Coordinates: 12°30′S 18°30′E

Angola
Angola (/ænˈɡoʊlə/ ( listen); Portuguese: [ɐ̃ ˈɡɔlɐ]), officially the
Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola), is a Republic of Angola
country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the second- República de Angola (Portuguese)
largest lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area
and population (behind Brazil), and is the seventh-largest country
in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the DR Congo to
the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that
borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of
the Congo. The capital and largest city is Luanda. Flag
Emblem
Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age. Its formation Motto:
as a nation-state originates from Portuguese colonisation, which Virtus Unita Fortior (Latin)
initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded (English: "Virtue is stronger when united")
in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers gradually
began to establish themselves in the interior. The Portuguese Anthem: "Angola Avante"
(English: "Onwards Angola")
colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until
the early 20th century, owing to resistance by native groups such
as the Cuamato, the Kwanyama and the Mbunda. 0:00 / 0:00

After a protracted anti-colonial struggle, Angola achieved

independence in 1975 as a Marxist–Leninist one-party Republic.
The country descended into a devastating civil war the same year,
between the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of
Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, and the
insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA), supported by the United States
and South Africa. The country has been governed by MPLA ever
since its independence in 1975. Following the end of the war in
2002, Angola emerged as a relatively stable unitary, presidential
constitutional republic.

Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy
is among the fastest-growing in the world, especially since the end
of the civil war. However, economic growth is highly uneven, with
most of the nation's wealth concentrated in a disproportionately
small sector of the population.[7] The standard of living remains
low for most Angolans; life expectancy is among the lowest in the
world, while infant mortality is among the highest.[8] Since 2017,
the government of João Lourenço has made fighting corruption its
flagship, so much so that many individuals of the previous
government are either jailed or awaiting trial. While this was not
done by the previous government, skeptics see the actions as
politically motivated.[9] Angola is a member of the United Nations,
OPEC, African Union, the Community of Portuguese Language
Countries, and the Southern African Development Community. As Capital Luanda
and largest city 8°50′S 13°20′E
of 2019, the Angolan population is estimated at 31.83 million.
Angola is multicultural and multiethnic. Angolan culture reflects Official languages Portuguese
centuries of Portuguese rule, namely the predominance of the National Chokwe
Portuguese language and of the Catholic Church, intermingled languages Kikongo
with a variety of indigenous customs and traditions.
Kimbundu
 Umbundu

Contents Ethnic groups

(2000)
37% Ovimbundu
25% Ambundu
Etymology 13% Bakongo
History 21% Other African
Early migrations and political units 2% Mulatto (mixed
European and African)
Portuguese colonization
1% Chinese
Angolan independence
1% European
Angolan Civil war
21st century Religion (2015)[1] 93.4% Christianity
—56.4% Roman Catholic
Geography
—23.4% Protestant
Climate
—13.6% Other Christian
Administrative divisions 4.5% Traditional faiths
Exclave of Cabinda 1.1% Others
Government and politics 1.0% No religion
Constitution Demonym(s) Angolan
Armed forces
Police Government Unitary dominant-party
presidential
Justice constitutional republic
Foreign relations • President João Lourenço
Human rights • Vice President Bornito de Sousa
Economy Legislature National Assembly
Natural resources Formation
Agriculture • Independence 11 November 1975
Transport from Portugal,
under
Telecommunications Communist rule
Technology • United Nations 22 November 1976
full membership
Demographics
• Current 21 January 2010
Languages constitution
Religion Area
Urbanization • Total 1,246,700 km2
Health (481,400 sq mi) (22nd)
Education • Water (%) negligible

Culture Population
Cinema • 2020 estimate 31,127,674[2] (46th)
• 2014 census 25,789,024[3]
Sports
• Density 24.97/km2 (64.7/sq mi)
See also (157th)
References GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
Further reading • Total $213.034 billion[4] (64th)
• Per capita $6,878[4] (107th)
External links
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total $64.480 billion[4] (61st)
• Per capita $2,080[4] (91st)
Etymology
Gini (2018) 51.3[5]
The name Angola comes from the Portuguese colonial name Reino high
de Angola ('Kingdom of Angola'), which appeared as early as HDI (2019) 0.581[6]
Paulo Dias de Novais's 1571 charter.[10] The toponym was derived medium · 148th
by the Portuguese from the title ngola held by the kings of Currency Kwanza (AOA)
Ndongo. Ndongo in the highlands, between the Kwanza and Time zone UTC+1 (WAT)
Lucala Rivers, was nominally a possession of the Kingdom of
Kongo, but was seeking greater independence in the 16th Date format dd/mm/yyyy
century.[11] Driving side right
Calling code +244
History ISO 3166 code AO
Internet TLD .ao
Early migrations and political units

Modern Angola was populated predominantly by nomadic Khoi and San prior to the
first Bantu migrations. The Khoi and San peoples were neither pastoralists nor
cultivators, but rather hunter-gatherers.[12] They were displaced by Bantu peoples
arriving from the north in the first millennium BC, most of whom likely originated in
what is today northwestern Nigeria and southern Niger.[13] Bantu speakers introduced
the cultivation of bananas and taro, as well as large cattle herds, to Angola's central
highlands and the Luanda plain.

A number of political entities were established; the best-known of these was the
Kingdom of the Kongo, based in Angola, which extended northward to what is now
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon. It
established trade routes with other city-states and civilisations up to and down the coast
of southwestern and western Africa and even with Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa
Empire, although it engaged in little or no transoceanic trade.[14] To its south lay the
Kingdom of Ndongo, from which the area of the later Portuguese colony was
King João I, Manikongo of
sometimes known as Dongo.[15]
the Kingdom of Kongo

Portuguese colonization

Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the area in 1484.[15] The previous year, the
Portuguese had established relations with the Kongo, which stretched at the time from
modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. The Portuguese
established their primary early trading post at Soyo, which is now the northernmost city
in Angola apart from the Cabinda exclave. Paulo Dias de Novais founded São Paulo de
Loanda (Luanda) in 1575 with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers.
Benguela was fortified in 1587 and became a township in 1617.

The Portuguese established several other settlements, forts and trading posts along the
Angolan coast, principally trading in Angolan slaves for plantations. Local slave dealers
provided a large number of slaves for the Portuguese Empire,[16] usually in exchange
for manufactured goods from Europe.[17][18]

This part of the Atlantic slave trade continued until after Brazil's independence in the Coat of arms granted to
1820s.[19] King Afonso I of Kongo by
King Manuel I of Portugal
Despite Portugal's territorial claims in Angola, its control over much of the country's
vast interior was minimal.[15] In the 16th century Portugal gained control of the coast
through a series of treaties and wars. Life for European colonists was difficult and progress slow. John Iliffe notes that
"Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great famine occurred on average every seventy years;
accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic
growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys".[20]

During the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutch West India Company occupied the principal settlement of Luanda in
1641, using alliances with local peoples to carry out attacks against Portuguese holdings elsewhere.[19] A fleet under
Salvador de Sá retook Luanda in 1648; reconquest of the rest of the territory was completed by 1650. New treaties with
the Kongo were signed in 1649; others with Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo followed in 1656. The
 conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion
from Luanda, as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681
failed. Colonial outposts also expanded inward from Benguela, but until the late
19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were very limited.[15]
Hamstrung by a series of political upheavals in the early 1800s, Portugal was
slow to mount a large scale annexation of Angolan territory.[19]

The slave trade was abolished in Angola in 1836, and in 1854 the colonial
Queen Ana de Sousa of Ndongo
government freed all its existing slaves.[19] Four years later, a more progressive
meeting with the Portuguese, 1657
administration appointed by Lisbon abolished slavery altogether. However,
these decrees remained largely unenforceable, and the Portuguese depended on
assistance from the British Royal Navy to
enforce their ban on the slave trade.[19] This
coincided with a series of renewed military
expeditions into the bush.

By the mid-nineteenth century Portugal had

Depiction of Luanda from 1755 established its dominion as far east as the
Congo River and as far south as
Mossâmedes.[19] Until the late 1880s, Lisbon
entertained proposals to link Angola with its colony in Mozambique but was blocked
by British and Belgian opposition.[21] In this period, the Portuguese came up against
different forms of armed resistance from various peoples in Angola.[22]

The Berlin Conference in 1884–1885 set the colony's borders, delineating the
boundaries of Portuguese claims in Angola,[21] although many details were unresolved
until the 1920s.[23] Trade between Portugal and its African territories rapidly increased History of Angola; written in
as a result of protective tariffs, leading to increased development, and a wave of new Luanda in 1680.
Portuguese immigrants.[21]

Angolan independence

Under colonial law, black Angolans were forbidden from forming political
parties or labour unions.[24] The first nationalist movements did not take root
until after World War II, spearheaded by a largely Westernised, Portuguese-
speaking urban class which included many mestiços.[25] During the early 1960s
they were joined by other associations stemming from ad hoc labour activism in
the rural workforce.[24] Portugal's refusal to address increasing Angolan
demands for self-determination provoked an armed conflict which erupted in
1961 with the Baixa de Cassanje revolt and gradually evolved into a protracted
Portuguese Armed Forces marching
war of independence that persisted for the next twelve years.[26] Throughout
in Luanda during the Portuguese
the conflict, three militant nationalist movements with their own partisan
Colonial Wars (1961-74).
guerrilla wings emerged from the fighting between the Portuguese government
and local forces, supported to varying degrees by the Portuguese Communist
Party.[25][27]

The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) recruited from Bakongo refugees in Zaire.[28] Benefiting from
particularly favourable political circumstances in Léopoldville, and especially from a common border with Zaire,
Angolan political exiles were able to build up a power base among a large expatriate community from related families,
clans, and traditions.[29] People on both sides of the border spoke mutually intelligible dialects and enjoyed shared ties to
the historical Kingdom of Kongo.[29] Though as foreigners skilled Angolans could not take advantage of Mobutu Sese
Seko's state employment programme, some found work as middlemen for the absentee owners of various lucrative
private ventures. The migrants eventually formed the FNLA with the intention of making a bid for political power upon
their envisaged return to Angola.[29]
A largely Ovimbundu guerrilla initiative against the Portuguese in central
Angola from 1966 was spearheaded by Jonas Savimbi and the National Union
for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).[28] It remained handicapped
by its geographic remoteness from friendly borders, the ethnic fragmentation of
the Ovimbundu, and the isolation of peasants on European plantations where
they had little opportunity to mobilise.[29]

During the late 1950s, the rise of the Marxist–Leninist Popular Movement for
the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the east and Dembos hills north of Luanda
came to hold special significance. Formed as a coalition resistance movement
by the Angolan Communist Party,[26] the organisation's leadership remained
predominantly Ambundu and courted public sector workers in Luanda.[28]
Although both the MPLA and its rivals accepted material assistance from the Members of the National Liberation
Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China, the former harboured strong Front of Angola training in 1973.
anti-imperialist views and was openly critical of the United States and its
support for Portugal.[27] This allowed it to win important ground on the
diplomatic front, soliciting support from nonaligned governments in Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and the United
Arab Republic.[26]

