Chapter 5

Color image processing

No Question Year
2021, 2020,
1 What do you mean by color model? Write about color fundamentals.
2017
2 What is color model? 2015
3 Define HUE, Saturation, and Luminance. 2021, 2015
4 Define psycho-visual redundancy. 2015, 2013
5 Differentiate between RGB and CMY color model. 2017, 2013
6 What do you mean by radiance, luminance, and brightness? 2012
7 How is the chromaticity diagram formed? 2012
Describe the way the hue, saturation, and intensity components are
8 2020
calculated from the RGB color format.
9 Explain the basics of full-color image processing. 2020
If R=200, G=100, and B=50, then what will be the value of L and H in the
10 2017
HSL color model?
 Chapter 5
Color image processing

1. What do you mean by color model? Write about color fundamentals.

[2020,2017]
Answer:
Color Model:
Have you ever looked at the brilliant color on your computer screen or in a glossy magazine and wonder
how it got there? Did you know putting the color in those mediums requires very different processes?
And those processes have to start with a color model?
A color model is a system that uses three primary colors to create a larger range of colors. There are
different kinds of color models used for different purposes, and each has a slightly different range of
colors they can produce. The whole range of colors that a specific type of color model produces is called
a color space. All color results from how our eye processes light waves, but depending on the type of
media, creating that color comes from different methods.
The RGB Color Model:
There are two basic kinds of color models, additive and subtractive. Let's look at an additive color
model first. The most common one is Red/Green/Blue, usually referred to as RGB. This color model
uses light to create color, and it is used for digital media. When you play a game on your smart phone
or watch an action movie on TV, you are seeing color in an RGB color space. RGB is called an additive
color model because when the three colors of light are shown in the same intensity at the same time,
they produce white. If all the lights are out, they create black.
The CMYK Color Model:
When printing color images, you can't use colored light, and that means images cannot be printed in
RGB. That is where the other color model comes in. A subtractive color model adds pigment in the
form of ink or dye that causes an absence of white. The most common subtractive color model is
Cyan/Magenta/Yellow/Black, usually referred to as CMYK. It is what printers use, and you will
sometimes also see it called process color because it is used in the four color printing process. To print
a color image on paper, you have to use ink. Starting with the bright white paper surface, the colors are
printed according to a pattern. The more color is applied, the more the white surface is masked. That is
why it is called subtractive. But why the addition of black ink? Because when all the colors are mixed,
they create a muddy brown. To get rich deep black, you have to use black ink.
2)What is color model. [2015]
Answer: A color model is a system that uses three primary colors to create a larger range of colors.
There are different kinds of color models used for different purposes, and each has a slightly different
range of colors they can produce. The whole range of colors that a specific type of color model produces
is called a color space. All color results from how our eye processes light waves, but depending on the
type of media, creating that color comes from different methods.

3)Define HUE, Saturation and Luminance. [2015]

Answer:
Hue, saturation, and brightness are aspects of color in the red, green, and blue ( RGB ) scheme. These
terms are most often used in reference to the color of each pixel in a cathode ray tube ( CRT ) display.
All possible colors can be specified according to hue, saturation, and brightness (also called brilliance ),
just as colors can be represented in terms of the R, G, and B components.

4)Define psycho-visual redundancy. [2015,2013]

Answer:
Psycho visual Redundancy:
• The Psycho visual redundancies exist because human perception does not involve quantitative
analysis of every pixel or luminance value in the image.
• It’s elimination is real visual information is possible only because the information itself is not
essential for normal visual processing.

5)Differentiate between RGB and CMY color model. [2017,2013]

Answer:
1. RGB is used to create images in screens and display while CMYK is used in printing to paper or
other media
2. Both reproduces colors buy placing individual colors close to each other in order to fool the eye
3. RGB is an additive color model while CMYK is a subtractive color model
4. CMYK uses an additional color which is black rather than reproducing black by combining the
three colors

6)What do you mean by radiance, luminance and brightness? [2012]

Answer:
In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface,
per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Spectral radiance is the radiance of a surface per
unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency
or of wavelength.

