mm while it
shall have minimum clear opening of 800mm
 Minimum width of Hospital lift car shall be 1200mm X 2400mm while having a minimum clear
opening of 900mm
 A fireman’s lift shall have loading capacity of not less than 500kg [8 persons]. The lift car of the fire
lift shall have floor area not less than 1.44sq.m.
9.6 Basements
Basements are the lower story or story of a building that are either completely below the average ground
level or extending up to 1.2m above the average ground level. Any floor above 1.2m level shall be
considered as Semi-basement floor.
A. Basic Requirements
 Basement floor shall not be used for residential purpose
 The minimum height of the basement floor shall be 2.4m
 Adequate arrangement shall be made such that surface drainage doesn’t enter the basement. The
walls and floors of the basement shall be water tight.

18
 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY

The design and analysis of a shopping mall involve several key steps and considerations. Here is a general
methodology that can be followed:
1. Define the Project Scope: Clearly outline the objectives, target market, and size of the shopping
mall project. Determine the expected number and types of stores, amenities, and services to be
included.
2. Market Research and Feasibility Study: Conduct thorough market research to assess the demand for
a shopping mall in the target location. Analyze demographic data, consumer preferences,
competition, and economic factors. Evaluate the financial feasibility and viability of the project.
3. Site Selection: Identify potential sites for the shopping mall based on accessibility, proximity to
transportation, visibility, and available infrastructure. Consider factors like zoning regulations, land
cost, and future expansion possibilities.
4. Conceptual Design: Develop a conceptual design that incorporates the overall layout, circulation
paths, and zoning of different areas within the mall. Consider the allocation of space for anchor
stores, smaller retail units, food courts, entertainment areas, common spaces, parking, and other
amenities.
5. Architectural Design: Collaborate with architects and designers to create detailed architectural plans
for the shopping mall. This includes the exterior façade, interior layouts, store designs, signage,
lighting, landscaping, and other aesthetic elements. Ensure compliance with building codes and
regulations.
6. Tenant Mix and Leasing Strategy: Determine the tenant mix and leasing strategy based on market
research and target demographics. Identify anchor tenants, specialty retailers, food and beverage
options, entertainment providers, and other service providers. Develop leasing contracts and
negotiate terms with potential tenants.
7. Traffic and Circulation Analysis: Conduct a thorough analysis of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
flow within and around the shopping mall. Optimize circulation paths, entrances, exits, parking
areas, and loading zones to ensure efficient movement and minimize congestion.
8. Infrastructure and Utility Planning: Plan for necessary infrastructure requirements such as electrical
systems, HVAC, plumbing, fire safety, security systems, and technology infrastructure. Ensure
appropriate utility connections, waste management, and environmental considerations.
9. Preliminary design
The approximate sizes of the structural elements were determined through preliminary design so
that after analysis the presumed dimension might not deviated considerably, thus making the final

19
 design for both safe and economical purpose. Approximate size of various elements has been design
as follow.
1. Slab
For slab, preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria as specified in IS 456-2000,
clause 23.2.1
2. Beam
The preliminary design of beam has been performed using thumb rule of 1” to 12” that
deff=span/12 to span/15 basic is adopted to consider the preliminary design of the beam section
with ration:b/D=1/2 to 1/3
3. Column
The preliminary design is done considering column of grid as below. For the load acting in the
column, live load is decreased according to IS 975-1978(part2) and then design is carried out
using SP16.
4. Staircase
The design building consists one staircase and is design separately as per drawing show in the
annex.
10. Design method
Design for earthquake actions shall be in accordance with Limit State Method (LSM).
10.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LIMIT STATE METHOD
Load Combinations for Parallel Systems Where seismic load effect is combined with other load
effects, the following load combination shall be adopted.
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + E.................................................................................1
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities
= 0.3 for other usage
10.2 Load Combinations for Non- Parallel Systems
When lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along mutually orthogonal horizontal
directions, structure shall be designed for the simultaneous effects due to full design earthquake load
in one direction plus 30 percent of design earthquake load along the other horizontal direction. In
this case, the following load combination shall be adopted.
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + (Ex + 0.3Ey)
DL + λLL + (0.3Ex + Ey) ………………………………………..2
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities

