NAME : WAQAR ALI

ROLL NO: BSIT51F21R051RE

CLASS: BSIT 6TH REG

SUBJECT: AI

SUBMITTED TO: SIR TAJ MEHAMMOD

Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm

Naïve Bayes algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm, which is based on Bayes

theorem and used for solving classification problems.

It is mainly used in text classification that includes a high-dimensional training dataset.

Naïve Bayes Classifier is one of the simple and most effective Classification algorithms
which helps in building the fast machine learning models that can make quick
predictions.

It is a probabilistic classifier, which means it predicts on the basis of the probability of an

object.

Some popular examples of Naïve Bayes Algorithm are spam filtration, Sentimental
analysis, and classifying articles.

Why is it called Naïve Bayes?

The Naïve Bayes algorithm is comprised of two words Naïve and Bayes, Which can be described
as:

Naïve: It is called Naïve because it assumes that the occurrence of a certain feature is
independent of the occurrence of other features. Such as if the fruit is identified on the
bases of color, shape, and taste, then red, spherical, and sweet fruit is recognized as an
apple. Hence each feature individually contributes to identify that it is an apple without
depending on each other.

Bayes: It is called Bayes because it depends on the principle of Bayes' Theorem.

Bayes' Theorem:
 Bayes' theorem is also known as Bayes' Rule or Bayes' law, which is used to determine the
probability of a hypothesis with prior knowledge. It depends on the conditional probability.

The formula for Bayes' theorem is given as:

Where,

P(A|B) is Posterior probability: Probability of hypothesis A on the observed event B.

P(B|A) is Likelihood probability: Probability of the evidence given that the probability of a
hypothesis is true
P(A) is Prior Probability: Probability of hypothesis before observing the evidence.

P(B) is Marginal Probability: Probability of Evidence.

Working of Naïve Bayes' Classifier:

Working of Naïve Bayes' Classifier can be understood with the help of the below example:

Suppose we have a dataset of weather conditions and corresponding target variable "Play". So
using this dataset we need to decide that whether we should play or not on a particular day
according to the weather conditions. So to solve this problem, we need to follow the below steps:

1. Convert the given dataset into frequency tables.

2. Generate Likelihood table by finding the probabilities of given features.

3. Now, use Bayes theorem to calculate the posterior probability.

Problem: If the weather is sunny, then the Player should

play or not?
Solution: To solve this, first consider the below dataset:

Outlook Play

0 Rainy Yes

1 Sunny Yes

2 Overcast Yes

3 Overcast Yes

4 Sunny No

5 Rainy Yes

6 Sunny Yes

7 Overcast Yes

8 Rainy No

9 Sunny No

10 Sunny Yes

11 Rainy No

12 Overcast Yes

13 Overcast Yes

Frequency table for the Weather Conditions:

 Weather Yes No

Overcast 5 0

Rainy 2 2

Sunny 3 2

Total 10 5

Likelihood table weather condition:

Weather No Yes

Overcast 0 5 5/14= 0.35

Rainy 2 2 4/14=0.29

Sunny 2 3 5/14=0.35

All 4/14=0.29 10/14=0.71

Applying Bayes'theorem:

P(Yes|Sunny)= P(Sunny|Yes)*P(Yes)/P(Sunny)

P(Sunny|Yes)=
P3/10= 0.3

P(Sunny)= 0.35
P(Yes)=0.71

So P(Yes|Sunny) = 0.3*0.71/0.35= 0.60

P(No|Sunny)= P(Sunny|No)*P(No)/P(Sunny)

P(Sunny|NO)= 2/4=0.5

P(No)= 0.29

P(Sunny)= 0.35

So P(No|Sunny)= 0.5*0.29/0.35 = 0.41

So as we can see from the above calculation that P(Yes|Sunny)>P(No|Sunny) Hence

on a Sunny day, Player can play the game.

Advantages of Naïve Bayes Classifier:

Naïve Bayes is one of the fast and easy ML algorithms to predict a class of datasets.

It can be used for Binary as well as Multi-class Classifications.

It performs well in Multi-class predictions as compared to the

other Algorithms.
 It is the most popular choice for text classification problems.

Disadvantages of Naïve Bayes Classifier

Naive Bayes assumes that all features are independent or unrelated, so it cannot learn the
relationship between features.

Applications of Naïve Bayes Classifier:

It is used for Credit Scoring.

It is used in medical data classification.

It can be used in real-time predictions because Naïve Bayes Classifier is an eager learner.