The MPLA attempted to move its headquarters from Conakry to Léopoldville in October 1961, renewing efforts to
create a common front with the FNLA, then known as the Union of Angolan Peoples (UPA) and its leader Holden
Roberto. Roberto turned down the offer.[26] When the MPLA first attempted to insert its own insurgents into Angola,
the cadres were ambushed and annihilated by UPA partisans on Roberto's orders—setting a precedent for the bitter
factional strife which would later ignite the Angolan Civil War.[26]

Angolan Civil war

Throughout the war of independence, the three rival nationalist movements were
severely hampered by political and military factionalism, as well as their inability to
unite guerrilla efforts against the Portuguese.[30] Between 1961 and 1975 the MPLA,
UNITA, and the FNLA competed for influence in the Angolan population and the
international community.[30] The Soviet Union and Cuba became especially
sympathetic towards the MPLA and supplied that party with arms, ammunition,
funding, and training.[30] They also backed UNITA militants until it became clear that
the latter was at irreconcilable odds with the MPLA.[31]

The collapse of Portugal's Estado Novo government following the 1974 Carnation
Revolution suspended all Portuguese military activity in Africa and the brokering of a
Agostinho Neto, first ceasefire pending negotiations for Angolan independence.[30] Encouraged by the
President of Angola. Organisation of African Unity, Holden Roberto, Jonas Savimbi, and MPLA chairman
Agostinho Neto met in Mombasa in early January 1975 and agreed to form a coalition
government.[32] This was ratified by the Alvor Agreement later that month, which
called for general elections and set the country's independence date for 11 November 1975.[32] All three factions,
however, followed up on the ceasefire by taking advantage of the gradual Portuguese withdrawal to seize various
strategic positions, acquire more arms, and enlarge their militant forces.[32] The rapid influx of weapons from numerous
external sources, especially the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as the escalation of tensions between the
nationalist parties, fueled a new outbreak of hostilities.[32] With tacit American and Zairean support the FNLA began
massing large numbers of troops in northern Angola in an attempt to gain military superiority.[30] Meanwhile, the
MPLA began securing control of Luanda, a traditional Ambundu stronghold.[30] Sporadic violence broke out in Luanda
over the next few months after the FNLA attacked MPLA forces in March 1975.[32] The fighting intensified with street
clashes in April and May, and UNITA became involved after over two hundred of its members were massacred by an
MPLA contingent that June.[32] An upswing in Soviet arms shipments to the MPLA influenced a decision by the
Central Intelligence Agency to likewise provide substantial covert aid to the FNLA and UNITA.[33]
In August 1975, the MPLA requested direct assistance from the Soviet
Union in the form of ground troops.[33] The Soviets declined, offering to
send advisers but no troops; however, Cuba was more forthcoming and in
late September dispatched nearly five hundred combat personnel to Angola,
along with sophisticated weaponry and supplies.[31] By independence, there
were over a thousand Cuban soldiers in the country.[33] They were kept
supplied by a massive airbridge carried out with Soviet aircraft.[33] The
persistent buildup of Cuban and Soviet military aid allowed the MPLA to
drive its opponents from Luanda and blunt an abortive intervention by Maximum extent of UNITA and South
Zairean and South African troops, which had deployed in a belated attempt African operations in Angola and Zambia
to assist the FNLA and UNITA.[32] The FNLA was largely annihilated, during the Angolan Civil War.
although UNITA managed to withdraw its civil officials and militia from
Luanda and seek sanctuary in the southern provinces.[30] From there,
Savimbi continued to mount a determined insurgent campaign against the MPLA.[33]

Between 1975 and 1991, the MPLA implemented an economic and political
system based on the principles of scientific socialism, incorporating central
planning and a Marxist–Leninist one-party state.[34] It embarked on an ambitious
programme of nationalisation, and the domestic private sector was essentially
abolished.[34] Privately owned enterprises were nationalised and incorporated
into a single umbrella of state-owned enterprises known as Unidades
Economicas Estatais (UEE).[34] Under the MPLA, Angola experienced a
significant degree of modern industrialisation.[34] However, corruption and graft
also increased and public resources were either allocated inefficiently or simply
embezzled by officials for personal enrichment.[35] The ruling party survived an
attempted coup d'état by the Maoist-oriented Communist Organisation of Angola
Cuban tank in Luanda during the (OCA) in 1977, which was suppressed after a series of bloody political purges
Cuban intervention in Angola, 1976 left thousands of OCA supporters dead.[36]

The MPLA abandoned its former Marxist ideology at its third party congress in
1990, and declared social democracy to be its new platform.[36] Angola subsequently became a member of the
International Monetary Fund; restrictions on the market economy were also reduced in an attempt to draw foreign
investment.[37] By May 1991 it reached a peace agreement with UNITA, the Bicesse Accords, which scheduled new
general elections for September 1992.[37] When the MPLA secured a major electoral victory, UNITA objected to the
results of both the presidential and legislative vote count and returned to war.[37] Following the election, the Halloween
massacre occurred from 30 October to 1 November, where MPLA forces killed thousands of UNITA supporters.[38]

21st century

On 22 March 2002, Jonas Savimbi was killed in action against government

troops. UNITA and the MPLA reached a cease-fire shortly afterwards. UNITA
gave up its armed wing and assumed the role of a major opposition party.
Although the political situation of the country began to stabilise, regular
democratic processes did not prevail until the elections in Angola in 2008 and
2012 and the adoption of a new constitution in 2010, all of which strengthened
the prevailing dominant-party system.

Angola has a serious humanitarian crisis; the result of the prolonged war, of the
abundance of minefields, of the continued political (and to a much lesser Luanda is experiencing widespread
degree) military activities in favour of the independence of the exclave of urban renewal and redevelopment in
the 21st century, backed largely by
Cabinda (carried out in the context of the protracted Cabinda conflict by the
profits from oil & diamond industries.
FLEC), but most of all, by the depredation of the country's rich mineral
resources by the régime. While most of the internally displaced have now
squatted around the capital, in musseques (shanty towns) the general situation
for Angolans remains desperate.[39][40]
Drought in 2016 caused the worst food crisis in Southern Africa in 25 years. Drought affected 1.4 million people across
seven of Angola's 18 provinces. Food prices rose and acute malnutrition rates doubled, with more than 95,000 children
affected.

José Eduardo dos Santos stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by
João Lourenço, Santos' chosen successor.[41]

Geography
At 1,246,620 km2 (481,321 sq mi),[42] Angola is
the world's twenty-third largest country -
comparable in size to Mali, or twice the size of
France or of Texas. It lies mostly between
latitudes 4° and 18°S, and longitudes 12° and
24°E.

Angola borders Namibia to the south, Zambia to Coatinha cliffs in Benguela

the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to
the north-east and the South Atlantic Ocean to the
Topography of Angola. west.

The coastal exclave of Cabinda in the north has

borders with the Republic of the Congo to the north and with the Democratic
Republic of the Congo to the south.[43] Angola's capital, Luanda, lies on the
Atlantic coast in the northwest of the country.
Kalandula Falls in Malanje
Angola had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.35/10,
ranking it 23rd globally out of 172 countries.[44]

Climate

Angola, although located in a tropical zone, has a climate uncharacteristic of this zone, due to the confluence of three
factors:

the cold Benguela Current flowing along the southern part of the coast
the relief in the interior
the influence of the Namib Desert in the southwest

Angola's climate features two seasons:

rainfall from November to April

drought, known as Cacimbo, from May to October, drier, as the name implies, and with lower
temperatures

While the coastline has high rainfall rates, decreasing from north to south and from 800 millimetres (31 inches) to 50
millimetres (2.0 inches), with average annual temperatures above 23 °C (73 °F), one can divide the interior zone into
three areas:[45][46]

North, with high rainfall and high temperatures

Central Plateau, with a dry season and average temperatures of the order of 19 °C
South, with very high thermal amplitudes due to the proximity of the Kalahari Desert and the influence of
masses of tropical air
 Climate data for Luanda, Angola (1961–1990, extremes 1879–present)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 33.9 34.1 37.2 36.1 36.1 35.0 28.9 28.3 31.0 31.2 36.1 33.6 37.2
°C (°F) (93.0) (93.4) (99.0) (97.0) (97.0) (95.0) (84.0) (82.9) (87.8) (88.2) (97.0) (92.5) (99.0)

Average 29.5 30.5 30.7 30.2 28.8 25.7 23.9 24.0 25.4 26.8 28.4 28.6 27.7
high °C (°F) (85.1) (86.9) (87.3) (86.4) (83.8) (78.3) (75.0) (75.2) (77.7) (80.2) (83.1) (83.5) (81.9)

Daily mean 26.7 28.5 28.6 28.2 27.0 23.9 22.1 22.1 23.5 25.2 26.7 26.9 25.8
°C (°F) (80.1) (83.3) (83.5) (82.8) (80.6) (75.0) (71.8) (71.8) (74.3) (77.4) (80.1) (80.4) (78.4)

Average low 23.9 24.7 24.6 24.3 23.3 20.3 18.7 18.8 20.2 22.0 23.3 23.5 22.3
°C (°F) (75.0) (76.5) (76.3) (75.7) (73.9) (68.5) (65.7) (65.8) (68.4) (71.6) (73.9) (74.3) (72.1)

Record low 18.0 16.1 20.0 17.8 17.8 12.8 11.0 12.2 15.0 17.8 17.2 17.8 11.0
°C (°F) (64.4) (61.0) (68.0) (64.0) (64.0) (55.0) (51.8) (54.0) (59.0) (64.0) (63.0) (64.0) (51.8)

Average
30 36 114 136 16 0 0 1 2 7 32 31 405
precipitation
(1.2) (1.4) (4.5) (5.4) (0.6) (0) (0) (0.0) (0.1) (0.3) (1.3) (1.2) (15.9)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
4 5 9 11 2 0 0 1 3 5 8 5 53
days
(≥ 0.1 mm)

Average
relative
80 78 80 83 83 82 83 85 84 81 82 81 82
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
217.0 203.4 207.7 192.0 229.4 207.0 167.4 148.8 150.0 167.4 186.0 201.5 2,277.6
sunshine
hours

Mean daily
sunshine 7.0 7.2 6.7 6.4 7.4 6.9 5.4 4.8 5.0 5.4 6.2 6.5 6.2
hours

Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst [47]

Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[48]

Administrative divisions

As of March 2016, Angola is divided into eighteen provinces (províncias) and 162
municipalities. The municipalities are further divided into 559 communes
(townships).[49] The provinces are:

Map of Angola with the

provinces numbered
 Population
Area
Number Province Capital (2014
(km2)[50]
Census)[51]
1 Bengo Caxito 31,371 356,641
2 Benguela Benguela 39,826 2,231,385
3 Bié Cuíto 70,314 1,455,255
4 Cabinda Cabinda 7,270 716,076 Provincial Government of Huambo.