20
 = 0.3 for other usage
11. Analysis of structure &design
The following general steps are required to analyze and design a structure using SAP.
1. Create or modify a mood
2. Perform an analysis of the model.
3. Review the results of the analysis.
4. Check and optimize the design of the structure for safety and serviceability.
5. Load combinations(as per IS 456:2000, table 18)
Table 18 Values of Partial Safety Factor Yf for Loads
(Clause.t 18.2.3.1.36.4.1 andB-4.3)
 1.5(DL+LL)
 1.2(DL+LL+EL)
 1.5(DL+EL)
 0.9DL+A.5EL
 DL+LL
12. Detailing of structure element
Reinforcement detailing of most of the important components are shown in drawings. The detailing
of the reinforcement is carried out as required by IS: 456-2000; IS:1893-2002, IS:13920-1993 and
SP-34.
13. Presentation
The steps involved in the planning and design stages have been presented in this report. The results
of most of the calculation works, analysis results and the design have presented in tabular form. A
sample calculation of each steps has been provided to clarify the works. The relevant architectural
drawings also have been included.
14. Idealization and assumption in analysis and design
Various assumptions have been made in analysis and design of the structure, for consideration of
simplicity and economy. They are:
 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 Shrinkage and temperature strength are negligible.
 Addition between concrete and steel is adequate to develop full strength
 Seismic and wind load do not occur simultaneously.
 Centerlines of beam and columns are concurrent everywhere.

21
3.1 Methodology for architectural

Select area of interest

Select project

No

Find
statement
problem

Yes

Literature review

Set project objective

Write project proposal

No

Proposal
defense

Yes

Collected field data

22
 Set architectural requirement of project

Architectural design drawing with master plan

Structure design drawing

Cost estimation

Report
writing
Final defense and approve by
department

23
3.2 Methodology for structural plan

Review architectural drawing

Material selection

Cross section selection

Define load pattern load

combination and calculation of all
load
No
Assign all loads on
structure

Check deflection,
model mass
participation,
base shear,
torsion, etc

Yes

Calculate size of member

and reinforcement
requirement

Drawing detailing of
structure members

24
 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS DESIGN AND DISCUSSION

4.1 General Parameters of the Building

Table1General Parameter of the Building

4.1.1 Building id :
4.1.2 Type of Building : Commercial Building

4.1.3 Structural Typology : Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame

Structure
4.1.4 No of Story : G+3 Storey
4.1.5 Length of Building c/c : 23.0 m
4.1.6 Breadth of Building c/c : 7.0 m
4.1.7 Height of Building : 13.5 m

4.1.8 Door and Windows : Aluminums Frame and glass Panel

4.1.9 Plinth Level : 900mm From Existing Ground Level
4.1.10 Roof Floor Type : Flat Roof
4.1.11 Walls : Brick Masonry (230mm) & internal brick wall 105 mm
4.1.12 Footing Type : Isolated & Combined

4.2 Structural Parameters of the Building

Table 2 Structural Parameter of the Building

4.2.1 Columns : 450 mm X 450 mm

4.2.2 Beam
Main Beam (Roof & Stair cover) : 260 mm X 400 mm
Main Beam (GF, FF & SF ) 325 mm X 475 mm
Plinth Tie Beam : 350 mm X 350 mm
4.2.3 Slab
Floor Slab : :125mm
Waist Slab (Staircase) : :150 mm
4.2.4 Soil Type : :SBC 150 kN/m2 Soil Type C

4.2.5 Seismic Zone : Sarra Dang (NBC105-2020) Z = 0.40

25
4.3 Material Properties

4.3.1 Concrete
All components of plain and reinforced concrete unless specified in design are M25
grade.
Modulus of Elasticity (Ec) = 5000 √fckN/mm2 (Cl. 6.2.3.1,IS 456:2000)
=25000N/mm2
Poisson’s Ratio (u) =0.2
Unit Weight = 25 kN/m3
Characteristic Strength (ƒck) =25N/mm2
The structural design strength is derived from the characteristic strength multiplied by
A coefficient 0.67 and divided by the material partial safety factor. The partial factor for
concrete in flexure and axial load is 1.5.

4.3.2 Reinforcement Steel

Characteristic strength of high yield steel is taken as 500MPa for main rebar and shear
rebar and material partial safety factor is to be1.15.

Modulus of Elasticity(Es) = 2x105

N/mm2Poisson’s Ratio (u) =0.3
4.4 Analysis and Design Basis
Computer Aided Design: ETABSV19
Analysis method for Earthquake resistant design: Equivalent Static Method
Level of design: Professionally Engineered Structure
Type of design load cases considered:
Dead Load
Live Load
Seismic load

26
4.5 Design Methodology
The 3D structure is analyzed as moment resisting frames i.e. space frames.
Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, i.e.IS: 456-2000 for
design of Structural Elements had been followed.
Limit State Method bases on safety and serviceability requirements associated with the
design loads and design strengths of the materials has been used. These design loads and
design strengths are obtained by applying partial safety factors for characteristic loads and
strengths of the materials concrete and steel.

Limit States
The Limit State method of design covers the various forms of failure. There are several limit
states at which the structure ceases to function, the most important among them being,
a) The limit state of collapse or total failure of structure.
It corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse implies failure.
This limit state corresponds to Flexure, Compression, Shear and Torsion.

