Breast Cancer
Created by :zainab shaker
Introduction
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells in the breast tissue. It can start in the
milk ducts (most common) or the lobules that
produce milk. The cancer may remain localized or
spread to lymph nodes and other organs
Breast Cancer Diagnosis
1. Clinical Breast Exam: The doctor manually
checks for lumps or abnormalities.
2. Ultrasound: Used for younger women or when
breast tissue is dense.
3. Mammogram: The most effective screening
test for early detection.
4. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):
Recommended for high-risk individuals.
5. Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken and examined
to determine the type and stage of cancer.
Clinical Signs Indicating a
Mammogram
1: Breast Lump or Thickening
2:Changes in Breast Size or Shape
3: Nipple Changes
4: Skin Changes
5: Persistent Breast Pain
6:Swelling in the Armpit
7:Breast Warmth or Discoloration
8:Previous Abnormal Breast Findings
Criteria for Performing
Mammogram After Breast
Ultrasound
1: Mass size greater than 3 cm (Size > 3cm)
2:Mass with irregular outline
3:Mass with calcifications
4: Mass with internal vascularity seen by Doppler
ultrasound
5: Mass with length greater than width (Length > Width)
6: Patient with a first-degree family history of breast
cancer
7: Routine check for women over 40 years old (Age > 40
yr)
If any of these signs are present, a mammogram is
recommended for further evaluation.
The difference between
them :
Clinical examination: depends on observing external
changes in the breast and nipple, such as the presence of
lumps, abnormal secretions, changes in the skin, or unexplained
pain.
Ultrasound: used to detect lumps inside the breast and
assess their nature, especially in women with dense breast
tissue where mammography is less accurate.
Mammogram: is the primary examination to detect
calcifications and very small tumors that may not be seen by
ultrasound or not felt by clinical examination
Types of Breast Cancer
1. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC):
• The most common type (about 80%).
2. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC):
• Accounts for about 10-15% of cases.
3. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
4. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
5. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
6. Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC)
Causes and Risk Factors
• Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 50.
• Family History: A strong family history of breast cancer increases risk.
• Genetic Mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations significantly raise the
risk.
• Hormonal Factors: High estrogen levels due to hormone therapy, early
menstruation, or late menopause.
• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of
physical activity.
Breast Cancer Prevention and Risk
Treatment: Reduction:
1. Surgery
1. Regular Screenings
• Lumpectomy
2. Maintaining a Healthy Weight
• Mastectomy
3. Avoiding Smoking and Alcohol
2. Radiation Therapy
4. Eating a Healthy Diet
3. Chemotherapy
5. Limiting Hormone Therapy
4. Hormonal Therapy
5. Targeted Therapy 6. Breastfeeding
1-size
2-irregular_outline
3-calcification
4-shape
5-vascularity vascularity
6-family_history
7-age
Final Grade: The supervisor's sports grade is calculated on the basis of
various factors, with the total grade being out of 7.