Cuando
5 Menongue 199,049 534,002
Cubango
6 Cuanza Norte N'dalatando 24,110 443,386
7 Cuanza Sul Sumbe 55,600 1,881,873
8 Cunene Ondjiva 87,342 990,087
9 Huambo Huambo 34,270 2,019,555
10 Huíla Lubango 79,023 2,497,422
11 Luanda Luanda 2,417 6,945,386
12 Lunda Norte Dundo 103,760 862,566
13 Lunda Sul Saurimo 77,637 537,587
14 Malanje Malanje 97,602 986,363
15 Moxico Luena 223,023 758,568
16 Namibe Moçâmedes 57,091 495,326
17 Uíge Uíge 58,698 1,483,118
M'banza-
18 Zaire 40,130 594,428
Kongo

Exclave of Cabinda

With an area of approximately 7,283 square kilometres (2,812 sq mi), the

Northern Angolan province of Cabinda is unusual in being separated from the
rest of the country by a strip, some 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide, of the
Democratic Republic of Congo along the lower Congo River. Cabinda borders
the Congo Republic to the north and north-northeast and the DRC to the east
and south. The town of Cabinda is the chief population centre.
Provincial Government of Namibe.
According to a 1995 census, Cabinda had an estimated population of 600,000,
approximately 400,000 of whom live in neighbouring countries. Population
estimates are, however, highly unreliable. Consisting largely of tropical forest, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee,
cocoa, crude rubber and palm oil.

The product for which it is best known, however, is its oil, which has given it the nickname, "the Kuwait of Africa".
Cabinda's petroleum production from its considerable offshore reserves now accounts for more than half of Angola's
output.[52] Most of the oil along its coast was discovered under Portuguese rule by the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company
(CABGOC) from 1968 onwards.

Ever since Portugal handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independence
groups (MPLA, UNITA and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a focus of separatist guerrilla actions opposing
the Government of Angola (which has employed its armed forces, the FAA—Forças Armadas Angolanas) and
Cabindan separatists. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC)
announced the virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda under the Presidency of N'Zita Henriques Tiago. One of the
characteristics of the Cabindan independence movement is its constant fragmentation, into smaller and smaller factions.
Government and politics
The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government:
executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch of the government is
composed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the Council of Ministers.

The legislative branch comprises a 220-seat unicameral legislature, the National

Assembly of Angola, elected from both provincial and nationwide
constituencies. For decades, political power has been concentrated in the
presidency.

The National Assembly of Angola. After 38 years of rule, in 2017 President dos Santos stepped down from MPLA
leadership.[53] The leader of the winning party at the parliamentary elections in
August 2017 would become the next president of Angola. The MPLA selected
the former Defense Minister João Lourenço as Santos' chosen successor.[54]

In what has been described as a political purge[55] to cement his power and reduce the influence of the Dos Santos
family, Lourenço subsequently sacked the chief of the national police, Ambrósio de Lemos, and the head of the
intelligence service, Apolinário José Pereira. Both are considered allies of former president Dos Santos.[56] He also
removed Isabel Dos Santos, daughter of the former president, as head of the country's state oil company Sonangol.[57]

Constitution

The Constitution of 2010 establishes the broad outlines of government structure

and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system is based on
Portuguese law and customary law but is weak and fragmented, and courts
operate in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities.[58] A Supreme Court serves
as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court does not hold the powers of
judicial review.[59] Governors of the 18 provinces are appointed by the
president. After the end of the civil war, the regime came under pressure from
within as well as from the international community to become more democratic
and less authoritarian. Its reaction was to implement a number of changes João Lourenço, President of Angola
without substantially changing its character.[60]

The new constitution, adopted in 2010, did away with presidential elections, introducing a system in which the president
and the vice-president of the political party that wins the parliamentary elections automatically become president and
vice-president. Directly or indirectly, the president controls all other organs of the state, so there is de facto no separation
of powers.[61] In the classifications used in constitutional law, this government falls under the category of authoritarian
regime.[62]

Armed forces

The Angolan Armed Forces (FAA, Forças Armadas Angolanas ) are headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the
Minister of Defence. There are three divisions—the Army (Exército), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA) and National
Air Force (Força Aérea Nacional, FAN). Total manpower is 107,000; plus paramilitary forces of 10,000 (2015 est.).[63]

Its equipment includes Russian-manufactured fighters, bombers and transport planes. There are also Brazilian-made
EMB-312 Tucanos for training, Czech-made L-39s for training and bombing, and a variety of western-made aircraft
such as the C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Alouette III, etc. A small number of AAF personnel are stationed in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville).

Police
 The National Police departments are
Public Order, Criminal Investigation,
Traffic and Transport, Investigation and
Inspection of Economic Activities,
Taxation and Frontier Supervision,
Riot Police and the Rapid Intervention
Police. The National Police are in the
process of standing up an air wing, to
provide helicopter support for Angolan National Police officers.
operations. The National Police are
developing their criminal investigation
and forensic capabilities. The force has an estimated 6,000 patrol officers, 2,500
Soldiers of the Angolan Armed
taxation and frontier supervision officers, 182 criminal investigators and 100
Forces in full dress uniform.
financial crimes detectives and around 90 economic activity inspectors.

The National Police have implemented a modernisation and development plan

to increase the capabilities and efficiency of the total force. In addition to administrative reorganisation, modernisation
projects include procurement of new vehicles, aircraft and equipment, construction of new police stations and forensic
laboratories, restructured training programmes and the replacement of AKM rifles with 9 mm Uzis for officers in urban
areas.

Justice

A Supreme Court serves as a court of appeal. The Constitutional Court is the supreme body of the constitutional
jurisdiction, established with the approval of Law no. 2/08, of 17 June – Organic Law of the Constitutional Court and
Law n. 3/08, of 17 June – Organic Law of the Constitutional Process. The legal system is based on Portuguese and
customary laws, but it is weak and fragmented. There are only 12 courts in more than 140 counties in the country. Its
first task was the validation of the candidacies of the political parties to the legislative elections of 5 September 2008.
Thus, on 25 June 2008, the Constitutional Court was institutionalized and its Judicial Counselors assumed the position
before the President of the Republic. Currently, seven advisory judges are present, four men and three women.

In 2014, a new penal code took effect in Angola. The classification of money-laundering as a crime is one of the
novelties in the new legislation.[64]

Foreign relations

Angola is a founding member state of the

Community of Portuguese Language
Countries (CPLP), also known as the
Lusophone Commonwealth, an
international organization and political
association of Lusophone nations across
Diplomatic missions of Angola. four continents, where Portuguese is an
official language.

On 16 October 2014, Angola was elected for the second time a non-permanent member
Foreign Minister of Angola
of the United Nations Security Council, with 190 favorable votes out of a total of 193.
Manuel Domingos Augusto.
The term of office began on 1 January 2015 and expired on 31 December 2016.[65]

Since January 2014, the Republic of Angola has been chairing the International
Conference for the Great Lakes Region (CIRGL). [80] In 2015, CIRGL Executive Secretary Ntumba Luaba said that
Angola is the example to be followed by the members of the organization, due to the significant progress made during
the 12 years of peace, namely in terms of socio-economic stability and political-military.[66]

Human rights
Angola is classified as 'not free' by Freedom House in the Freedom in the World 2014 report.[67] The report noted that
the August 2012 parliamentary elections, in which the ruling Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola won more
than 70% of the vote, suffered from serious flaws, including outdated and inaccurate voter rolls.[67] Voter turnout
dropped from 80% in 2008 to 60%.[67]

A 2012 report by the U.S. Department of State said, "The three most important human rights abuses [in 2012] were
official corruption and impunity; limits on the freedoms of assembly, association, speech, and press; and cruel and
excessive punishment, including reported cases of torture and beatings as well as unlawful killings by police and other
security personnel."[68]

Angola ranked forty-two of forty-eight sub-Saharan African states on the 2007 Index of African Governance list and
scored poorly on the 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance.[69]:8 It was ranked 39 out of 52 sub-Saharan African
countries, scoring particularly badly in the areas of participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity and
human development. The Ibrahim Index uses a number of variables to compile its list which reflects the state of
governance in Africa.[70]

In 2019, homosexual acts were decriminalized in Angola, and the government also prohibited discrimination based on
sexual orientation. The vote was overwhelming: 155 for, 1 against, 7 abstaining.[71]

Economy
Angola has diamonds, oil, gold, copper
and rich wildlife (which was
dramatically depleted during the civil
war), forest and fossil fuels. Since
independence, oil and diamonds have
been the most important economic
resource. Smallholder and plantation
agriculture dramatically dropped in the
The Port of Luanda is one of the Angolan Civil War, but began to
busiest ports in Africa.[72] recover after 2002.

Angola's economy has in recent years

moved on from the disarray caused by
a quarter-century of Angolan civil war
to become the fastest-growing
economy in Africa and one of the
fastest-growing in the world, with an Headquarters of Sonangol.
average GDP growth of 20% between
2005 and 2007.[73] In the period 2001–
High rises in downtown Luanda. 10, Angola had the world's highest annual average GDP growth, at 11.1%.

In 2004, the Exim Bank of China approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola,
to be used for rebuilding Angola's infrastructure, and to limit the influence of the International Monetary Fund there.[74]

China is Angola's biggest trade partner and export destination as well as the fourth-largest source of imports. Bilateral
trade reached $27.67 billion in 2011, up 11.5% year-on-year. China's imports, mainly crude oil and diamonds, increased
9.1% to $24.89 billion while China's exports to Angola, including mechanical and electrical products, machinery parts
and construction materials, surged 38.8%.[75] The oil glut led to a local price for unleaded gasoline of £0.37 a gallon.[76]

The Angolan economy grew 18% in 2005, 26% in 2006 and 17.6% in 2007. Due to the global recession, the economy
contracted an estimated −0.3% in 2009.[59] The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has allowed the
resettlement of 4 million displaced persons and a resulting large-scale increase in agriculture production. Angola's
economy is expected to grow by 3.9 per cent in 2014 said the International Monetary Fund (IMF), robust growth in the
non-oil economy, mainly driven by a very good performance in the agricultural sector, is expected to offset a temporary
drop in oil production.[77]
Angola's financial system is maintained by the National Bank of Angola and
managed by the governor Jose de Lima Massano. According to a study on the
banking sector, carried out by Deloitte, the monetary policy led by Banco
Nacional de Angola (BNA), the Angolan national bank, allowed a decrease in
the inflation rate put at 7.96% in December 2013, which contributed to the
sector's growth trend.[78] Estimates released by Angola's central bank, said
country's economy should grow at an annual average rate of 5 per cent over the
next four years, boosted by the increasing participation of the private sector.[79]

Although the country's economy has grown significantly since Angola

The National Bank of Angola.
achieved political stability in 2002, mainly due to fast-rising earnings in the oil
sector, Angola faces huge social and economic problems. These are in part a
result of almost continual armed conflict from 1961 on, although the highest
level of destruction and socio-economic damage took place after the 1975 independence, during the long years of civil
war. However, high poverty rates and blatant social inequality chiefly stems from persistent authoritarianism, "neo-
patrimonial" practices at all levels of the political, administrative, military and economic structures, and of a pervasive
corruption.[80][81] The main beneficiaries are political, administrative, economic and military power holders, who have
accumulated (and continue to accumulate) enormous wealth.[82]

"Secondary beneficiaries" are the middle strata that are about to become social
classes. However, almost half the population has to be considered poor, with
dramatic differences between the countryside and the cities (whereby now
slightly more than 50% of the people live).