Ultimate Limit State Verification:

Ultimate limit states are associated with collapse or with other forms of structural failure
which might endanger the safety of people. Design for ultimate limit state represents a
procedure that ensures the probability of collapse of a structure is at an acceptable level. The
ultimate limit state performance requirements are met when the structure satisfies the
following:
1. The structural system has the required resistance and energy dissipation capacity;
2. The structure as a whole shall be checked to ensure that it is stable under the
design seismic forces. Both over turning and sliding stability shall be taken into
account;
3. The structural system shall continue to perform its load-bearing function;
4. Both the foundation elements and the foundation soil are able to resist the forces
resulting from the response of the superstructure without substantial permanent
deformations;
5. Non-structural systems which are essential for safe evacuation from the structure shall
continue to function;
6. The nonstructural elements do not present risks to people and does not have a
detrimental effect on the response of the structural elements.

27
 b) The limit state of serviceability includes excessive deflection and excessive local
damage. Excessive deflection adversely affects the finishes and excessive local damage
results in cracking of concrete, which impairs the efficiency, or appearance of the structure
Serviceability Limit State Verification:
Damage limitation states are associated with damage beyond which specified service
requirements are no longer met. It represents a level of force within the structure below which
there is a high degree of assurance that the structure can continue to be used as
originallyintendedwithoutrepair.Theserviceabilitylimitstateperformancerequirementsaremetw
henthe structure satisfies the following:

1. The structural system shall not experience deformations that result in structural or
non-structural damage that can prevent the structure from performing its intended
original function.
2. In structures important for civil protection, the structure shall have sufficient
resistance and stiffness to remain operational so that it can perform its function of the
vital services in the event of an earthquake.

28
4.6 LOADING
The following considerations are made during the loading on the structural model:
 The loads distributed over the area are imposed on the area element and the loads
distributed over the length are imposed on the frame elements whenever possible.
 Where such loading is not possible, equivalent conversion to different loading
distribution is carried to load the model near the real case as far as possible.
 For lateral load, necessary calculations are performed to comply with the
requirements of NBC-105-2020

Load Cases
The following load cases are used for the loading during analysis.
Table3 Load Cases

Load Name Load Type Description Unit Remarks

Dead Dead Self-weight of the structure KN/m2

Wall S. Dead Wall Load KN/m On floor & roof beam

Finish(FF) S. Dead Floor Finish Load KN/m2 On floor & roof slab

Partition S. Dead Partition Wall Load KN/m2 On floor and roof beam

Stair Load S. Dead Stairs case load on stair KN/m2 On Stair slab

LL Live Imposed Load KN/m2 On floor slab

EQX-ULS Quake SeismicCoefficientNBC-105- X+0.1Y-0.1Y

2020-UltimateLimit State

EQY-ULS Quake SeismicCoefficientNBC-105- Y+0.1X-0.1X

2020-UltimateLimit State

EQX-SLS Quake SeismicCoefficientNBC-105- X+0.1Y-0.1Y

2020-ServicibilityLimit State

EQY-SLS Quake SeismicCoefficientNBC-105- Y+0.1X-0.1X

2020-ServicibilityLimit State

29
RSX ULS Response ResponseSpectrumNBC-105-
2020,UltimateLimitState

RSXSLS Response ResponseSpectrumNBC-105-

2020,ServiceabilityLimitState

RSYULS Response ResponseSpectrumNBC-105-

2020,UltimateLimitState

RSYSLS Response ResponseSpectrumNBC-105-

2020,ServiceabilityLimitState

4.6.1 Dead Load (DL)

Dead Load is the load calculated from preliminary design of members of building and other
over burdens. Preliminary designs of elements like beams, slab, columns etc are done by
assuming their dimensions by thumbs rule and their respective self-loads are calculated by
considering weight of these elements plus walls (parapet, partition), floor finishing, and all
architectural elements.
All loads/forces due to gravity on the components of the building structure including the
structures self-weight, roofing, flooring, suspended ceiling, wall/partition, services including
machinery, piping, rack with all associated finishing permanently attached there to are
calculated in accordance with IS: 875 (Part 1)-1987.

Table4Unit Weight as per IS875(Part 1)-1987

S.N Type Value

1 Reinforced Concrete 25 KN/m3

2 Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

3 Screed 20.4KN/m3

4 Marble 25 KN/m3

5 Mosaic finish 23.1 KN/m3

6 Plaster 20.4 KN/m3

7 Steel Rebar 78.6 KN/m3

30
Table 5 Floor Finish
Calculation

Table 6 Wall Load Calculation

31
4.6.2 Live Load (LL)
The load assumed to be produced by the intended use and occupancy of a building, including
the loads of movable partition, impact, vibration, and dust, but excluding wind, seismic, snow
and other loads due to temperature changes, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc., in
accordance with IS 875(Part2)–1987.A few typical assumed live loads are listed below:

Table: 7 Live Load

32
 4.6.3 Earthquake Load (EL)
The earthquake load is calculated using NBC-105-2020 Using Equivalent Static Method.

