Assignment 2
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tapatibanerjee12345Assignment 2
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tapatibanerjee12345Exercises in Algebraic Topology.
(1) Show that the following two statements are equivalent:
(a) Let A ⊂ A ⊂ V ◦ ⊂ V ⊂ X, X a topological space. Then
for every p ≥ 0,
H p (X, V ) ,→ H p (X \ A, V \ A)
is an isomorphism.
(b) Let A, B ⊂ X such that X = A◦ ∪ B ◦ . Then for any p ≥ 0,
H p (X, A) ,→ H p (B, A ∩ B)
is an isomorphism.
(In both statement ,→ denote the homomorphism induced
by the inclusion map.)
(2) Assuming Snake Lemma state and sketch a proof of the exact-
ness axiom for cohomology groups of a topological pair (X, A).
(Hint: Apply Hom(·, Z) to the short exact sequence singular
chain complexes of A, X and (X, A) and define the boundary
transformations as in snake lemma. Then the proof of the ex-
actness of the long cohomology groups goes verbatim as in the
case of homology groups whose proof you will be allowed to skip
provided you are satisfied with it.)
(3) Using the proof of homotopy axiom for homology groups sketch
a proof of if f, g : X → Y are homotopic maps, then for all
p ≥ 0,
H p (f ) = H p (g) : H p (Y ) → H p (Y ).
(4) Let A, B ⊂ X such that X = A◦ ∪ B ◦ . Then for any p ≥ 0,
H p (X, A) ,→ H p (B, A ∩ B)
is an isomorphism.
(Hint: Apply Hom(·, Z) after defining ρ : S∗ (X) → S∗U (U =
{A◦ , B ◦ }) and the chain homotopy between i ◦ ρ and 1 from
S∗ (X) to itself.)
(5) State and prove the result on Mayer-Vietoris long exact coho-
mology sequences for the topological pair (X, A).
(6) For n ≥ 1, set
1 2 1
Sn1 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (x − ) + y2 = 2 }
n n
and
H = ∪∞ 1
n=1 Sn
1
the Hawaiian necklace with the base point at 0. For each n > 0,
1
let γn be the loop at 0 with domain [ n+1 , n1 ] defined by
1 1
γn (t) = − e2(n+1)πi(1−nt) ,
2n 2n
1
n+1
≤ t ≤ n1 .
For an infinite A ⊂ {1, 2, 3, . . .}, let γA : [0, 1] → H be the
loop in the Hawaiian necklace defined by
γA (t) = γn (t)
1
if n ∈ A and t ∈ [ n+1 , n1 ]; γA (t) = 0 for all other t ∈ [0, 1].
Prove the following:
Let A and B be two infinite subsets of the set of positive
integers that differ by exactly one point, i.e., the symmetric
difference A∆B has exactly one point. Show that γA ∼ 6= γB
(rel{0, 1}).
(Remark. It is not clear that if A 6= B then γA and γB
are not homotopic (rel {0, 1}). Hence, it is not clear if π1 (H, 0)
is uncountable. However, because of the second observation,
using sophisticated (descriptive) set theoretic techniques, one
can chow that the cardinality of π1 (H) is that of the continuum,
i.e., c.)
(7) Compute all homology and all cohomology groups of the Möbius
strip.
(8) Let M1 and M2 be two closed manifolds of the same manifold
dimension and M their manifold sum. Show that M is also a
closed manifold of the same dimension.
(9) Let M be a connected manifold with boundary of the manifold
dimension n + 1. Show that its manifold boundary ∂M is a
closed manifold of the manifold dimension n.
(10) Let M1 and M2 be two connected manifolds with boundary
of the manifold dimensions n1 and n2 respectively. Show that
M = M1 × M2 (with the product topology) is a connected
manifold with boundary of dimension n1 + n2 and
∂M = (∂M1 × M2 ) ∪ (M1 × ∂M2 ).
(11) Let n ≥ 1. We know that Hn (S n ) = Z. For any continuous
function f : S n → S n , we have a homomorphism
Hn (f ) : Hn (S n ) = Z → Z = Hn (S n ).
Hence, there is a unique integer d such that Hn (f )(k) = d · k
for every k ∈ Z. We call d the degree of the map f and denote
it by deg(f ).
Show the following:
(a) If f, g : S n → S n are homotopic, then deg(f ) = deg(g).
(b) If f : S n → S n is a continuous map which is not onto, then
deg(f ) = 0.
(c) If f, g : S n → S n are continuous maps, then deg(g ◦ f ) =
deg(g) · deg(f ).
(12) For any topological space X and any p ≥ 0, show that Hp (X, X) =
0.
(13) Let X be a topological space and CX denote its cone. Show
that for every p ≥ 0, H fp (CX) = 0.
(14) Let n ≥ 2. Compute, giving a brief justification, all Homology
groups of (S n , A) where either |A| = 1 or |A| = 5.
(15) Compute, giving a brief justification, all homology groups of
(S 1 × S 1 ) \ {∗}.
(16) Let D1 , D2 and D3 be three disjoint compact discs in Rn and
∂D1 , ∂D2 and ∂D3 their boundaries respectively, Compute, giv-
ing a brief justification, all the homology groups of (D1 ⊕ D2 ⊕
D3 , ∂D1 ⊕ ∂D2 ⊕ ∂D3 ).
(17) Compute, giving a brief justification, all the homology groups
of the topological pair (S n , S n−1 ).
(18) Let SX be the suspension of a topological space. For each
p ≥ 0, show that
H
e p (SX) = H e p−1 (X).
(19) Compute all the homology groups of
S 1 ∨ S 3 ∨ S 3 ∨ S 7.