A study carried out in 2008 by the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística

found that in rural areas roughly 58% must be classified as "poor" according to
UN norms but in the urban areas only 19%, and an overall rate of 37%.[83] In
cities, a majority of families, well beyond those officially classified as poor,
Luanda Financial City. must adopt a variety of survival strategies.[84] In urban areas social inequality is
most evident and it is extreme in Luanda.[85] In the Human Development Index
Angola constantly ranks in the bottom group.[86]

In January 2020, a leak of government documents known as the Luanda Leaks

showed that U.S. consulting companies such as Boston Consulting Group,
McKinsey & Company, and PricewaterhouseCoopers had helped members of
the family of former President José Eduardo dos Santos (especially his daughter
Isabel dos Santos) corruptly run Sonangol for their own personal profit, helping
them use the company's revenues to fund vanity projects in France and
Switzerland.[87]

The enormous differences between the regions pose a serious structural

Tourism in Angola has grown with the
problem for the Angolan economy, illustrated by the fact that about one third of
country's economy and stability.
economic activities are concentrated in Luanda and neighbouring Bengo
province, while several areas of the interior suffer economic stagnation and
even regression.[88]

One of the economic consequences of social and regional disparities is a sharp increase in Angolan private investments
abroad. The small fringe of Angolan society where most of the asset accumulation takes place seeks to spread its assets,
for reasons of security and profit. For the time being, the biggest share of these investments is concentrated in Portugal
where the Angolan presence (including the family of the state president) in banks as well as in the domains of energy,
telecommunications, and mass media has become notable, as has the acquisition of vineyards and orchards as well as of
touristic enterprises.[89]

Angola has upgraded critical infrastructure, an investment made possible by funds from the nation's development of oil
resources.[90] According to a report, just slightly more than ten years after the end of the civil war Angola's standard of
living has overall greatly improved. Life expectancy, which was just 46 years in 2002, reached 51 in 2011. Mortality
rates for children fell from 25 per cent in 2001 to 19 per cent in 2010 and the number of students enrolled in primary
 school has tripled since 2001.[91] However, at the same time the social and
economic inequality that has characterised the country for so long has not
diminished, but on the contrary deepened in all respects.

With a stock of assets corresponding to 70 billion Kz (US$6.8 billion), Angola

is now the third-largest financial market in sub-Saharan Africa, surpassed only
by Nigeria and South Africa. According to the Angolan Minister of Economy,
Abraão Gourgel, the financial market of the country grew modestly from 2002
and now lies in third place at the level of sub-Saharan Africa.[92]
Corporate headquarters in Luanda
On 19 December 2014, the Capital Market in Angola started. BODIVA
(Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives, in English) received the secondary
public debt market, and it is expected to start the corporate debt market by
2015, but the stock market should be a reality only in 2016.[93]

Natural resources

The Economist reported in 2008 that diamonds and oil make up 60% of
Angola's economy, almost all of the country's revenue and all of its dominant
exports.[94] Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production which
surpassed 1.4 million barrels per day (220,000 m3 /d) in late 2005 and was
expected to grow to 2 million barrels per day (320,000 m3 /d) by 2007. Control
of the oil industry is consolidated in Sonangol Group, a conglomerate owned
by the Angolan government. In December 2006, Angola was admitted as a
member of OPEC.[95]

According to the Heritage Foundation, a conservative American think tank, oil

production from Angola has increased so significantly that Angola now is An offshore oil drilling platform off
the coast of central Angola
China's biggest supplier of oil.[96] "China has extended three multibillion dollar
lines of credit to the Angolan government; two loans of $2 billion from China
Exim Bank, one in 2004, the second in 2007, as well as one loan in 2005 of
$2.9 billion from China International Fund Ltd."[97]

Growing oil revenues also created opportunities for corruption: according to a recent Human Rights Watch report,
32 billion US dollars disappeared from government accounts in 2007–2010.[98] Furthermore, Sonangol, the state-run oil
company, controls 51% of Cabinda's oil. Due to this market control, the company ends up determining the profit
received by the government and the taxes it pays. The council of foreign affairs states that the World Bank mentioned
that Sonangol " is a taxpayer, it carries out quasi-fiscal activities, it invests public funds, and, as concessionaire, it is a
sector regulator. This multifarious work programme creates conflicts of interest and characterises a complex relationship
between Sonangol and the government that weakens the formal budgetary process and creates uncertainty as regards the
actual fiscal stance of the state."[99]

In 2002 Angola demanded compensation for oil spills allegedly caused by Chevron Corporation, the first time it had
fined a multinational corporation operating in its waters.[100]

Operations in its diamond mines include partnerships between state-run Endiama and mining companies such as
ALROSA which operate in Angola.[101]

Access to biocapacity in Angola is higher than world average. In 2016, Angola had 1.9 global hectares[102] of
biocapacity per person within its territory, slightly more than world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[103] In
2016 Angola used 1.01 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means
they use about half as much biocapacity as Angola contains. As a result, Angola is running a biocapacity reserve.[102]

Agriculture
 Agriculture and forestry is an area of potential opportunity for the country. The
African Economic Outlook organization states that "Angola requires 4.5 million
tonnes a year of grain but grows only about 55% of the maize it needs, 20% of
the rice and just 5% of its required wheat".[104]

In addition, the World Bank estimates that "less than 3 per cent of Angola's
abundant fertile land is cultivated and the economic potential of the forestry
sector remains largely unexploited" .[105]

Before independence in 1975, Angola was a breadbasket of southern Africa

Capanda Dam on the Cuanza
and a major exporter of bananas, coffee and sisal, but three decades of civil war
(1975–2002) destroyed fertile countryside, left it littered with landmines and
drove millions into the cities.

The country now depends on expensive food imports, mainly from South Africa and Portugal, while more than 90% of
farming is done at the family and subsistence level. Thousands of Angolan small-scale farmers are trapped in
poverty.[106]

Transport

Transport in Angola consists of:

Three separate railway systems totalling 2,761 km (1,716 mi)

76,626 km (47,613 mi) of highway of which 19,156 km (11,903 mi)
is paved
1,295 navigable inland waterways
five major sea ports
243 airports, of which 32 are paved.
TAAG Angola Airlines is the
Angola centers its port trade in five main ports: Namibe, Lobito, Soyo, Cabinda country's state-owned national
and Luanda. The port of Luanda is the largest of the five, as well as being one carrier.
of the busiest on the African continent.[72]

Travel on highways outside of towns and cities in Angola (and in some cases
within) is (which year ?) often not best advised for those without four-by-four
vehicles. While a reasonable road infrastructure has existed within Angola, time
and the war have taken their toll on the road surfaces, leaving many severely
potholed, littered with broken asphalt. In many areas drivers have established
alternate tracks to avoid the worst parts of the surface, although careful attention
must be paid to the presence or absence of landmine warning markers by the
side of the road. The Angolan government has contracted the restoration of
many of the country's roads. The road between Lubango and Namibe, for
Catumbela Bridge in Benguela.
example, was completed recently with funding from the European Union,[107]
and is comparable to many European main routes. Completing the road
infrastructure is likely to take some decades, but substantial efforts are already
being made.

Telecommunications

The telecommunications industry is considered one of the main strategic sectors in Angola.[108]

In October 2014, the building of an optic fiber underwater cable was announced.[109] This project aims to turn Angola
into a continental hub, thus improving Internet connections both nationally and internationally.[110]
On 11 March 2015, the First Angolan Forum of Telecommunications and
Information Technology was held in Luanda under the motto "The challenges
of telecommunications in the current context of Angola",[111] to promote
debate on topical issues on telecommunications in Angola and worldwide.[112]
A study of this sector, presented at the forum, said Angola had the first
telecommunications operator in Africa to test LTE – with speeds up to 400
Mbit/s – and mobile penetration of about 75%; there are about 3.5 million
smartphones in the Angolan market; There are about 25,000 kilometres (16,000 Lobito hosts a major seaport.
miles) of optical fibre installed in the country.[113][114]

The first Angolan satellite, AngoSat-1, was launched into orbit on 26

December 2017.[115] It was launched from the Baikonur space center in
Kazakhstan on board a Zenit 3F rocket. The satellite was built by Russia's RSC
Energia, a subsidiary of the state-run space industry player Roscosmos. The
satellite payload was supplied by Airbus Defence & Space.[116] Due to an on-
board power failure during solar panel deployment, on 27 December, RSC
Energia revealed that they lost communications contact with the satellite.
Although, subsequent attempts to restore communications with the satellite Luanda's construction boom is
were successful, the satellite eventually stopped sending data and RSC Energia financed largely by oil and diamonds.
confirmed that AngoSat-1 was inoperable. The launch of AngoSat-1 was aimed
at ensuring telecommunications throughout the country.[117] According to
Aristides Safeca, Secretary of State for Telecommunications, the satellite was aimed at providing telecommunications
services, TV, internet and e-government and was expected to remain in orbit "at best" for 18 years.[118] A replacement
satellite named AngoSat-2 is in the works and is expected to be in service by 2020.[119] As of February 2021, Ango-
Sat-2 was about 60% ready. The officials reported the launch is expected in about 17 months, by July 2022.[120]

Technology

The management of the top-level domain '.ao' passed from Portugal to Angola in 2015, following new legislation.[121]
A joint decree of Minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies José Carvalho da Rocha and the
minister of Science and Technology, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, states that "under the massification" of that
Angolan domain, "conditions are created for the transfer of the domain root '.ao' of Portugal to Angola".[122]

Demographics
Angola has a population of 24,383,301 inhabitants according Population in
to the preliminary results of its 2014 census, the first one Angola[123][124]
conducted or carried out since 15 December 1970.[3] It is
Year Million
composed of Ovimbundu (language Umbundu) 37%,
Ambundu (language Kimbundu) 23%, Bakongo 13%, and 1950 4.5
32% other ethnic groups (including the Chokwe, the 2000 16.4
Ovambo, the Ganguela and the Xindonga) as well as about
2018 30.8
2% mestiços (mixed European and African), 1.6% Chinese
and 1% European.[59] The Ambundu and Ovimbundu ethnic
Population Pyramid of Angola.
groups combined form a majority of the population, at 62%.[125] The
population is forecast to grow to over 60 million people in 2050, 2.7 times the
2014 population.[126] However, on 23 March 2016, official data revealed by
Angola's National Statistic Institute – Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), states that Angola has a population of
25,789,024 inhabitants.