EQ Load As Per NBC-105

Time Period

CL.5.1.1 Rayleigh Method

Fi
S.N Story Height (m) Fi (KN) di (m) Wi (KN) Wi di^2
di
1 ROOF 13.5
2 SF TOP 10.5
3 FF TOP 7.5
4 GF TOP 4.5
5 PLINTH 1.5
6 Base 0

33
CL.5.1.2 Emperical Method

T= 0.528216 Sec
CL.5.1.3 Amplification of Approximate Time Period

T= 0.6602701 Sec

CL.4.1.1 Elastic Site Spectra

CL.4.1.2 Spectra Shape Factor Ch(T)

34
 For Time Period T = 0.66027 Sec
Ch(T) = 2.5
Soil Type B
Zone factor For Dang Z 0.4 Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Importance Factor Residential I 1.25

Elastic Site Spectra C (T1) =1.25

4
1.5

CL.6 Equivalent Static Method

CL.6.1.1 Ultimate Limit State

Cd(T) 0.20833

CL.6.1.2 Servisibility Limit State

35
 Cs(T) 0.25
1.25 from table 5.2
Cd(T) 0.2000

CL.5.1.1 Rayleigh Method

36
 For EQX ULS

S.N Story Height (m) Fi (KN) di (mm) Wi (KN) Wi di^2 Fi di

1 ROOF 13.5 609.7602 51.74 1621.58 4341019.3 31548.99275

2 SF TOP 10.5 776.9986 45.224 2710.76 5544077.2 35138.98469

3 FF TOP 7.5 537.1168 34.426 2695.12 3194123.5 18490.78296

4 GF TOP 4.5 319.7285 19.785 2785.6 1090412.7 6325.828373

5 PLINTH 1.5 40.4399 3.559 1154.27 14620.482 143.9256041

6 Base 0 0 0 10967.3 0 0

7 21934.7 0 0

Sum = 2284.044 43869.3 14184253 91648.51437

0.104129 21934.7 T= 0.789197838

For EQY ULS

S.N Story Height (m) Fi (KN) di (mm) Wi (KN) Wi di^2 Fi di

1 ROOF 13.5 609.7602 52.905 1621.58 4538708.6 32259.36338

2 SF TOP 10.5 776.9986 45.38 2710.76 5582391.7 35260.19647

3 FF TOP 7.5 537.1168 33.994 2695.12 3114462.5 18258.7485

4 GF TOP 4.5 319.7285 19.341 2785.6 1042021.4 6183.868919

5 PLINTH 1.5 40.4399 3.496 1154.27 14107.451 141.3778904

6 Base 0 0 0 10967.3 0 0

7 0 0 21934.7 0 0

Sum = 2284.044 43869.3 14291692 92103.55516

0.104129 21934.7 T 0.790221766

37
 For EQX SLS

S.N Story Height (m) Fi (KN) di (mm) Wi (KN) Wi di^2 Fi di

1 ROOF 13.5 585.3792 49.671 1621.58 4000780.02 29076.4

2 SF TOP 10.5 745.9306 43.415 2710.76 5109412.12 32384.6

3 FF TOP 7.5 515.6404 33.05 2695.12 2943889.46 17041.9

4 GF TOP 4.5 306.9442 18.994 2785.6 1004966.7 5830.1

5 PLINTH 1.5 38.823 3.417 1154.27 13477.0758 132.658

6 Base 0 0 0 10967.3 0 0

7 0 0 21934.7 0 0

Sum = 2192.717 43869.3 13072525.4 84465.6

0.09997 21934.7 T 0.7892

For EQY SLS

S.N Story Height (m) Fi (KN) di (mm) Wi (KN) Wi di^2 Fi di

1 ROOF 13.5 585.3792 50.789 1621.58 4182906.82 29730.8

2 SF TOP 10.5 745.9306 43.565 2710.76 5144779.43 32496.5

3 FF TOP 7.5 515.6404 32.635 2695.12 2870422.37 16827.9

4 GF TOP 4.5 306.9442 18.568 2785.6 960393.159 5699.34

5 PLINTH 1.5 38.823 3.357 1154.27 13007.9361 130.329

6 Base 0 0 0 10967.3 0 0

7 0 0 21934.7 0 0

Sum = 2192.717 43869.3 13171509.7 84884.9

0.09997 21934.7 T 0.79022

38
 4.6.4 Wind Load (WL)

Considered wind speed 47 m/s. So far the seismic load found larger than wind load, wind
load were not applied in model analysis.