Luminance describes the measurement of the amount of light emitting, passing through or reflected
from a particular surface from a solid angle. It also indicates how much luminous power can be
perceived by the human eye. This means that luminance indicates the brightness of light emitted or
reflected off of a surface.

Brightness is the perceived intensity of light coming from a screen. On a color screen, it is the average
of the red, green and blue pixels on the screen. Brightness is important to both color perception and
battery life on mobile devices. It can be adjusted manually or automatically with sensors.

7)How chromaticity diagram formed? [2012]

Answer:
The chromaticity diagram provides us two measures, which approximately correlate with the
perceptual attributes: hue and saturation. As shown in Fig. 7.2, a line is drawn from the neutral point N
(location of the illuminant in the case of colored light, and of the perfect diffuser in the case of surface
colour) O and O〿 in the chromaticity diagram to intersect the locus of the spectrum colours.
The wavelength of the monochromatic light at the point of intersection (point D) with the horseshoe-
shaped curve is termed the dominant wavelength, λd, for the respective test colour.

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7.2. Calculation of dominant wavelength and excitation purity.
In the case of point O′, the line intersects at the non-spectral purple boundary and it is not possible to
assess the dominant wavelength directly. Therefore the line is extended in the opposite direction, where
it cuts the spectrum locus at D′. The wavelength at that point is known as the complementary
wavelength, λc, for the test colour O′. The complementary wavelength is the wavelength of the spectral
colour which, when additively mixed with the test colour (O′ in this case), can match the achromatic
colour. Dominant or complementary wavelengths may be considered approximately correlated with the
hue of the test colour. However, the loci of constant hue are not actually straight lines.
8.Write down the way of hue saturation and intensity components are calculated from RGB color
format. [2020]

Solution:
𝑅 𝐺 𝐵
r= (𝑅+𝐺+𝐵), g= (𝑅+𝐺+𝐵), b= (𝑅+𝐺+𝐵),

1 3
I= (𝑅 + 𝐺 + 𝐵), 𝑆 = 1 − [min (𝑅 + 𝐺 + 𝐵)]
3 (𝑅+𝐺+𝐵)

1
[(𝑅−𝐺)+(𝑅−𝐵)]
And H= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 { 2
}
√(𝑅−𝐺)2 +(𝑅−𝐵)(𝐺−𝐵)

9. Write down the Basics of Full-color image processing. [2020]

Basics of Full-color image processing:

This approach fall into two major categories

i)Process each component image individually and then form a composite processed color image from
the individually processed components.
ii)Work with color pixels directly, color pixels really are vectors which shows in figure.

(255, 255, 0)
(255,255,255)

(0, 255, 0)

(0,255,255)

(255, 0, 255)
(255, 0, 0)

(0, 0, 255)
(0, 0, 0)
Fig: Spatial mask for Gray-scale and RGB color image.

Let C represents an arbitrary vector in RGB color space:

𝐶𝑅 𝑅
C= [𝐶𝐺 ] = [𝐺 ]
𝐶𝐵 𝐵

Components C are simply the RGB components of a color image at a point.

The color components are a function of coordinates (x,y) by using the notation:

𝐶𝑅(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑅(𝑥,𝑦)
C(x , y)= [𝐶𝐺(𝑥,𝑦) ] = [𝐺(𝑥,𝑦) ]
𝐶𝐵(𝑥,𝑦) 𝐵(𝑥,𝑦)

10. If R=200, G= 100 and B= 50 then what will be the value of L and H is HSL color model? [2017]

Solution:
1
[(R−G)+(R−B)
H= ∅ = Cos−1 {[(R−G)
2
2 +(R−B)(G−B)]1/2 }

= 19.1068
3
S= 1 − (R+G+B) × [Min(RGB)

3
= 1 − 350 × 50 = 0.5714

1
L= × (R + G + B)
3

= 116.67