It is used in Text classification such as Spam filtering and Sentiment analysis.

Types of Naïve Bayes Model:

There are three types of Naive Bayes Model, which are given below:

Gaussian: The Gaussian model assumes that features follow a normal distribution. This
means if predictors take continuous values instead of discrete, then the model assumes that
these values are sampled from the Gaussian distribution.
 document belongs to which category such as Sports, Politics, education, etc.
The classifier uses the frequency of words for the predictors.

Bernoulli: The Bernoulli classifier works similar to the Multinomial classifier, but the
predictor variables are the independent Booleans variables. Such as if a particular word is
present or not in a document. This model is also famous for document classification tasks.

Python Implementation of the Naïve Bayes algorithm:

Now we will implement a Naive Bayes Algorithm using Python. So for this, we will use the
"user_data" dataset, which we have used in our other classification model. Therefore we can
easily compare the Naive Bayes model with the other models.

Steps to implement:

Data Pre-processing step

Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training

set Predicting the test result

Test accuracy of the result(Creation of Confusion matrix)

Visualizing the test set result.

1) Data Pre-processing step:

In this step, we will pre-process/prepare the data so that we can use it efficiently in our code. It is
similar as we did in data-pre-processing. The code for this is given below:

Importing the libraries

import numpy as nm
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtp
import pandas as pd

# Importing the dataset

dataset = pd.read_csv('user_data.csv')

P x = dataset.iloc[:, [2,
3]].values
y = dataset.iloc[:,
 # Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size = 0.25,
random_state = 0)

# Feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import
StandardScaler sc = StandardScaler()
x_train =
sc.fit_transform(x_train) x_test =
sc.transform(x_test)
In the above code, we have loaded the dataset into our program using "dataset =
pd.read_csv('user_data.csv'). The loaded dataset is divided into training and test set, and then we have
scaled the feature variable.

The output for the dataset is given as:

2) Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training Set:

After the pre-processing step, now we will fit the Naive Bayes model to the Training set. Below is
the code for it:

# Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training set

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
classifier =
GaussianNB()
classifier.fit(x_train,
In the above code, we have used the GaussianNB classifier to fit it to the training dataset. We can also
use other classifiers as per our requirement.

Output:

Out[6]: GaussianNB(priors=None, var_smoothing=1e-09)

3) Prediction of the test set result:

Now we will predict the test set result. For this, we will create a new predictor variable y_pred, and will
use the predict function to make the predictions.

# Predicting the Test set

results y_pred =
classifier.predict(x_test)

Output:
The above output shows the result for prediction vector y_pred and real vector y_test. We can see that
some predications are different from the real values, which are the incorrect predictions.

# Making the Confusion Matrix

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

4) Creating Confusion Matrix:

Now we will check the accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier using the Confusion matrix. Below is
the code for it:
Output:

As we can see in the above confusion matrix output, there are 7+3= 10 incorrect predictions, and
65+25=90 correct predictions.

5) Visualizing the training set result:

Next we will visualize the training set result using Naïve Bayes Classifier. Below is the code for it:
 c = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green'))
(i), label = j)
# Visualising theBayes
mtp.title('Naive Training set results
(Training set)')
from matplotlib.colors import
ListedColormap x_set, y_set = x_train,
y_train
X1, X2 = nm.meshgrid(nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:,
0].max() + 1, step = 0. nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop =
x_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
mtp.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(nm.array([X1.ravel(),
X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape), alpha = 0.75, cmap =
ListedColormap(('purple', 'green')))
mtp.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
 Output:
mtp.xlabel('Age')
mtp.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
mtp.legend()
mtp.show()

In the above output we can see that the Naïve Bayes classifier has segregated the data points
with the fine boundary. It is Gaussian curve as we have used GaussianNB classifier in our code.
 # Visualising the Test set results
from matplotlib.colors import
ListedColormap x_set, y_set = x_test, y_test
X1, X2 = nm.meshgrid(nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:,
0].max() + 1, step = 0. nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop =
x_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
mtp.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(nm.array([X1.ravel(),
X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape), alpha = 0.75, cmap =
ListedColormap(('purple', 'green')))
mtp.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
mtp.ylim(X2.min(), X2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(nm.unique(y_set)):
mtp.scatter(x_set[y_set == j, 0],
x_set[y_set == j, 1],
c = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green'))(i), label = j)
mtp.title('Naive Bayes (test set)')
mtp.xlabel('Age')
mtp.ylabel('Estimated Salary')

Output
:
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