Part A–Unit 1

1 Methods of Communication
TEST YOURSELF Long Answer Type Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 1. V
 erbal communication refers to the form
1. a. i b. i c. iv d. ii of communication in which the message is
2. a. iv b. ii transmitted verbally. It is done by word of
Short Answer Type Questions mouth or as a piece of writing. The objective
1. The different methods of communication of this communication is to have people
are: understand what we are trying to convey.
i. Verbal communication When we talk to others, we presume that
ii. Non-verbal communication they understand what we are saying. But it
iii. Visual communication is not true. People bring their own attitudes,
2. Oral communication is the easiest method of perceptions, emotions and thoughts about
communication because it is less formal and
the topic and, therefore, create their own
takes little time to form the message.
meaning and understanding. Hence, in order
3. Verbal communication refers to the form
of communication in which the message is to convey the message appropriately, we
transmitted verbally and the communication must think from the receiver’s point of view.
is done by word of mouth or as a piece of Would he/she understand the message?
writing. How will it be perceived by the receiver?
In non-verbal communication, cues like facial Verbal communication is further divided into
expressions, body language and tone of two categories are as follows:
voice of the speaker are used to convey the • O
 ral communication: In oral
message.
communication, spoken words are used.
4. Body language plays a very significant role in
Non-verbal communication. Sometimes, it It includes face-to-face conversation,
can send signals stronger than words. Body speech, telephonic conversation, video
language is controlled by our subconscious call, radio, television, Voice over Internet,
mind, so a reader can actually understand etc. Here, the communication is influenced
if there’s a difference in what he/she is by the pitch, volume, speed and clarity of
saying and thinking. Body language has speaking.
great impact in transmitting messages to the • W
 ritten communication: In this mode,
listener. For example, if we are in a meeting the written signs or symbols are used to
and we are not moving our eyes over all the convey the message. The message can
participants, we will fail to add impact to our be printed or handwritten and includes
communication.
e-mails, letters, reports, memos, sms,
5. Visual communication is the transmission
etc. Here, the message is influenced by
of ideas and information with the help of
symbols and imagery. It includes signs, vocabulary, grammar, writing style, clarity
drawings, graphic designs, illustrations, of language and arrangement of words/
advertising, animation, colour and electronic sentences. It is the most common form
resources. It is generally used for marketing of communication used in business and
and advertising a product and also for giving therefore, it is considered one of the most
presentations. important skills.
2 Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9
 Memos, reports, bulletins, job • P roxemics (closeness/personal space):
descriptions and e-mails are the types This is the measure of physical distance
of written communication used in between people when they communicate.
business for internal working and The standard amount of personal space
procedures. For communication with expected by someone varies depending
the external environment, faxes, letters, on setting and is some what culture-
proposals, Internet websites, contracts, specific.
advertisements, brochures, etc., are used. • P osture: Posture refers to positions of our
2. The various types of non-verbal body. The way in which we sit or stand
communication are as follows: and what are the positions of our body
• G  estures or Body language: To be a more before others communicate a lot about
effective communicator, we need to align our attitude and emotional state. Posture
our body language and tone with the shows our confidence and feelings.
words we are trying to convey. A different • Touch/Haptics: Many interactions begin
tone can change the perceived meaning with an exchange of physical touch like
of a message. Research shows that when a hug or a handshake. A firm handshake
an individual lies, he/she is more likely is a great way to establish trust whereas
to blink frequently, shift the body weight a weak and clumsy handshake conveys a
from one leg to the other and shrug. lack of trustworthiness and confidence.
The thumb rule is that simplicity, directness 3. Visual communication is the transmission
and warmth convey sincerity. And sincerity of ideas and information with the help of
is the key to effective communication. symbols and imagery. It includes signs,
A firm handshake, given with a warm and drawings, graphic designs, illustrations,
dry hand, is a great way to establish trust. advertising, animations, colours and
A weak and clumsy handshake conveys a
electronic resources. It is very important
lack of trustworthiness and confidence.
in the business world. It helps in creating a
• E ye contact: The style and duration of eye
market and building a brand for the product.
contact is considered appropriate across
the globe. Looking into the eyes and talking Advantages of visual communication are as
is considered a sign of trustworthiness follows:
and confidence. • It helps in emphasising the oral
• Facial
 expressions: The human face communication. When an individual is
can produce thousands of different explaining some business offers, it is
expressions. It is said that what we cannot always important to use demonstrations
say, our face expresses it. Our face conveys for better understanding. While giving
basic information to the outside world. presentations, visual aids can help
Happiness is associated with a smile on in explaining the key features of the
the face, fear with an open mouth and organisation or the product.
wide-eyed stare. The effects of the facial • A combination of audio-visual
expressions in a conversation are instant. communication is more effective than
• P  aralanguage: This category covers vocal words. Some facts cannot be delivered
qualities like loudness or tone of voice through words, thus diagrams and
that makes a difference in the meaning of pictures are used. Graphs, maps and
communication. Paralinguistic signals are flowcharts are self-explanatory visual aids
any aspect of the sound of a voice outside that can explain the progress, disparities,
a direct verbal translation of words being performance, statistics, etc., in a more
spoken. impactful manner.
Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9 3
 • It is very effective on people who may not v. It is conveyed v. It is conveyed through
have the ability to read, but have the visual through video body language,
ability to comprehend. call, e-mails,
Disadvantages of visual communication are appearance, tone
sms, telephonic
as follows: etc.
conversation etc.
• T he main disadvantage of visual
communication is that it is expensive. Application Based Questions
• In most cases, visual communication is 1. A
 n e-mail full of grammatical errors,
incomplete and incompetent, if it is not incomplete sentences shows that the
accompanied by oral communication.
sender has little or no knowledge of the
• V isual communication is more time-
language and also shows the incompetency
consuming. A lot of time is required to
create visual aids. of the sender. Such an e-mail not only fails to
4. convey the exact information and leave a bad
impression of the sender but also makes the
Verbal Non-verbal
entire process of communication futile.
Communication Communication
i. It involves the i. It involves the use of 2. Do it yourself.
use of words visual or non-verbal 3. T he most effective and appropriate type
to exchange cues such as facial of communication to convey the rules and
information. expressions, eye regulations to the employees will be the
contact etc. written communication. It offers ease of
ii. It is both formal ii. It is a formal way of distribution and can easily be distributed to
and informal way communication. a large number of people. It also helps in
of communication.
documentation of the information and the
iii. It is clear and iii. It is complex employees can refer to it in future also.
concise. and sometimes
confusing. 4. T he most appropriate method to show this
iv. The presence of iv. It requires the justification will be the visual communication.
both the sender presence of both It helps in emphasising oral communication.
and receiver the sender and With the help of visual aids and graphs, the
at the place of receiver at the place comparative performance and progress of
communication is of communication. both the cricketers can be explained and
not necessary. demonstrated effectively.