Load Combinations

*In our case, we take λ=0.6

39
4.7 Modeling of the structure
4.7.1 Modeling Approach
The Structure is analyzed and designed by commercial software ETABS. It is widely used
structural engineering software for analysis and design. It is equipped with the powerful
analysis, design, graphics, and visualization capabilities. Frame elements of the structure have
been modeled as linear elements with rigid joints. Plinth level has been considered as ground
rigid diaphragm and frame element model started from the plinth level. Fixed support is
provided in plinth level. Slab elements are modeled as thin shell elements. Connection of slab
and beam are provided through meshing of the elements. Staircase is not modeled in structure.
Staircase support reactions are calculated manually and applied as UDL in supporting beam
elements. Rigid plain diagrams are provided in each slab level. The design of slab and
foundation has been done manually in excel.

Fig : 7 Three Dimensional (3D) View of Structure

40
4.7.2 Properties and Sections of Structural Elements
All concrete elements are considered Isotropic Concrete with compressive strength 25 MPa.
Thickness of slab is provided 125 mm. Main Beam is of size 260mmX400mm &
325mmX475mm. Columns are of size 450x450 mm. Following effective stiffness for flexure
and shear is used as per NBC- 105-2020.
Table -7

4.8 Analysis of the building

4.8.1 Base Shear and Lateral Forces
Table 8 Base Shear ULS

Lateral Force EQX ULS Lateral Force EQY ULS

Fig: 8 Lateral forces due to Ultimate Limit State

41
 Table 9 Base Shear SLS

Lateral Forces SLS, X Lateral Forces SLS, Y

Fig: 9 Lateral forces due to Serviceability Limit State

4.8.2 Displace and Drift in the Building

a. Displacement for Ultimate Limit State
Table 10 Story displacement EQX, ULS and EQY, ULS

42
 Displacement EQX,ULS Displacement EQY,ULS
Fig: 10 Story Displacement due to Earthquake EQX and EQY, ULS

b. Displacement for Serviceability State

Table 11 Story displacement EQX, SLS and EQY, SLS

Displacement EQX,SLS Displacement EQY SLS

Fig : 11 Story Displacement due to Earthquake EQX and EQY, SLS

43
c. Drift for Ultimate Limit State

Table 12 Story Drift EQX, ULS and EQY, ULS

Drift EQX, ULS Drift EQY, ULS

Fig: 12 Story Drift due to Earthquake EQX and EQY ULS

44
d. Drift for Serviceability Limit State
Table 13 Story Drift EQX, SLS and EQY, SLS

Drift EQX,SLS Drift EQY,SLS

Fig: 13 Story Drift due to Earthquake EQX and EQY SLS

45
4.8.3 Modal Results (Mode Shapes, Time Periods, Participation Factors)
Table 15 Modal Participation Mass Ratios

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec

Modal 1 0.821 0.0938 0.7008 0 0.0938 0.7008

Modal 2 0.813 0.6631 0.1114 0 0.7569 0.8122

Modal 3 0.694 0.0676 0.0036 0 0.8245 0.8157

Modal 4 0.287 0.0021 0.066 0 0.8267 0.8818

Modal 5 0.277 0.0647 0.0031 0 0.8914 0.8849

Modal 6 0.220 0.0021 0.0045 0 0.8934 0.8894

Modal 7 0.195 3.886E-06 0.0297 0 0.8934 0.9191

Modal 8 0.186 0.0263 9.873E-06 0 0.9198 0.9191

Modal 9 0.167 0.0004 1.382E-05 0 0.9201 0.9191

Modal 10 0.124 0.0099 0.003 0 0.93 0.922

Modal 11 0.123 0.0029 0.0132 0 0.9329 0.9352

Modal 12 0.115 0.0027 0.0002 0 0.9356 0.9354

Transactional displacement is dominating in first two modes. Sum of mass

participation is first three mode achieve above 81%. Minimum required mass
participation of 90% achieved in first5th modes. Rotational angle in first two modes is
near to 0.

46
4.9 Member Forces (Frame Forces, Shell Forces / Stresses)

4.9.1 Axial Force

Fig: 14 Axial Force Diagram

47
4.9.2 Shear Force

Fig: 15 Shear Force Diagram

48
4.9.3 Bending Moment

Fig: 16 Bending Moment Diagram

49
4.10 Design of structural elements
Sample Design of Structural Elements has been presented below.
Design of Beams and Columns

50
51
52
53
54
55
4.10.1 Structural Details of Beam

Beam Details

Foundation and Plinth Tie Beam

Grid Beam ID Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

Through Extra Bar

All Grid B0 350 mm X 350 mm 3-16 mm dia.+ 1- - 3-16 mm dia.+ 1-

12mm dia. 12mm dia.

Ground Floor Top Beam

Grid Beam Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

ID
Through Extra Bar

All B1 325 mm X 475 mm 3-16 mm dia. 1-16 mm 3-20 mm dia.+1-16mm

dia.+2-12mm dia.
dia.