It is estimated that Angola was host to 12,100 refugees and 2,900 asylum seekers by the end of 2007. 11,400 of those
refugees were originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo, who arrived in the 1970s.[127] As of 2008 there were
an estimated 400,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo migrant workers,[128] at least 220,000 Portuguese,[129] and
about 259,000 Chinese living in Angola.[130] 1 million Angolans are mixed race (black and white).
Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from Angola.[131] Prior to independence in
1975, Angola had a community of approximately 350,000 Portuguese,[132][133] but the vast majority left after
independence and the ensuing civil war. However, Angola has recovered its Portuguese minority in recent years;
currently, there are about 200,000 registered with the consulates, and increasing due to the debt crisis in Portugal and the
relative prosperity in Angola.[134] The Chinese population stands at 258,920, mostly composed of temporary
migrants.[135] Also, there is a small Brazilian community of about 5,000 people.[136]

As of 2007, the total fertility rate of Angola is 5.54 children born per woman (2012 estimates), the 11th highest in the
world.[59]

Languages

The languages in Angola are Languages in Angola (2014 Census)[3]

those originally spoken by Languages percent
the different ethnic groups Portuguese 71.1%
Umbundu 23%
and Portuguese, introduced
Kikongo 8.2%
during the Portuguese
Kimbundu 7.8%
colonial era. The most widely
Chokwe 6.5%
spoken indigenous languages Nyaneka 3.4%
are Umbundu, Kimbundu Ngangela 3.1%
and Kikongo, in that order. Fiote 2.4%
Portuguese colonial architecture in
Portuguese is the official Kwanyama 2.3%
the historic center of Benguela.
language of the country. Muhumbi 2.1%
Luvale 1%
Although the exact numbers Other 4.1%
of those fluent in Portuguese or who speak Portuguese as a first
language are unknown, a 2012 study mentions that Portuguese is the
first language of 39% of the population.[137] In 2014, a census carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estatística in
Angola mentions that 71.15% of the nearly 25.8 million inhabitants of Angola (meaning around 18.3 million people) use
Portuguese as a first or second language.[138]

According to the 2014 census, Portuguese is spoken by 71.1% of Angolans, Umbundu by 23%, Kikongo by 8.2%,
Kimbundu by 7.8%, Chokwe by 6.5%, Nyaneka by 3.4%, Ngangela by 3.1%, Fiote by 2.4%, Kwanyama by 2.3%,
Muhumbi by 2.1%, Luvale by 1%, and other languages by 4.1%.[139]

Religion
Religion in Angola (2015)[140]
Religion Percent
Roman
56.4%
Catholicism
Protestantism 23.4%
Other Christian 13.6%
Traditional faiths 4.5%
Irreligion 1.0%
Others 1.1%

There are about 1,000 religious communities, mostly Christian, in Angola.[141] While reliable statistics are nonexistent,
estimates have it that more than half of the population are Catholics, while about a quarter adhere to the Protestant
churches introduced during the colonial period: the Congregationalists mainly among the Ovimbundu of the Central
Highlands and the coastal region to its west, the Methodists concentrating on the Kimbundu speaking strip from Luanda
to Malanje, the Baptists almost exclusively among the Bakongo of the north-west (now present in Luanda as well) and
dispersed Adventists, Reformed and Lutherans.[142][143]
In Luanda and region there subsists a nucleus of the "syncretic" Tocoists and in
the north-west a sprinkling of Kimbanguism can be found, spreading from the
Congo/Zaïre. Since independence, hundreds of Pentecostal and similar
communities have sprung up in the cities, whereby now about 50% of the
population is living; several of these communities/churches are of Brazilian
origin.

As of 2008 the U.S. Department of

State estimates the Muslim population
at 80,000–90,000, less than 1% of the
Roman Catholic Luanda Cathedral.
population,[144] while the Islamic
Community of Angola puts the figure
closer to 500,000.[145] Muslims consist
largely of migrants from West Africa and the Middle East (especially Lebanon),
although some are local converts.[146] The Angolan government does not
legally recognize any Muslim organizations and often shuts down mosques or
Catholic church of Uaco Cungo. prevents their construction.[147]

In a study assessing nations' levels of religious regulation and persecution with

scores ranging from 0 to 10 where 0 represented low levels of regulation or persecution, Angola was scored 0.8 on
Government Regulation of Religion, 4.0 on Social Regulation of Religion, 0 on Government Favoritism of Religion and
0 on Religious Persecution.[148]

Foreign missionaries were very active prior to independence in 1975, although since the beginning of the anti-colonial
fight in 1961 the Portuguese colonial authorities expelled a series of Protestant missionaries and closed mission stations
based on the belief that the missionaries were inciting pro-independence sentiments. Missionaries have been able to
return to the country since the early 1990s, although security conditions due to the civil war have prevented them until
2002 from restoring many of their former inland mission stations.[149]

The Catholic Church and some major Protestant denominations mostly keep to themselves in contrast to the "New
Churches" which actively proselytize. Catholics, as well as some major Protestant denominations, provide help for the
poor in the form of crop seeds, farm animals, medical care and education.[150][151]

Urbanization

Health

Epidemics of cholera, malaria, rabies and African hemorrhagic fevers like

Marburg hemorrhagic fever, are common diseases in several parts of the
country. Many regions in this country have high incidence rates of tuberculosis
and high HIV prevalence rates. Dengue, filariasis, leishmaniasis and
onchocerciasis (river blindness) are other diseases carried by insects that also
occur in the region. Angola has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the
world and one of the world's lowest life expectancies. A 2007 survey
concluded that low and deficient niacin status was common in Angola.[153]
Demographic and Health Surveys is currently conducting several surveys in
Angola on malaria, domestic violence and more.[154]
Lucrécia Paím Maternity Hospital.
In September 2014, the Angolan Institute for Cancer Control (IACC) was
created by presidential decree, and it will integrate the National Health Service
in Angola.[155] The purpose of this new centre is to ensure health and medical
care in oncology, policy implementation, programmes and plans for prevention and specialised treatment.[156] This
cancer institute will be assumed as a reference institution in the central and southern regions of Africa.[157]
In 2014, Angola launched a national campaign of vaccination against measles, extended to every child under ten years
old and aiming to go to all 18 provinces in the country.[158] The measure is part of the Strategic Plan for the Elimination
of Measles 2014–2020 created by the Angolan Ministry of Health which includes strengthening routine immunisation, a
proper dealing with measles cases, national campaigns, introducing a second dose of vaccination in the national routine
vaccination calendar and active epidemiological surveillance for measles. This campaign took place together with the
vaccination against polio and vitamin A supplementation.[159]

A yellow fever outbreak, the worst in the country in three decades[160] began in December 2015. By August 2016,
when the outbreak began to subside, nearly 4,000 people were suspected of being infected. As many as 369 may have
died. The outbreak began in the capital, Luanda, and spread to at least 16 of the 18 provinces.

Education

Although by law education in Angola is compulsory and free for eight years,
the government reports that a percentage of pupils are not attending due to a
lack of school buildings and teachers.[161] Pupils are often responsible for
paying additional school-related expenses, including fees for books and
supplies.[161]

In 1999, the gross primary enrollment rate was 74 per cent and in 1998, the
most recent year for which data are available, the net primary enrollment rate
Agostinho Neto University. was 61 per cent.[161] Gross and net enrollment ratios are based on the number
of pupils formally registered in primary school and therefore do not necessarily
reflect actual school attendance.[161] There continue to be significant disparities
in enrollment between rural and urban areas. In 1995, 71.2 per cent of children ages 7 to 14 years were attending
school.[161] It is reported that higher percentages of boys attend school than girls.[161] During the Angolan Civil War
(1975–2002), nearly half of all schools were reportedly looted and destroyed, leading to current problems with
overcrowding.[161]

The Ministry of Education recruited 20,000 new teachers in 2005 and continued to
implement teacher training.[161] Teachers tend to be underpaid, inadequately trained
and overworked (sometimes teaching two or three shifts a day).[161] Some teachers
may reportedly demand payment or bribes directly from their pupils.[161] Other factors,
such as the presence of landmines, lack of resources and identity papers, and poor
health prevent children from regularly attending school.[161] Although budgetary
allocations for education were increased in 2004, the education system in Angola
continues to be extremely under-funded.[161]

According to estimates by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the adult literacy rate in
2011 was 70.4%.[162] By 2015, this had increased to 71.1%.[163] 82.9% of men and
54.2% of women are literate as of 2001.[164] Since independence from Portugal in
1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high
schools, polytechnical institutes and universities in Portugal and Brazil through bilateral A primary school in
agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites. Province of Cuanza Sul

In September 2014, the Angolan Ministry of

Education announced an investment of 16 million Euros in the computerisation
of over 300 classrooms across the country. The project also includes training
teachers at a national level, "as a way to introduce and use new information
technologies in primary schools, thus reflecting an improvement in the quality
of teaching".[165]

In 2010, the Angolan government started building the Angolan Media Libraries
Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School
Network, distributed throughout several provinces in the country to facilitate the
people's access to information and knowledge. Each site has a bibliographic
archive, multimedia resources and computers with Internet access, as well as
areas for reading, researching and socialising.[166] The plan envisages the establishment of one media library in each
Angolan province by 2017. The project also includes the implementation of several media libraries, in order to provide
the several contents available in the fixed media libraries to the most isolated populations in the country.[167] At this
time, the mobile media libraries are already operating in the provinces of Luanda, Malanje, Uíge, Cabinda and Lunda
South. As for REMA, the provinces of Luanda, Benguela, Lubango and Soyo have currently working media
libraries.[168]

Culture
Angolan culture has been heavily influenced by
Portuguese culture, especially in terms of language and
religion, and the culture of the indigenous ethnic
groups of Angola, predominantly Bantu culture.

The diverse ethnic communities—the Ovimbundu,

Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda and other
peoples—to varying degrees maintain their own
cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities,
where slightly more than half of the population now
lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial
times; in Luanda, since its foundation in the 16th
Agostinho Neto National century. Yombe sculpture.
Memorial in Luanda.
In this urban culture, Portuguese heritage has become
more and more dominant. African roots are evident in
music and dance and is moulding the way in which Portuguese is spoken. This process is well reflected in contemporary
Angolan literature, especially in the works of Angolan authors.

In 2014, Angola resumed the National Festival of Angolan Culture after a 25-year break. The festival took place in all
the provincial capitals and lasted for 20 days, with the theme ”Culture as a Factor of Peace and Development.[169]

Cinema

In 1972, one of Angola's first feature films, Sarah Maldoror's internationally co-produced Sambizanga, was released at
the Carthage Film Festival to critical acclaim, winning the Tanit d'Or, the festival's highest prize.[170]

Sports

Basketball is the most popular sport in

Angola. Its national team has won the
AfroBasket 11 times and holds the
record of most titles. As a top team in
The National Stadium in Benguela.
Africa, it is a regular competitor at the
Summer Olympic Games and the
FIBA World Cup. Angola is home to
one of Africa's first competitive leagues.[171] National Museum of Anthropology.

In football, Angola hosted the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations. The Angola
national football team qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, their first appearance in the World Cup finals. They were
eliminated after one defeat and two draws in the group stage. They won three COSAFA Cups and finished runner-up in
the 2011 African Nations Championship.