2 Elements of communication cycle

TEST YOURSELF individuals through common system of
symbols, signs or behaviour.
Multiple Choice Questions
2. Y es, good communicators are good leaders.
1. a. iv b. iii c. iii d. ii e. iv
They have the ability to influence people with
2. a. ii b. iii their communication skills. Communication
Short Answer Type Questions is the most important ability to lead the
1. Communication is a process by which team. People easily listen and follow the
information is exchanged between instructions of good communicators.
4 Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9
 3. Diagrammatic representation of communication cycle is shown:

Msg Idea Msg Msg Msg Msg

Sender by the Encoding Channel Decoding Receiver
sender

Feedback Context
4. D
 ecoding is the most significant component the process of encoding, in which symbols
in the process of communication. It includes such as pictures, words, gestures, etc., are
converting and comprehending the symbols used to encode the message. These symbols
encoded by the sender. An effective are used to translate the information into a
communication happens only when the message.
receiver interprets the message, in exactly Decoding: It is the most significant
the same manner as it was intended by the component in the process of communication.
sender. The decoding of the message by the It includes converting and comprehending
receiver depends on his experience, trust, the symbols encoded by the sender.
relationship with the sender, and mainly on The decoding of the message by the
the knowledge about the subject matter. receiver depends on his experience, trust,
5. Encoding: Before communication begins, the relationship with the sender, and mainly on
message created by the sender goes through the knowledge about the subject matter.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. The various components of a communication cycle are as follows:

Msg Idea Msg Msg Msg Msg

Sender by the Encoding Channel Decoding Receiver
sender

Feedback Context
• S ender: The sender or the communicator • C
 ommunication channel: The
creates the message and initiates the communication channel is the medium
communication. Later, the generated through or, by which a message is
message is conveyed to the receiver. transmitted to the recipient. The message
• I dea: By ‘idea’ we mean, the information, can be transmitted orally (face-to-face
views, facts, feelings, etc., which are meetings, telephone conversations,
created by the sender. In other words, it is videoconferencing, etc.) or in writing
the message which can be written orally or (letters, e-mails, memos, reports, etc.).
symbolically like gestures, silence, sound,
The choice of medium/channel must be
etc., which prompt the receiver to give a
done carefully as it has a lot of impact on
response.
making the message effective and on its
• E ncoding: Before communication begins,
the message created by the sender goes correct interpretation.
through the process of encoding, in which • D
 ecoding: It is the most significant
symbols such as pictures, words, gestures, component in the process of
etc., are used to encode the message. communication. It includes converting
These symbols are used to translate the and comprehending the symbols encoded
information into a message. by the sender. An effective communication
Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9 5
 happens only when the receiver interprets communication skills help in making an
the message, in exactly the same manner individual successful.
as it was intended by the sender. • S ource of information: A communication
• R eceiver: The receiver is the person process involves two persons or a group
for whom the message is meant. After of people where ideas are exchanged or
the receiver receives the message, he shared thus providing more knowledge.
comprehends it in the best possible way Even the feedback by the receivers
and acts according to the message and gives information to the communicator
hence, the purpose of communication is where one can work on the scope of
attained. improvement.
• F eedback: It is the last phase of the • B uilds attitude: A person can be an
communication cycle. This step ensures effective communicator only if he/she is
that the message is received by the well-informed. A well-informed person
receiver and is also interpreted correctly. will be better able to build on his/her
Feedback makes communication effective attitude and knowledge.
as it allows the sender to know the efficacy 3. T he five factors that should be kept in mind
of his/her message. The feedback can be during the process of communication are:
given verbally or non-verbally. • T he language used for the communication
2. C
 ommunication is an art through which we • T he tone and pitch of the communication
convey meanings to a person or a group • T he intellectual level of audience
through signs or semiotic rules. It is a process
• T he environment in which the
in which words, sounds, signs or behaviours
communication takes place
are used to express or exchange informations,
• T he method used for the communication
ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.
(verbal/non-verbal/visual)
Significance of communication are as follows:
4. The five factors that influence the
• H igh self-esteem: Good communication
effectiveness of communication are:
makes us confident and also helps in
• T he language used for the communication
influencing others. Most people who have
good communication skills are extroverts • T he content of the message
and can easily handle different situations • T he channel or the medium through which
and large gatherings. They are more the message is sent
confident and have faith in themselves. • T he environment in which the message is
• L eadership skills: Effective communication created and communicated
also helps in developing leadership • T he receptiveness of the receiver
qualities. Effective communication is the 5. Feedback is the most important component
most important ability to lead a team. A of communication cycle because it is the only
good communicator can easily influence way through which we can make out whether
others and earn their trust. People easily the sent message is understood or not. This
listen and follow a good communicator. step ensures that the message is received by
• K ey to a better future: Good the receiver and is also interpreted correctly.
communication skills are essential to It makes the communication effective as it
get and acquire a job. A good command allows the sender to know the efficacy of his
over language and having powerful message.
6 Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9
Application Based Questions There will be lot of people in cafeteria and
1. The most important thing that should be it will be rude to give warning in front of
kept in mind to develop communication with so many people. Moreover, the ambience
the people of the said locality is the ability and the environment will also hamper the
of the people to understand the intellectual effectiveness of the warning.
level of the people, the appropriate language 3. T he hospital management/authorities must
in which they can easily comprehend and organise or conduct a meeting with the
the most important will be the method of paramedic staff. A proper communication
communication. In this case, the combination with the staff may only help in resolving the
of oral and visual method of communication issue without causing damage to anyone.
will be most effective. The grievances or the problems must be
2. No, he has not done it appropriately. heard and taken in written. And the solution
Cafeteria is not an appropriate place to to the given problems must also be shared
give official instructions to the employees. with the paramedic staff.