First Floor Top Beam

Grid Beam Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

ID
Through Extra Bar

All B1 325 mm X 475 mm 2-16 mm 1-16 mm 3-16 mm dia.+2-12mm

dia.+1-12mm dia.+1-12mm dia.
dia. dia.

Second Floor Top Beam

Grid Beam Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

ID
Through Extra Bar

All B1 325 mm X 475 mm 2- 16 mm dia. 1-16 mm 2-16 mm dia + 1-12mm

dia.+1-12mm dia.
dia.

56
 Roof Beam

Grid Beam Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

ID
Through Extra Bar

All B1 260 mm X 400 mm 2- 12 mm dia. 1-16 mm dia. 2-12 mm dia

Stair Cover Beam

Grid Beam Size of Beam Top Bar Bottom

ID
Through Extra Bar

All B1 260 mm X 400 mm 2- 12 mm dia. 2-12 mm dia

8 mm dia. Vertical stirrups @ 100 mm c/c up to L/3 from end of supports and @ 150 mm c/c at mid span.

4.10.2 Structural Details of Column

Colu Column Reinforcement Reinforcement for Reinforcement Reinforcemen
mn Size for ground 1st & 2nd floor for roof t for stair
ID cover
C1 450mm X 8-25 mm dia. 4-20 mm dia. Bars 8-16 mm dia.
450 mm bars+4-16mm & 8-16 mm dia. Bars & 4-12 mm
dia. bars dia. bars
C2 450mm X 4-25 mm dia. 8-20 mm dia. Bars 8-16 mm dia. 8-12 mm dia.
450 mm Bars & 8-16 mm & 4-16 mm dia. Bars & 4-12 mm Bars & 4-16
dia. bars bars dia. bars mm dia. bars
C3 450mm X 4-25 mm dia. 8-20 mm dia. Bars 8-16 mm dia. 8-12 mm dia.
450 mm Bars & 8-16 mm & 4-16 mm dia. Bars & 4-12 mm Bars & 4-16
dia. bars bars dia. bars mm dia. bars
8 mm dia. 4- legged lateral ties @ 100 mm c/c and 150 mm c/c at ends and mid. Further arrangement of
lateral ties refers structural drawing.

57
4.10.3 Structural Details of Footing
Column ID Footing Size Reinforcement Requirement
F1 (Isolated) 2100mm X2100 mm Rebar : 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c
Depth 450mm
F2 (Isolated) 2600mm X2600 mm Rebar : 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c
Depth 550mm
F3( Grid:A1- A2 & G1- 3950mm X 1900mm Main Rebar: 16mm dia. @150mm c/c
G2) Depth 450mm Transverse Rebar: 12mm dia.
(Combined) @150mm c/c
F4(Grid:B1-B2, C1-C2, 4450mm X 2500mm Main Rebar: 16mm dia. @150mm c/c
D1-D2, E1-E2, & F1-F2) Depth 675mm Transverse Rebar: 12mm dia.
(Combined) @150mm c/c

58
59
60
61
62
 Combined Footing (F3, Grid: A1-A2 & G1-G2)
A) Given Data

Size of column Column1 Column2

Bc = 0.45 m 0.45 m
Dc = 0.45 m 0.45 m
Column Load (working load)(V) = 206 KN 575.3333 KN
Distance bet'n column = 1.55 m
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 150 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 25 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

B) Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 78.13333 KN

Total Load (P)= 859.4667 KN
Area of footing = 5.730 m2

C.G. of loads from center of Column1 = 1.225 m

Column1 Column2
Projection Available = 0.75 m 0.75 m
C.G. of loads from outer face of footing = 1.975 m
Total Footing Length ,L = 3.05 m 10.007 ft
Size of footing
Required width(a)= 1.879 m 6.164 ft
Adopted width(b) = 1.900 m 6.234 ft
Actual Area (A) = 5.795 m2
Upward reaction (w) = 202.244 KN/m

C) Design of Slab
i) Based on maximum bending moment at interior part
Shear force at left edge(V1)= 0 KN
Shear force at Column1 just left (V2)= 151.683 KN
Shear force at Column1 just right (V3)= -157.317 KN
Shear force at left edge(V4)= 0 KN
Shear force at Column2 just right (V5)= 151.683 KN
Shear force at Column2 just left (V6)= -711.317 KN
Position of zero SF from left edge= 1.030718 m
Position of maxm BM from left edge= 1.030718 m
Maximum Bending moment(Mmax)= 121.7147 KN-m
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 275 mm
ii) Maximum projection of slab = 0.725 m
Effective depth for maximum bending moment
63
 Max'm B.M. = 53.152 KN-m/m
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 125 mm

ii) Effective depth for maximum shear force

Max'm S.F. = 146.627 KN

Assumed, Ast = 0.200 %
β= 14.51
Shear strength of concrete(τc) = 0.331 N/mm2
eff. depth required (d)= 443.303 mm
eff. depth provided (d)= 400 mm
Overall depth (D) = 450 mm
iii) Reinforcement

a) For max'm B.M.

