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EXPERIMENT NO. 01

AIM: R PROGRAMMING INTRODUCTION AND BASICS

WHAT IS R?

R is a programming language developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in 1993. R

possesses an extensive catalog of statistical and graphical methods. It includes machine learning
algorithm, linear regression, time series, statistical inference to name a few. Most of the R libraries
are written in R, but for heavy computational task, C, C++ and Fortran codes are preferred. R is
not only entrusted by academic, but many large companies also use R programming language,

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including Uber, Google, Airbnb, Facebook and so on.

Data analysis with R is done in a series of steps; programming, transforming, discovering,

modeling and communicate the results

Basic data types

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Data Types R Code Output

# Boolean z< TRUE

class(z)

Variables store values and are an important component in programming, especially for a data
scientist. A variable can store a number, an object, a statistical result, vector, dataset, a model
prediction basically anything R outputs. We can use that variable later simply by calling the name
of the variable. To declare a variable, we need to assign a variable name. The name should not
have space. We can use _ to connect to words. To add a value to the variable, use <- or =.

SYNTAX RCODE OUTPUT

# First way to declare a variable: use the
`< `name_of_variable < value
# Second way to declare a variable: use the
`=`
name_of_variable = value

Vectors

A vector is a one-dimensional array. We can create a vector with all the basic data type

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we learnt before. The simplest way to build a vector in R, is to use the c command.

Vectors Type Rcode OUTPUT

Operator Description RCode OUTPUT

Arithmetic
+ Addition 3+4 ## [1] 7
- Subtraction ## [1] 2
* Multiplication ## [1] 15
/ Division ## [1] 5
^ or ** Exponentiation ## [1] 32

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Logical

What is a Matrix?

A matrix is a 2-dimensional array that has m number of rows and n number of columns. In other
words, matrix is a combination of two or more vectors with the same data type. Note: It is
possible to create more than two dimensions arrays with R.

SYNTAX: matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow = FALSE) Arguments:

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We can select elements one or many elements from a matrix by using the square brackets [ ].
This is where slicing comes into the picture.

For example:

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What is Factor in R?

Factors are variables in R which take on a limited number of different values; such
variables are often referred to as categorical variables. In a dataset, we can distinguish two types
of variables: categorical and continuous. In a categorical variable, the value is limited and usually
based on a particular finite group. For example, a categorical variable can be countries, year,
gender, occupation. A continuous variable, however, can take any values, from integer to decimal.
For example, we can have the revenue, price of a share, etc..

R stores categorical variables into a factor. Let's check the code below to convert a
character variable into a factor variable. Characters are not supported in machine learning
algorithm, and the only way is to convert a string to an integer.

RCODE:

# Create gender vector

gender_vector < c("Male", "Female", "Female", "Male")

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4

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