3 Factors Affecting Communication

TEST YOURSELF intentions are. If we are not feeling well or
are uncomfortable, we cannot pay attention
Multiple Choice Questions
to what others are saying.
1. a. iii b. i c. iv d. iii e. iii
4. The visual perception refers to the brain’s
2. a. ii b. ii ability to make sense of what the eyes see.
Short Answer Type Questions Long Answer Type Questions
1. The main aim of any communication is for 1. Communication is a continuous and a
the receiver to interpret the message as dynamic process. In our every interaction,
encoded by the sender. whether active or passive, we communicate
2. The factors that affect the perspectives in with others. Even when we are silent, we
communication are: have some intention which others may
• The language used in communication interpret at their discretion. Every human
• T he feelings of the sender and the receiver being participates constantly in the process
• T he environment in which the of communication. For example, in our daily
communication occurs routine, we communicate in many ways:
• T he visual perception of the receiver chit-chatting with family and friends, watching
• T he past experiences of the receiver and television, reading newspaper, ordering a
the sender pizza, reading e-mails, working on social
• P  rejudice sites, everything is a way of communication.
3. The feelings of the receiver and the sender Communication is the only process through
have a huge impact on the effectiveness of which a human being shares his/her ideas,
the communication. If somebody is stressed, emotions or reactions. It is a vital life skill.
they may be preoccupied with personal It is the only medium which makes personal,
concerns and will not be as receptive as professional and social life possible.
they would be, if not stressed. A tired 2. Communication barriers are the things or
speaker, an over-worked writer and a bored conditions that obstruct the communication.
listener cannot do justice to the process of Being able to recognise and understand
communication, no matter how good their those barriers will eventually help in
Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9 7
 defeating and overcoming them. Barriers again. As a result of this experience, you
may lead to our message becoming distorted never ask her to explain anything and
and we therefore are at risk wasting both never clarify your doubts.
time and/or money by causing confusion and • Y our idea was ignored in a class discussion.
misunderstanding. Effective communication Hence, you never present any of your
involves overcoming these barriers and ideas in the class again.
conveying a clear and concise message. 4. I
 t is true that language affects our
The barriers to communication may be communication. If there are differences
avoided by taking care of the following between the sender and the receiver in
things: terms of language and the sender is not
• T he communicator should be very clear aware of them while sending the message,
about what the sender wants to say. He/ communication will get affected. So, it is
She should know the objective of his/her the responsibility of the sender to ensure
message and, therefore, he/she should that the message reaches the receiver in the
arrange his/her thoughts in a proper language that he/she understands.
order. For example,
• T he message should be prepared not • A message that has a lot of jargon and
abbreviations will not be understood by
according to the level or ability of the
a receiver who is not familiar with the
speaker but it should keep in mind the
language used.
level, understanding or the environment
• Local colloquialisms and expressions may
of the receiver.
be misinterpreted and may be considered
• T he sender should take care that the
offensive.
message should be framed in clear and  • Poor choice of words, weak sentence
simple language. The contents of the structure, and inappropriate punctuation
message should be brief and excessive use also hamper the communication.
of technical words should be avoided.
Application Based Questions
• T he subject matter of the message should
1. The most common example of prejudice is
be helpful to the receiver. The need and
that we do not let the children participate
interest of the receiver should specially be
in family discussions and do not even give
kept in mind. importance and value to their decisions and
• E nsure proper feedback. ideas. We presume that it is only the adults
• B oth the sender and the receiver should who can take right and appropriate decisions.
be good listeners. Both should listen to 2. A conversation with a friend is informal
each other’s point of view with attention, conversation therefore, local colloquialisms
patience and positive attitude. and expressions may be used. We can also
3. The impact of previous communication use jargons, abbreviations or slangs.
strongly determines the effectiveness of 3. No, it will not be appropriate to conduct a
further communication between the same seminar or a meeting in the cafeteria because
sender and receiver. If the past experience ambience, loud music, large crowd, etc., can
has been bitter, the future communication cause distractions or discomfort.
between them will surely be ineffective. If 4. I would choose a language which I can speak
someone has had an awful experience in the and he/she can understand because then
past related to some particular situation, one only effective communication can take place.
would avoid communication in that situation. 5. As women are inherently soft spoken and are
For example, of soft nature, we must deal and behave with
• In the past, your teacher scolded you them with a same approach. Therefore, it is
when you asked her to explain the topic ideal to speak with them softly.
8 Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9
 4 Basic Writing Skills
TEST YOURSELF idea) of the paragraph. These sentences
Multiple Choice Questions give the evidence for the topic sentence.
These sentences include facts, reasoning,
1. a. iv b. i c. iii d. i
statics, etc., to make the statements more
2. a. ii b. i convincing.
Short Answer Type Questions 6. Asking questions is needed for the following