B.M. = 53.152 KN-m

Ast = 311 mm2
(Ast )min= 480 mm2
b) For max'm S.F.
Ast = 800 mm2
Required, Ast = 800 mm2
Provided, Size = 16 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 1341 mm2
OK

iv) Transverse Reinforcement

From Empirical Relation

Hogging Moment = 24.295 kN-m
Sagging Moment = 20.245 kN-m
Check for depth
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 84 mm
OK

Reinforcement
Bottom, Ast = 480 mm2

64
 Provided, Size = 12 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
OK
Top, Ast = 480 mm2
Provided, Size = 12 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
OK
V) Check for punching Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) =0.25√fck 1.250 N/mm2

Max'm S.F. = 863 KN
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.846 N/mm2
OK

65
 Combined Footing (F4, Grid:B1-B2, C1-C2, D1-D2, E1-E2, & F1-F2)

A) Given Data

Size of column Column1 Column2

Bc = 0.45 m 0.45 m
Dc = 0.45 m 0.45 m
Column Load (working load)(V) = 322 KN 864 KN
Distance bet'n column = 1.55 m
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 150 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 25 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa
B) Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 118.6 KN

Total Load (P)= 1304.6 KN
Area of footing = 8.697 m2
C.G. of loads from center of Column1 = 1.225 m
Column1 Column2
Projection Available = 1 m 1 m
C.G. of loads from outer face of footing = 2.225 m
Total Footing Length ,L = 3.55 m 11.647 ft
Size of footing
Required width(a)= 2.450 m 8.038 ft
Adopted width(b) = 2.500 m 8.203 ft
Actual Area (A) = 8.875 m2
Upward reaction (w) = 200.451 KN/m
C) Design of Slab

i) Based on maximum bending moment at interior part

Shear force at left edge(V1)= 0 KN
Shear force at Column1 just left (V2)= 200.451 KN
Shear force at Column1 just right (V3)= -282.549 KN
Shear force at left edge(V4)= 0 KN
Shear force at Column2 just right (V5)= 200.451 KN
Shear force at Column2 just left (V6)= -1095.55 KN
Position of zero SF from left edge= 1.317794 m
Position of maxm BM from left edge= 1.317794 m
Maximum Bending moment(Mmax)= 110.6587 KN-m
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 275 mm
ii) Maximum projection of slab = 1.025 m
Effective depth for maximum bending moment
66
 Max'm B.M. = 105.299 KN-m/m
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 175 mm

ii) Effective depth for maximum shear force

Max'm S.F. = 205.462 KN

Assumed, Ast = 0.200 %
β= 14.51
Shear strength of concrete(τc) = 0.331 N/mm2
eff. depth required (d)= 621.183 mm
eff. depth provided (d)= 625 mm
Overall depth (D) = 675 mm
iii) Reinforcement

a) For max'm B.M.

B.M. = 105.299 KN-m

Ast = 393 mm2
(Ast )min= 750 mm2
b) For max'm S.F.
Ast = 1250 mm2
Required, Ast = 1250 mm2
Provided, Size = 16 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 1341 mm2
OK
iv) Transverse Reinforcement

From Empirical Relation

Hogging Moment = 24.079 kN-m
Sagging Moment = 20.066 kN-m
Check for depth
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
eff. depth required (d)= 84 mm
OK
Reinforcement
Bottom, Ast = 750 mm2
Provided, Size = 12 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
67
 OK

Top, Ast = 750 mm2

Provided, Size = 12 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm C/C
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
OK
V) Check for punching Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) =0.25√fck 1.250 N/mm2

Max'm S.F. = 1296 KN
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.643 N/mm2
OK

68
4.11 Structural Details of Stair

Effective Span = centre to centre distance of walls

5.18 m

Riser (R) = 150 mm

Thread (T) = 280 mm
Concrete grade (fck) = 25 MPa
Rebar grade (fy) = 500 MPa

Assume ,
Thickness of waist slab (t) = 150 mm
Overall thickness (D) = 180 mm

Let us find load per metre horizontal width of stairs

Weight of waist salb = D*sqrt*(1+(R/T)^2)*25)

= 5.11 KN/m

Weight of steps =1/2*R*25

= 1.88 KN/m

69
Therefore Dead Load = 6.98 KN/m
Finishing Load = 1.88 KN/m
In going portion total DL with finishing,

Total Dead load = 8.86 KN/m

In Landing portion
Dead Load = 3.75 KN/m
Finishing Load = 1.89 KN/m
Total DL= 5.64 KN/m
Live Load = 4.00 KN/m
Total (DL+LL) = 9.64 KN/m
Factored Load on going per meter horizontal width = 19.29 KN/m