Angola has participated in the World Women's Handball Championship for several years. The country has also appeared
in the Summer Olympics for seven years and both regularly competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey
World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art "Capoeira
Angola" and "Batuque" which were practised by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave
trade.[172]

See also
Outline of Angola
Index of Angola-related articles

References
1. "Angola" (http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_1.asp). Association of
Religion Data Archives. 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
2. "Início". www.ine.gov.ao. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
3. Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C
3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-1
8H17.pdf) [Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014] (PDF) (in
Portuguese), Instituto Nacional de Estatística, March 2016, archived from the original (http://aiangola.co
m/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014
_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf) (PDF) on 6 May 2016
4. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Angola" (https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/
weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=90&pr.y=17&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C67
6%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C
682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2
C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C51
6%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C
622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2
C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C35
9%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C
135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2
C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C64
6%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C
328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2
C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C53
7%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C
925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2
C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C44
6%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=).
International Monetary Fund.
5. "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Angola" (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?location
s=AO). data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
6. "Human Development Report 2020" (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf) (PDF). United
Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
7. "Transparency and Accountability in Angola" (https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-
accountability-angola). Human Rights Watch. 13 April 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015
1006051053/http://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola) from the
original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
8. "Life expectancy at birth" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102ran
k.html). World Fact Book. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102r
ank.html) from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
9. "Is Angola's Anti-Corruption Drive Real or Cosmetic?" (https://www.voanews.com/africa/angolas-anti-co
rruption-drive-real-or-cosmetic). 10 January 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
10. Heywood, Linda M.; Thornton, John K. (2007). Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of
the Americas, 1585-1660 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150320074507/http://books.google.com/book
s?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82). Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0521770651. Archived
from the original (https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82) on 20 March 2015.
11. Leander (18 May 2016). "Kingdom of Kongo 1390–1914" (https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-k
ongo-1390-1914). South African History Online. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019022318481
5/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-kongo-1390-1914) from the original on 23 February 2019.
Retrieved 25 February 2019.
12. Henderson, Lawrence (1979). Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0812216202.
13. Miller, Josep h (1979). Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0198227045.
14. "The Story of Africa" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtml).
BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100524040820/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specia
ls/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtml) from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
15. EB (1878).
16. Fleisch, Axel (2004). "Angola: Slave Trade, Abolition of". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). Encyclopedia of
African History 3-Volume Set. 1. Routledge. pp. 131–133. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
17. Global Investment and Business Center (1 January 2006). Angola in the Eighteenth Century: Slave
trading in the 1700s. Angola President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos Handbook. Int'l Business
Publications. p. 153. ISBN 0739716069.
18. World Bank. The History of Brazil–Africa Relations (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Re
sources/africa-brazil-bridging-chapter2.pdf) (PDF). Bridging the Atlantic. p. 27. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20160530153221/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-
bridging-chapter2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
19. Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1991). Angola, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Third ed.). Washington,
D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. pp. 14–26. ISBN 978-0160308444.
20. Iliffe, John (2007) Africans: the history of a continent (https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_r
UC) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211914/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN
2URP_rUC) 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-521-
68297-5. For valuable complements for the 16th and 17th centuries see Beatrix Heintze, Studien zur
Geschichte Angolas im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Colónia/Alemanha: Köppe, 1996
21. Corrado, Jacopo (2008). The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920.
Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1604975291.
22. See René Pélissier, Les guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola, (1845-1941), Éditions
Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1977
23. See René Pélissier, La colonie du Minotaure. Nationalismes et révoltes en Angola (1926–1961),
éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1979
24. Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process. Nairobi:
East African Educational Publishers. pp. 143–147. ISBN 9966-25-358-0.
25. Dowden, Richard (2010). Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles (https://archive.org/details/africaaltere
dsta00rich/page/207). London: Portobello Books. pp. 207–208 (https://archive.org/details/africaalteredst
a00rich/page/207). ISBN 978-1-58648-753-9.
26. Cornwell, Richard (1 November 2000). "The War of Independence" (https://web.archive.org/web/201502
21015144/http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf) (PDF). Pretoria: Institute for
Security Studies. Archived from the original (http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf)
(PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
27. Stockwell, John (1979) [1978]. In Search of Enemies. London: Futura Publications Limited. pp. 44–45.
ISBN 978-0393009262.
28. Hanlon, Joseph (1986). Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (https://archive.or
g/details/beggaryourneighb00hanl). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 155 (https://archive.org/d
etails/beggaryourneighb00hanl/page/155). ISBN 978-0253331311.
29. Chabal, Patrick (2002). A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0253215659.
30. Rothschild, Donald (1997). Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for
Cooperation. Washington: The Brookings Institution. pp. 115–120. ISBN 978-0815775935.
31. Domínguez, Jorge (1989). To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-0674893252.
32. Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 56–
65. ISBN 978-0230117778.
33. Vanneman, Peter (1990). Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach (https://a
rchive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann). Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 48–49 (https://archive.
org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/48). ISBN 978-0817989026.
34. Ferreira, Manuel (2002). Brauer, Jurgen; Dunne, J. Paul (eds.). Arming the South: The Economics of
Military Expenditure, Arms Production and Arms Trade in Developing Countries. Basingstoke:
Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 251–255. ISBN 978-0-230-50125-6.
35. Akongdit, Addis Ababa Othow (2013). Impact of Political Stability on Economic Development: Case of
South Sudan. Bloomington: AuthorHouse Ltd, Publishers. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-1491876442.
36. Tucker, Spencer (2013). Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern
Warfare. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Ltd, Publishers. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-1610692793.
37. Tordoff, William (1997). Government and Politics in Africa (Third ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0333694749.
38. W. James, Martin (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-
1538111239.
39. Lari (2004), Human Rights Watch (2005)
40. For an overall analysis see Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola since the
Civil War, London: Hurst, 2015
41. "Who is Angola's new president Joao Lourenco? | DW | 26.09.2017" (https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-an
golas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458). DW.COM.
42. "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparison :: Area" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html). United States Central Intelligence Agency. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankor
der/2147rank.html) from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
43. "Cabinda" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/cabinda.htm). Global Security. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20140708141035/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/cabinda.htm)
from the original on 8 July 2014.
44. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J.
C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.;
Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.;
Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.;
Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.;
Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining
forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl
es/PMC7723057). Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 (https://doi.
org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3). ISSN 2041-1723 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723).
PMC 7723057 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057). PMID 33293507 (https://pubm
ed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507).
45. Mulenga, Henry Mubanga (1999). Southern African climate anomalies, summer rainfall and the Angola
low. PhD Dissertation. University of Cape Town. OCLC 85939351 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85939
351).
46. Jury, M. R.; Matari, E.; Matitu, M. (2008). "Equatorial African climate teleconnections". Theoretical and
Applied Climatology. 95 (3–4): 407–416. Bibcode:2009ThApC..95..407J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/
abs/2009ThApC..95..407J). doi:10.1007/s00704-008-0018-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-008-0
018-4). S2CID 122904785 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122904785).
47. "Klimatafel von Luanda, Prov. Luanda / Angola" (http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600
_kt.pdf) (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German).
Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190512103602/https://www.dwd.de/D
WD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600_kt.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 11 June
2016.
48. "Station Luanda" (http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1479) (in French).
Meteo Climat. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
49. Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C
3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-1
8H17.pdf) [Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014] (PDF) (in
Portuguese), Instituto Nacional de Estatística, March 2016, p. 27, archived from the original (http://aiang
ola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral
-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf) (PDF) on 6 May 2016
50. http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160930004212/htt
p://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx) 2016-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
51. "Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014" (https://www.ine.gov.
ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_
DO_CENSO_2014.pdf) (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola. Retrieved 3 May
2020.
52. "Angola profile" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732). BBC News. 22 December 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180624084435/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036
732) from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
53. Angolan Leader Dos Santos to Step Down After 38 Years in Power (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/a
rticles/2017-02-03/angola-ruling-party-names-joao-lourenco-presidential-candidate) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170407015106/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-03/angola-ruli
ng-party-names-joao-lourenco-presidential-candidate) 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Bloomberg (3 February 2017). Retrieved on 26 April 2017.
54. Thiefaine, Charles (5 December 2016). "En Angola, le ministre de la Défense devrait succèder au
président Dos Santos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025941/http://www.lefigaro.fr/internationa
l/2016/12/05/01003-20161205ARTFIG00307-en-angola-le-ministre-de-la-defense-devrait-succeder-au-
president-dos-santos.php) [In Angola, the minister of defense is to succeed President Dos Santos].
Lefigaro.fr (in French). Archived from the original (http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/12/05/01003-2
0161205ARTFIG00307-en-angola-le-ministre-de-la-defense-devrait-succeder-au-president-dos-santos.
php) on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
55. "Angola : une purge au sein de la Sonangol emporte Isabel dos Santos" (https://beninwebtv.com/2017/1
1/angola-purge-sein-de-sonangol-emporte-isabel-santos/). BENIN WEB TV (in French). 15 November
2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
56. "Angola's Lourenco replaces police and intelligence chiefs" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-
police/angolas-lourenco-replaces-police-and-intelligence-chiefs-idUSKBN1DK1SH). Reuters. 20
November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171120171118/https://www.reuters.com/articl
e/us-angola-police/angolas-lourenco-replaces-police-and-intelligence-chiefs-idUSKBN1DK1SH) from
the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
57. "Angola sacks Africa's richest woman" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42003016). BBC News.
British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171118
031625/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42003016) from the original on 18 November 2017.
Retrieved 21 November 2017.
58. "Angola" (https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/angola/19488.htm). State.gov. US Department of
State. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
59. "CIA – The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/). United States
Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
60. Péclard, Didier (ed.) (2008) L'Angola dans la paix: Autoritarisme et reconversions, special issue of
Politique africains (Paris), p. 110.
61. Miranda, Jorge (2010) "A Constituição de Angola de 2010", O Direito (Lisbon), vol. 142.
62. Amundsen, Inge (2011). Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend (PDF). Chr. Michelsen Institute
(CMI) and Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC).
63. Helicon ed. (2018). The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington,
UK: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-84972-716-7.
64. Angola com novo Código Penal ainda este ano (http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angol
a-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141215075205/htt
p://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angola-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano) 15
December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Notícias ao Minuto, 24 September 2014
65. Ribeiro, João Ruela (16 October 2014). "Angola eleita para o Conselho de Segurança da ONU" (http://
www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/angola-eleita-como-membro-naopermanente-no-conselho-de-seguranca
-da-onu-1673156) [Angola elected to the UN Security Council]. publico.pt (in Portuguese). Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20160906015310/https://www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/angola-eleita-como-m
embro-naopermanente-no-conselho-de-seguranca-da-onu-1673156) from the original on 6 September
2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Public, 16 October 2014
66. "Angola deve servir de exemplo para os países da CIRGL – Ntumba Luaba" (http://expansao.co.ao/Arti
go/Geral/52550). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110419/http://expansao.co.ao/artigo/g
eral/52550) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Expansion, 8 January 2015
67. "Angola" (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/angola). Freedom in the World 2014.
Freedom House. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150207234837/https://freedomhouse.org/rep
ort/freedom-world/2014/angola) from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
68. 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Angola (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/orga
nization/204298.pdf) (PDF), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State
69. Condon, Madison (1 January 2012). "China in Africa: What the Policy of Nonintervention Adds to the
Western Development Dilemma" (https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/990). PRAXIS: The
Fletcher Journal of Human Security. 27: 5.
70. "Ibrahim Index of African Governance" (http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/). Mo Ibrahim
Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140801173520/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.o
rg/iiag/) from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
71. Williams, Sophie (24 January 2019). "Angola decriminalises homosexuality and bans discrimination
based on sexual orientation" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-decriminalises-homosexu
ality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html). The Evening Standard.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190124231409/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-
decriminalises-homosexuality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html)
from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
72. "The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)" (https://web.archive.org/web/202002040
61717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-a
nd-infographic/). African Business Central. Archived from the original (https://www.africanbusinesscentr
al.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/) on 4 February 2020.
Retrieved 4 February 2020.
73. Angola Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A – Making Finance Work for Africa (http://www.mfw4a.org/angol
a/angola-financial-sector-profile.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110141/http://ww
w.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html) 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
MFW4A. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
74. "The Increasing Importance of African Oil" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060505120801/http://www.pin
r.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1). Power and Interest Report. 20 March
2006. Archived from the original (http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460) on 5
May 2006.
75. "Angolo" (http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/). Global Trade Logistic. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190121064335/http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/) from the
original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
76. "Luanda, capital of Angola, retains title of world's most expensive for expats. The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved 9 August 2013" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-An
gola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2017
0905035011/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-titl
e-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html) from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 April
2018.
77. Angola's economy to grow by 3.9 percent-IMF (http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-
by-3-9-percent-imf.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173958/http://en.starafrica.co
m/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html) 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
StarAfrica, 4 September 2014
78. Angola: Sector bancário mantém crescimento em 2013 (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/notic
ias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd70b614-7123-4e91-b07f
-caed89276592.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072005/http://www.portalangop.c
o.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd7
0b614-7123-4e91-b07f-caed89276592.html) 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Angola Press
(26 September 2014)
79. Angola seen growing average 5 percent: Central Bank (https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idA
FKCN0HV1EN20141006) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041824/https://af.reuters.co
m/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006) 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine,
Reuters (Africa), 10 June 2014
80. Anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries
in the world.
81. Dolan, Kerry A. (23 January 2013). "Isabel Dos Santos, Daughter Of Angola's President, Is Africa's First
Woman Billionaire" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-o
f-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201708150
04333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-pre
sident-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/) 15 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Forbes.
82. This process is well analyzed by authors like Christine Messiant, Tony Hodges and others. For an
eloquent illustration, see the Angolan magazine Infra-Estruturas África 7/2010.
83. País ao raios X (https://web.archive.org/web/20131026082704/http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16
943&id=2000&mid=). Angola Exame. 12 November 2010
84. Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina (2006) O Trabalho Dignifica o Homem: Estratégias de Sobrevivência
em Luanda, Lisbon: Colibri.
85. As an excellent illustration see Luanda: A vida na cidade dos extremos, in: Visão, 11 November 2010.
86. The HDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countries—one position below that of Haiti.
MLP l Human Development Index and its components. (http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/H
DR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201043/http://www.undp.or
g/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf) 28 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
87. Forsythe, Michael; Gurney, Kyra; Alecci, Scilla; Hallman, Ben (19 January 2020). "How U.S. Firms
Helped Africa's Richest Woman Exploit Her Country's Wealth" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/19/wo
rld/africa/isabel-dos-santos.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
88. Manuel Alves da Rocha (2010) Desigualdades e assimetrias regionais em Angola: Os factores da
competitividade territorial (http://www.ceic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assi
metrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318160716/http://www.ce
ic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assimetrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf) 18
March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Luanda: Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica da
Universidade Católica de Angola.
89. "A força do kwanza", Visão (Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 50–54
90. The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa (http://www.tonyblairoffi
ce.org/africa/news-entry/The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150708202725/http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/africa/news-entry/
The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/) 8 July 2015 at the
Wayback Machine Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative 1 May 2013
91. The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa (https://www.bcgperspe
ctives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-133457.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150713173954/https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-1334
57.pdf) 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Report by The Boston Consulting Group and Tony Blair
Africa Governance Initiative, May 2013
92. Angola is the third-largest sub-Saharan financial market (http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/
angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financial-market/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201408