1. The two reasons to show that effective reasons:
writing skills are important, are as follows: • It helps to gain new knowledge, avoid any
• W riting is an important yardstick with confusion or misunderstanding and to
which our knowledge and intellectuality is make sure that what we know is correct.
measured. • If we do not have information about
• P eople with good writing skills appear to something such as a place or some work,
be more capable, intelligent, credible and it becomes important to ask questions.
responsible. The two basic types of questions are:
2. A clause is a group of words that has a subject • Close-ended questions: These are the
and a predicate. questions which can be answered with
For example, only Yes or No and options in the answer
• I saw a man who was crying. are limited.
• I saw a man (main clause) who was crying • Open-ended questions: These are the
(subordinate clause). questions which can have a variety of
answers i.e. their answers are not limited.
3. A clause that can sometimes act as a sentence
is called independent clause. And the clauses Long Answer Type Questions
that cannot be used on their own are called 1. A sentence is a group or combination of
subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses words that expresses a complete thought or
need to be used with an independent clause makes a complete sense.
to make a meaningful sentence. For example, Plants need soil, water and
4. Simple sentence: A simple sentence is made sunlight to grow.
of up only one clause (main or independent Different types of sentences (on the basis of
clause). A main clause has both the subject function) are as follows:
and the verb, and expresses a complete • Declarative sentences: These are the
sense. For example, I love music. sentences or statements that relay
Complex sentence: A complex sentence has information or ideas. They simply
one main clause and at least one subordinate/ announce an idea and have a planned
dependent clause connected by conjunction statement. They always end with a full
such as although, because, since, unless, stop (.). For example, I always speak the
when, etc., or a relative pronoun like who, truth.
that, which, etc. • Interrogative sentences: The sentence
For example, Because my coffee was too that asks question is an interrogative
cold, I heated it in the microwave. sentence. An interrogative sentence
5. Supporting sentences provide explanations always ends with a question mark (?). For
and support the topic sentence (main example, Why did you take my book?
Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9 9
 • I mperative sentences: A sentence that expresses a complete sense. For example,
expresses a command, request, gives He ate an apple.
an advice or order is an imperative • Compound sentences: A compound
sentence. It usually ends with a full stop, sentence has at least two main clauses
but may also end with an exclamation connected by a conjunction such as,
sign (!), depending on the emotion in the and, for, nor, but, so, yet, or. It has no
sentence. For example, Jatin, hand me the dependent clause. For example, I called
book please. (Request) him, but he did not reply.
• Exclamatory sentences: A sentence that • Complex sentences: A complex sentence
shows strong feelings or emotions is an has one main clause and at least one
exclamatory sentence. It describes feelings subordinate/dependent clause connected
or emotions of joy, anger, excitement, by a conjunction such as although,
frustration, sorrow and appreciation. It because, since, unless, when, etc., or a
always ends with an exclamation mark (!). relative pronoun like who, that, which. For
For example, What a beautiful garden! example, I saw a girl who was hungry.
Different types of sentences (on the basis of • Complex-compound sentences: A
structure) are as follows: complex-compound sentence is made
• Simple sentences: A simple sentence up of at least two independent clauses
is made up of only one clause (main and one or more dependent clauses. For
or independent clause). A main clause example, I forgot my sister’s birthday, so I
has both the subject and the verb, and sent her a card when I finally remembered.
2. A sentence is a group of words that gives a complete thought or meaning. A sentence has the
following three parts:
Parts of a Sentence
Subject Predicate Object
The subject is the part that tells The predicate is the part that Unlike the subject who acts, an
us who or what the sentence is tells us what the subject does object is a noun or a pronoun in
about. or is. a sentence which is acted upon.
For example: For example: For example:
Rohit is very happy. They are playing football. He is eating an apple.
She is writing. Raman is writing a poem. Varun is singing a song.
David works in a factory. Samita is laughing. He is repairing his laptop.
3. Nouns are words that are used to name persons, places, things, animals, ideas or events.
For example, Bill Gates is a dynamic personality.
The different types of nouns are as follows:
i. Proper Noun • It refers to the particular names of persons, places or things.
• It always starts with a capital letter.
For example: Bentley, Jupiter, Game of Thrones, India.
ii. Common • The nouns used to name general items.
Noun For example: tree, water, mountain.
10 Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9
 iii. Concrete • The nouns which we can see, feel and touch.
Noun • It can be common noun, proper noun, countable and uncountable noun or
collective noun.
For example: flower, bear, Taj Mahal, helicopter, milk.
iv. Abstract • The nouns which cannot be perceived through the five senses.
Noun • They refer to emotions, ideas, concepts, tenets, beliefs, qualities or your state
of being.
For example: love, hate, bravery, freedom, power.
v. Countable • It refers to anything that can be counted and has a singular and plural form.
Noun For example: dog–dogs, book–books, table–tables.
vi. Uncountable • Anything that cannot be counted, comes under the uncountable nouns.
Noun They are always singular.
For example: water, cheese, information, intelligence.
vii. Collective • It refers to a group of animals, things or persons.
Noun For example: team, herd, class, family, bunch.