Factored Load on landing slab = 14.46 KN/m

70
4.12 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
4.12.1 Two adjacent edges Discontinuous

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 25 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shorter span: (lx) 4 m
Longer span: (ly) 5 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 4 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 9.125 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 13.6875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.25

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient: 4 Two adjacent edges discontinuous

Type of Slab Panel:
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.0625
Mid Span M 0.047
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

Short span moments:

71
 Support S= 13.688 KN-m

Mid Span M= 10.293 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 10.293 KN-m

Mid Span M 7.665 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 13.688 KN-m

Moment coefficient: k 0.134

effective depth: d 64 < 105 mm

OK

6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:

For shorter span

Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 13.688 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 16 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 321 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 10.293 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 13 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 259 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

72
 Check for shear stress:
7.0
Maximum shear force: Vu 27.375 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.261 N/mm2
β 9.072
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.406 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: t c' 0.5278 > 0.261 N/mm2
OK
8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.365 KN-m

Maximum Shear Force: V 27.375 KN

Bond Stress: tbd 2.24 N/mm2

Development length: Ld 389 mm

Anchorage length: L0 105 mm

Available length: 788 > Ld

OK

8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 38.096

α 23
β 1
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 277.054 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32%
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK

4.12.2 When one short edge discontinuous

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm

73
 Grade of Concrete : (fck) 25 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
shorter span: (lx) 4 m
Longer span: (ly) 5 m
2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 4 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 9.125 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 13.6875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.25

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient: 2 One short edge discontinuous
Type of Slab Panel:
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.0495
Mid Span M 0.0375
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.037
Mid Span M 0.028

Moments:

Short span moments:

Support S= 10.841 KN-m
Mid Span M= 8.213 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 8.103 KN-m
Mid Span M 6.132 KN-m

74
5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:
Maximum moments: Mu 10.841 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
effective depth: d 57 < 105 mm
OK
6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:
For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 10.841 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 13 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 251 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 8.103 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 10 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 201 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2

Pt 0.347 %
7.0 Check for shear stress:
Maximum shear force: Vu 27.375 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.261 N/mm2
β 9.072
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.406 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5278 > 0.261 N/mm2
OK

75
8.0 Check for development length:
Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.365 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 27.375 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 2.24 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 389 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 788 > Ld
OK
8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 38.096

α 23
β 1
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 216.637 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32%
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK

76
 List of Relevant Codes

The structural calculation of this building shall be in accordance with all applicable
laws and regulations of the Government of Nepal, and its referral to any other
standards. A summary of the codes and standards in used in structural analysis and
design have been listed as below.

S. No. Codes and Standards Description

Dead and Live Load Determination
IS875(Part1):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake)
for Buildings
And Structures:Part1DeadLoads–Unit Weights of Building
Material and
Stored Materials (Second Revision)
IS875(Part2):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake)
for Buildings
and Structures: Part 2 Imposed Loads (Second
Revision)
IS875(Part3):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake)
for Buildings
And Structures: Part3 Wind Loads(Second Revision)
Earthquake Load Calculation
NBC-105-2020 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures
Concrete Design and Detailing
IS456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete –Code of Practice
SP34:1987 Hand book on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
IS13920:2016 Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures
subjected to seismic forces –Code of practice
NBC201:1994 Mandatory Rules of Thumbs-Reinforced Concrete
Building with Masonry Infill.
NBC110-1994 Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
Specification of Materials
IS383:1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural
sources for concrete
IS1786:1985 Specification for high strength deformed steel bars and
wires for concrete reinforcement (superseding IS:1139
-1966)
NS191-2046BS Deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement

77
 IS801:1975 Code of practice of use of cold-formed light gauge steel
structural member’s in general building construction.
Guidelines
DOE/MOE:2016 Structural Design Guideline for Commercial Buildings,2016
DOE/MOE:2016 Guidelines for developing type designs for Commercial
Buildings in Nepal,2016

CHAPTER 5. CONLUSION AND DESCRIPTION

The purpose of this project, through purely academic oriented, we have every effort to make it
feasible for the real construction.

This project work is mainly focused on the structure analysis by using professional computer
software and the sample design structure element manually.

From this project work, we got the opportunity to get the knowledge of using professional
software called ETABS for the analysis of the structure and design of structure element manually
using the analyzed computer output. This project work also enables us to use the different design
codes whenever required in the design procedure.

The concept of ductile was quite new to us. This project work has provided the opportunity to
learn the theory of ductile detailing, which is one of this significant parts of seismic resistance
design.

This project work is completed through the collective efforts of our project group. Due attention
is given to maintain the accuracy while analysis the data in computer and designing the structural
elements. We have faced many problems during the work but hard working, keen internet &
devotion of team member and valuable suggestion of our project advisor made it possible to
complete.
After completion of this project work, our team member individually could the similar type of
structure element.

78
79