14052145/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financi
al-market/) 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, MacauHub, 23 July 2014
93. CMC prepares launch of debt secondary market (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/e
conomia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-
a27150a365dc.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222717/http://www.portalangop.c
o.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-marke
t,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html) 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Angola
Press Agency, 16 December 2014
94. "Marching towards riches and democracy?" (http://www.economist.com/node/12009946) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20141031094320/http://www.economist.com/node/12009946) 31 October 2014
at the Wayback Machine The Economist. 30 August 2008. p. 46.
95. "Angola: Country Admitted As Opec Member" (http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html). Angola
Press Agency. 14 December 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121019012049/http://allafri
ca.com/stories/200612140990.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December
2006.
96. Alt, Robert. "Into Africa: China's Grab for Influence and Oil" (http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1
006.CFM). Heritage.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053942/http://www.heritage.or
g/research/africa/HL1006.CFM) from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
97. "Angola's Political and Economic Development" (http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-de
velopment/p16820). Council on Foreign Relations. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160421141
945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820) from the original on 21
April 2016.
98. "Angola: Explain Missing Government Funds" (https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-mi
ssing-government-funds). Human Rights Watch. 20 December 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20111221173830/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds)
from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
99. "Angola's political and economical development" (Council of Foreign
Relation)http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 (http://www.cfr.org/wo
rld/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201604211
41945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820) 21 April 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
00. "Business | Angola fines Chevron for pollution" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2077836.stm). BBC
News. 1 July 2002.
01. "Angolan Diamond Centenary Conference 2013 Highlights Endiama and Alrosa Joint Venture for
Future Geological Exploration of diamond deposits of Angola's Territory" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0131114012955/http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf) (PDF). Press release.
angolancentenary.com. Archived from the original (http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf) (PDF)
on 14 November 2013.
02. "Country Trends" (http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc). Global
Footprint Network. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
03. Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini,
MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018).
"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts,
2012-2018" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058). Resources. 7 (3): 58.
doi:10.3390/resources7030058 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058).
04. Muzima, Joel. Mazivila, Domingos. "Angola 2014" Retrieved from www.africaneconomicoutlook.org (htt
p://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180530223258/http://ww
w.africaneconomicoutlook.org/) 30 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
05. "Country partnership strategy for the Republic of Angola" (15 August 2013). World Bank (Report No.
76225-A0)
06. Redvers, Louise POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency – NGOs Sceptical of Govt's
Rural Development Plans (http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20100512215958/http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123) 12 May 2010 at the
Wayback Machine.
07. ec.europa.eu: 1992 (https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314)
08. "Sectores Económicos Prioritários" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130411062215/http://www.anip.co.a
o/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6) (in Portuguese). ANIP. Archived from the original (http://www.anip.c
o.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6) on 11 April 2013.
09. "Angola Cables e parceiros estrangeiros anunciam construção de cabo submarino" (http://www.portala
ngop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam
-construcao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html) (in Portuguese). ANGOP.
14 October 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133024/http://www.portalangop.co.a
o/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam-construc
ao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html) from the original on 25 November
2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
10. Machado, André (30 January 2014). "Cabo submarino que ligará Brasil à África terá capacidade de 40
terabits por segundo" (http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarino-que-ligara-brasil-
africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022). O Globo (in Portuguese). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20141012131944/http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarin
o-que-ligara-brasil-africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022) from the original on
12 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
11. Inácio, Adelina (12 March 2015). "Nação está mais ligada" (http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao
_esta_mais_ligada) (in Portuguese). Jornal de Angola. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319
084816/http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao_esta_mais_ligada) from the original on 19 March
2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
12. "Angola has about 14 million mobile phone network users – Minister" (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/ang
ola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Ministe
r,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad539d.html). ANGOP. 12 March 2015. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20150318223512/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/
Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Minister,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad5
39d.html) from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
13. "Angola com crescimento anual superior a 55% no sector das TIC" (http://www.platinaline.com/index.ph
p/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-no-sector-das-tic) (in
Portuguese). Platina Line. 12 March 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174008/htt
p://www.platinaline.com/index.php/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a
-55-no-sector-das-tic) from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
14. "Sector das TIC com crescimento anual superior a 55 por cento na última década" (http://www.verangol
a.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-ultima-decada=00533
1) (in Portuguese). Ver Angola. 13 March 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015041613262
5/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-
ultima-decada=005331) from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
15. "Satbeams - World of Satellites at your fingertips" (https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=43087).
Satbeams Web and Mobile. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071429/https://www.satbea
ms.com/satellites?norad=43087) from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September
2018.
16. "AngoSat 1" (https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm). space.skyrocket.de. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20180917105400/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm) from the
original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
17. "Conclusion works of "Angosat" project set for 2016" (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/notici
as/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusion-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-
b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html). ANGOP. 8 September 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014121
5132435/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusio
n-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html) from the original
on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
18. Agência Lusa (4 November 2014). "Primeiro satélite angolano pronto para ser lançado em 2016" (http://
observador.pt/2014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/) (in
Portuguese). Observador. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033343/http://observador.pt/2
014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/) from the original on 29
November 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
19. "GGPEN - Leia Mais" (http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19). www.ggpen.gov.ao. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20180917071444/http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19) from the original on
17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
20. [ https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/ (https://africanews.space/angosat-2-
more-than-60-per-cent-ready/). Missing or empty |title= (help)
21. Angola to manage own internet domain from 2015 (http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-mana
ge-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174011/
http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-manage-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238) 13
July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Telecompaper, 16 September 2014
22. Angola manages its own Internet domain (http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manage
s-its-own-internet-domain/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141223160657/http://www.macauh
ub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/) 23 December 2014 at the
Wayback Machine Macauhub, 16 September 2014
23. " "World Population prospects – Population division" " (https://population.un.org/wpp/).
population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Retrieved 9 November 2019.
24. " "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (https://population.un.org/
wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1
_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx) (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via
website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved
9 November 2019.
25. As no reliable census data exist at this stage (2011), all these numbers are rough estimates only,
subject to adjustments and updates.
26. 2050 Population as a Multiple of 2014 (http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rankings.aspx?ind=1&loc=
294) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101305/http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rank
ings.aspx?ind=1&loc=294) 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. PRB 2014 World Population Data
Sheet
27. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. "World Refugee Survey 2008" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20110126130051/http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?id=2117). p. 37
28. World Refugee Survey 2008 – Angola (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCRI,,COD,456d621e2,
485f50c0c,0.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005710/http://www.unhcr.org/refworl
d/country%2C%2CUSCRI%2C%2CCOD%2C456d621e2%2C485f50c0c%2C0.html) 10 May 2011 at
the Wayback Machine, UNHCR. NB: This figure is highly doubtful, as it makes no clear distinction
between migrant workers, refugees and immigrants.
29. "José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20130920100459/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html)
. Observatório da Emigração. Archived from the original (http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunida
des.pt/np4/3607.html) on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013. "…presença de cerca de 200 mil
trabalhadores portugueses no país…"
30. "Angola: Cerca de 259.000 chineses vivem atualmente no país" (https://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-
259000-chineses-vivem-atualmente-no-pais=f660830). Visão. 25 April 2012. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20130509165420/http://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-259000-chineses-vivem-atualmente-
no-pais=f660830) from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
31. "Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants (http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-
angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201305251
72019/http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/) 25
May 2013 at the Wayback Machine". Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012
32. Bender, Gerald; Yoder, Stanley (1974). "Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence. The Politics of
Numbers". Africa Today. 21 (4): 23–27. JSTOR 4185453 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185453).
33. Flight from Angola (http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1207934
0) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074203/http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?
story_id=12079340) 27 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist , 16 August 1975 puts
the number at 500,000, but this is an estimate lacking appropriate sources.
34. Siza, Rita (6 June 2013). "José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-
vindos em Angola" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130612002917/http://www.publico.pt/economia/notici
a/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao-bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693).
Público. Lisbon. Archived from the original (http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/jose-eduardo-dos-sa
ntos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao-bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693) on 12 June 2013.
Retrieved 17 June 2013.
35. Phillips, Tom (26 August 2012). "Chinese 'gangsters' repatriated from Angola" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20180422011123/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangst
ers-repatriated-from-Angola.html). The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original (https://www.telegrap
h.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangsters-repatriated-from-Angola.html) on 22
April 2018.
36. "Angola, Brazil: A culture shock divide · Global Voices" (https://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-braz
il-a-culture-shock-divide/). 17 August 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170316042333/http
s://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-brazil-a-culture-shock-divide/) from the original on 16 March
2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
37. Silva, José António Maria da Conceição (2004) Angola (http://poing.me/layar/Colombia/brochuranoCro
p.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170721190428/http://poing.me/layar/Colombia/brochura
noCrop.pdf) 21 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. 7th World Urban Forum
38. "Angola: português é falado por 71,15% de angolanos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161226100353/
http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-C
enso-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the
original (http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Defi
nitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf) (PDF) on 26 December
2016.
39. "Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014" (https://www.ine.gov.
ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_
DO_CENSO_2014.pdf) (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola. Retrieved 3 May
2020.
40. "Angola" (https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_1.asp). Association of
Religion Data Archives. 16 November 2012.
41. Viegas, Fátima (2008) Panorâmica das Religiões em Angola Independente (1975–2008), Ministério da
Cultura/Instituto Nacional para os Assuntos Religiosos, Luanda
42. Schubert, Benedict (1997). Der Krieg und die Kirchen: Angola 1961–1991. Luzern, Switzerland:
Exodus.
43. Henderson, Lawrence W. (1989). The Church in Angola: A river of many currents. Cleveland: Pilgrim
Press.
44. "Angola" (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108352.htm). State.gov. 19 September 2008.
Retrieved 13 July 2014.
45. Surgimento do Islão em Angola (http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&det=23057) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20120401143743/http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&det=23057) 1 April 2012
at the Wayback Machine. O Pais. 2 September 2011. p. 18
46. Oyebade, Adebayo O. Culture And Customs of Angola, 2006. pp. 45–46.
47. Angola 2012 International Religious Freedom Report (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organizati
on/208328.pdf) (PDF), United States Department of State, retrieved 24 June 2017
48. Angola: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives (http://www.thearda.co
m/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2010041104332
2/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp) 11 April 2010 at the Wayback
Machine Brian J Grim and Roger Finke. "International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation,
Government Favoritism and Social Regulation of Religion". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on
Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.
49. "International Religious Freedom Report – Angola" (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.ht
m). U.S. Department of State. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
50. Culture and customs of Angola (https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40).
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 2007. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-33147-3.
51. "International Grants 2005" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081113131805/http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/
downloads/2005intgrants.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/download
s/2005intgrants.pdf) (PDF) on 13 November 2008.
52. http://citypopulation.de/en/angola/cities/
53. Seal, Andrew J.; Creeke, Paul I; Dibari, Filippo; et al. (2007). "Low and deficient niacin status and
pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 85 (1): 218–224.
doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F85.1.218). hdl:10144/125625 (https://hdl.
handle.net/10144%2F125625). PMID 17209199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17209199).
54. Angola Surveys (http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyT
p=ctry&cn=Angola) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127021228/http://measuredhs.com/cou
ntries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Angola) 27 November 2010 at the
Wayback Machine, measuredhs.com
55. Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África (http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mu
ndo/273191/novo-instituto-oncologico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20150318052307/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/273191/novo-instituto-oncolo
gico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa) 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Notícias ao
Minuto (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014
56. Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África (https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.as
p?id_news=728577) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221827/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/
news.asp?id_news=728577) 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Diário Digital (Source: Lusa
Agency), 9 September 2014
57. Novo instituto oncológico angolano quer ser instituição de referência no continente (http://www.verango
la.net/Artigos/Novo-instituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004
333) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134912/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Novo-ins
tituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004333) 6 October 2014 at
the Wayback Machine, Ver Angola, 11 September 2014
58. Angola: Over 30,000 Children Vaccinated Against Measles in Huila (http://allafrica.com/stories/2014100
10149.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085310/http://allafrica.com/stories/201410
010149.html) 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, All Africa, 30 September 2014
59. "Angola lança vacinação nacional contra sarampo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103202/htt
p://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-lanca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo)
[Angola launches national measles vaccination]. Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). Lusa. 18
September 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-l
anca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo) on 6 October 2014.
60. Goldschmidt, Debra (19 May 2016). "WHO: Yellow fever outbreak is 'serious and of great concern' " (htt
p://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html#). CNN. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160529102132/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html) from
the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
61. "Botswana". 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (https://web.archive.org/web/201401090
71239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf). Bureau of International Labor
Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain.
62. "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)" (http://sta
ts.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210). UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/
tableView.aspx?ReportId=210) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
63. UIS. "Education" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?
DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en). data.uis.unesco.org. Archived from the
original (http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang
=en#) on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
64. "Angola – Statistics" (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html). UNICEF. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20100613004722/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html)
from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
65. Angola investe 16 milhões na informatização de 300 salas de aula em todo o país (http://www.ionline.p
t/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milhoes-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20141007000209/http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milho
es-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais) 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, jornal i (28
September 2014)
66. Sumário Executivo do Plano Director da ReMA (https://web.archive.org/web/20161212180948/http://me
diatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf) [Executive Summary of the
ReMA Master Plan] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Rede de Mediatecas de Angola, May 2013, archived from
the original (http://mediatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf) (PDF)
on 12 December 2016
67. Government to open digital libraries in every province (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/notic
ias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7d66-49cf-8e56-85c
0d6969725.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222038/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/
angola/en_us/noticias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7
d66-49cf-8e56-85c0d6969725.html) 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Angola Press Agency, 8
January 2015
68. Mediateca móvel aberta ao público (http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/regioes/malanje/mediateca_movel_a
berta_ao_publico) Archived (http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20150209181727/http%3A//m.ja.sapo.ao/regioe
s/malanje/mediateca_movel_aberta_ao_publico) 9 February 2015 at the Portuguese Web Archive
Jornal de Angola, 9 January 2015
69. Retrospect2014: Fenacult marks cultural year (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/laze
r-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e
798f14.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141231184839/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/ang
ola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b
594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e798f14.html) 31 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Angola Press
Agency, 18 December 2014
70. Dovey, Lindiwe (11 March 2015). Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals (https://books.google.com/
books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1137404145. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20180915225644/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ)
from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
71. Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). "Basketball's next frontier is Africa" (https://www.newframe.com/bas
ketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/). New Frame. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
72. Poncianinho, Mestre; Almeida, Ponciano (2007). Capoeira: The Essential Guide to Mastering the Art (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18). New Holland Publishers. pp. 18–.
ISBN 978-1-84537-761-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150320053304/http://books.google.c
om/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18) from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 14 October
2015.