Application Based Questions

1.
Simple Sentences Complex Sentences
i. He confessed his crime. i. He confessed that he had committed a crime.
ii. Ram bought his friend’s car. ii. Ram brought the car that belonged to his friend.
John worked hard to clear the iii. John worked hard that he might clear the entrance
iii.
entrance exam. exam.
iv. Only Hindus can enter this temple. iv. If you are not a Hindu, you cannot enter this temple.
v. Ben liked his former place. v. Ben liked the place where he lived formerly.
2. a. M
 ohit, Raghav and Sumit are going to a d. Adverb
music concert. e. Conjunction
b. I banged my car in the pavement. 6. Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco,
c. Have you ever been to Delhi? California. He was an American inventor,
3. a. Interrogative sentence designer and entrepreneur. He co-founded
b. Imperative sentence Apple, and then started another company
named Next. There, he developed other
c. Declarative sentence
famous technologies. The technologies
d. Exclamatory sentence developed by him at Next are being used
4. a. He needed a good job. in most products of Apple today. He always
b. He worked in a restaurant. tinkered around with gadgets like mobile
c. They usually gave him quarters for tips. phones, machines and computers. In 1984,
d. She will write a letter to her grandma. he designed the Macintosh computer at
e. His headache started an hour ago. Apple, where his knowledge of calligraphy
helped him. Macintosh soon became the
5. a. Pronoun
most famous and advanced computer. Jobs
b. Preposition died in 2011, after suffering for a long time
c. Noun from cancer.
Answer Key Artificial Intelligence-Class 9 11