Further reading
Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Angola" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ni
nth_Edition/Angola), Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 45
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Angola" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Brita
nnica/Angola), Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–40
Birmingham, David (2006) Empire in Africa: Angola and its Neighbors, Ohio University Press: Athens,
Ohio.
Bösl, Anton (2008) Angola's Parliamentary Elections in 2008. A Country on its Way to One-Party-
Democracy, KAS Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. Die Parlamentswahlen in Angola 2008 (http://www.k
as.de/wf/de/33.15186/)
Cilliers, Jackie and Christian Dietrich, Eds. (2000). Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and
Diamonds. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
Global Witness (1999). A Crude Awakening, The Role of Oil and Banking Industries in Angola's Civil
War and the Plundering of State Assets. London, UK, Global Witness. A Crude Awakening (http://www.g
lobalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/93/en/a_crude_awakening)
Hodges, Tony (2001). Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism. Oxford: James Currey.
Hodges, Tony (2004). Angola: The Anatomy of an Oil State. Oxford, UK and Indianapolis, US, The
Fridtjol Nansen Institute & The International African Institute in association with James Currey and
Indiana University Press.
Human Rights Watch (2004). Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenues in
Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights. New York, Human Rights Watch. Some Transparency, No
Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights (Human Rights
Watch Report, January 2004) (https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/angola0104/)
Human Rights Watch (2005). Coming Home, Return and Reintegration in Angola. New York, Human
Rights Watch. Coming Home: Return and Reintegration in Angola (http://hrw.org/reports/2005/angola03
05/)
 James, Walter (1992). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1964–1990. New Brunswick,
Transaction Publishers.
Kapuściński, Ryszard. Another Day of Life, Penguin, 1975. ISBN 978-0-14-118678-8. A Polish
journalist's account of Portuguese withdrawal from Angola and the beginning of the civil war.
Kevlihan, R. (2003). "Sanctions and humanitarian concerns: Ireland and Angola, 2001-2". Irish Studies
in International Affairs 14: 95–106.
Lari, A. (2004). Returning home to a normal life? The plight of displaced Angolans (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20120305023754/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/85/Paper85.pdf). Pretoria, South Africa,
Institute for Security Studies.
Lari, A. and R. Kevlihan (2004). "International Human Rights Protection in Situations of Conflict and
Post-Conflict, A Case Study of Angola". (https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023828/http://www.iss.c
o.za/pubs/ASR/13No4/FLari.pdf) African Security Review 13(4): 29–41.
Le Billon, Philippe (2005) Aid in the Midst of Plenty: Oil Wealth, Misery and Advocacy in Angola,
Disasters 29(1): 1–25.
Le Billon, Philippe (2001). "Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds". African
Affairs (100): 55–80.
Le Billon, P. (March 2006). Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts. Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-37970-0.
MacQueen, Norrie An Ill Wind? Rethinking the Angolan Crisis and the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–
1976, Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History, 26/2, 2000, pp. 22–44
Médecins Sans Frontières (2002). Angola: Sacrifice of a People (https://web.archive.org/web/20130723
154858/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2002/angola1_10-2002.pdf). Luanda,
Angola, MSF.
Mwakikagile, Godfrey Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, on
Angola in Chapter 11, "American Involvement in Angola and Southern Africa: Nyerere's Response",
pp. 324–346, ISBN 978-0-9802534-1-2.
Pearce, Justin (2004). "War, Peace and Diamonds in Angola: Popular perceptions of the diamond
industry in the Lundas". African Security Review 13 (2), pp 51–64. Wayback Machine (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20120305023855/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No2/AW.pdf)
Porto, João Gomes (2003). Cabinda: Notes on a soon to be forgotten war (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0100821083212/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/77/Paper77.html). Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for
Security Studies.
Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola, Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, Colorado, Westview
Press.
Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York and
London, UK, Human Rights Watch.

External links
Official website (http://www.governo.gov.ao/) (in Portuguese)
Angola (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Angola (https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Angola) at Curlie
Angola (https://web.archive.org/web/20080704131403/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ango
la.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Angola profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732) from the BBC News.
Wikimedia Atlas of Angola
Geographic data related to Angola (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/195267) at
OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for Angola (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AO)
from International Futures.
Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 – Angola Country Report (https://web.archive.org/web/2012040
1150404/http://www.bti-project.org/country-reports/esa/ago/)
 Markus Weimer, "The Peace Dividend: Analysis of a Decade of Angolan Indicators, 2002–2012 (https://
web.archive.org/web/20120801221204/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Researc
h/Africa/0312pp_weimer.pdf)".
The participation of Hungarian soldiers in UN peacekeeping operations in Angola (https://www.academi
a.edu/12759680/The_participation_of_Hungarian_soldiers_in_UN_peacekeeping_operations_in_Ang
ola)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angola&oldid=1031631542"

This page was last edited on 2 July 2021, at 18:42 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.