Statistics in Kinesiology 5th Edition

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E7221
To Sumiko Inoue Weir (1933-1982) and Julian Paul Weir (1923-
2009)
—Joseph P. Weir, PhD
This book is dedicated to my eternal family:
Clarence, Orpha, Jerry, Diana, Steven, Daniel, Susan, Gail, David,
Nancy, and all who have gone before or will come after.
—William J. Vincent, EdD
Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Key Symbols

CHAPTER 1 Measurement, Statistics, and Research

What Is Measurement?
Process of Measurement
Variables and Constants
Research Design and Statistical Analysis
Statistical Inference
Summary

CHAPTER 2 Organizing and Displaying Data

Organizing Data
Displaying Data
Summary

CHAPTER 3 Percentiles
Common Percentile Divisions
Calculations Using Percentiles
Summary

CHAPTER 4 Measures of Central Tendency

Mode
Median
Mean
Relationships Among the Mode, Median, and Mean
Logarithmic Transformations and the Geometric Mean
Summary
CHAPTER 5 Measures of Variability
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Definition Method of Hand Calculations
Calculating Standard Deviation for a Sample
Coefficient of Variation
Standard Deviation and Normal Distribution
Graphical Depiction of the Standard Deviation
Summary

CHAPTER 6 The Normal Curve

Z Scores
Standard Scores
Probability and Odds
Calculating Skewness and Kurtosis
Summary

CHAPTER 7 Fundamentals of Statistical Inference

Predicting Population Parameters Using Statistical Inference
Estimating Sampling Error
Frequentist Versus Bayesian Inference
Levels of Confidence, Confidence Intervals, and Probability
of Error
An Example Using Statistical Inference
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Type I and Type II Error
Degrees of Freedom
Living With Uncertainty
Two- and One-Tailed Tests
Applying Confidence Intervals
Summary

CHAPTER 8 Correlation and Bivariate Regression

Correlation
Calculating the Correlation Coefficient
 Bivariate Regression
Homoscedasticity
Summary

CHAPTER 9 Multiple Correlation and Multiple

Regression
Multiple Correlation
Partial Correlation
Multiple Regression
Summary

CHAPTER 10 The t Test: Comparing Means From Two

Sets of Data
The t Tests
Types of t Tests
Magnitude of the Difference (Size of Effect)
Determining Power and Sample Size
The t Test for Proportions
Summary

CHAPTER 11 Simple Analysis of Variance: Comparing

the Means Among Three or More Sets of
Data
Assumptions in ANOVA
Sources of Variance
Calculating F: The Definition Method
Determining the Significance of F
Post Hoc Tests
Magnitude of the Treatment (Size of Effect)
Summary

CHAPTER 12 Analysis of Variance With Repeated

Measures
Assumptions in Repeated Measures ANOVA
Calculating Repeated Measures ANOVA
 Correcting for Violations of the Assumption of Sphericity
Post Hoc Tests
Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
Interpreting the Results
Summary

CHAPTER 13 Quantifying Reliability

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
Standard Error of Measurement
Summary

CHAPTER 14 Factorial Analysis of Variance

A Between–Between Example
A Between–Within Example
A Within–Within Example
Summary

CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Covariance

Relationship Between ANOVA and Regression
ANCOVA and Statistical Power
Assumptions in ANCOVA
The Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design
Pairwise Comparisons
Summary

CHAPTER 16 Analysis of Nonparametric Data

Chi-Square (Single Classification)
Chi-Square (Two or More Classifications)
Rank Order Correlation
Mann-Whitney U Test
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for Ranked Data
Friedman’s Two-Way ANOVA by Ranks
Summary

CHAPTER 17 Clinical Measures of Association

Relative Risk
 Odds Ratio
Diagnostic Testing
Summary

CHAPTER 18 Advanced Statistical Procedures

Multilevel Modeling
Meta-Analysis
Multiple Analysis of Variance
Factor Analysis
Discriminant Analysis
Summary

Appendix: Statistical Tables

Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors
Preface

This edition of Statistics in Kinesiology represents the evolution in

the life of this unique book. We continue to emphasize the practical
use of statistics as a tool to help those in the movement sciences
(e.g., physical educators, coaches, biomechanists, sport
psychologists, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, and physical
therapists) analyze quantitative data. The goal is always to educate
students in the proper use of statistical tools that can help them
answer questions in their specific disciplines.
In updating this book, we retained all the qualities that made
previous editions such a success. Specifically, the examples of
statistical procedures still focus on variables in kinesiology so that
students can better relate to how the procedures are used and how
the procedures can help them answer questions. We retained the
use of hand calculations because we think that doing some of the
calculations manually on simple data is an important learning tool.
Nonetheless, the mathematics shown in the examples involve only
basic algebra skills. As with the previous editions, we emphasize
topics that are commonly seen in our disciplines, such as correlation
and bivariate regression, t tests, repeated measures analysis of
variance, and the interpretation of interactions in factorial analyses of
variance.
However, we have updated many chapters to keep up with
changes in the field. For example, we have changed many of the
figures from dynamite plunger plots to dot plots and spaghetti plots,
which more accurately convey to the reader what the data really look
like and help identify outliers. We have briefly introduced free
statistical software packages such as JASP and G*Power as well as
Bayesian statistical ideas, but a detailed discussion of Bayesian
methods is beyond the scope of the book.
Additionally, a new web resource provides a variety of interactive
activities to help students learn and understand the information
provided in the text. Each chapter in the book is accompanied by a
set of mini-lectures, which explain key concepts in more detail. Use
the QR code located in the web resource section to access the mini-
lectures for each chapter. For a complete list of lectures, please visit
the homepage for the web resource at
www.HumanKinetics.com/StatisticsInKinesiology.
We hope this fifth edition will be a valuable tool in helping both
students and researchers analyze quantitative data in the
kinesiological disciplines.

—Joseph P. Weir, PhD

—William J. Vincent, EdD
Acknowledgments

I am indebted to many people who have had an impact on me both

professionally and personally over the years. In particular, I would
like to thank Dr. Terry Housh at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln,
who was my PhD advisor and remains my friend and mentor, and Dr.
Ronald DeMeersman, who shepherded me into the professoriate at
the Teachers College of Columbia University when I was fresh out of
graduate school. In addition, it has been a great pleasure to
collaborate with Dr. Bill Vincent on the fourth and fifth editions of this
book. He is a gentleman of the highest order. I would also like to
acknowledge two former students, Dr. Jake Siedlik (currently at
Creighton University) and Dr. Anthony (Tony) Ciccone (currently at
Utah Valley University), who have helped me grow in my statistical
expertise. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Dr. Loree Weir, who has
been extremely supportive of all my professional pursuits.
—Joseph P. Weir, PhD

My deepest acknowledgments are to my students who over the

years have inspired me and encouraged me to write this book and its
subsequent editions. They are the ones who have challenged me
and provided the motivation to teach and to write. While
administrative responsibilities are rewarding, I must honestly say that
the classroom is where I find the greatest joy. It is there that the
interaction takes place that inspires teachers and empowers
learners.
I would like to acknowledge four people who have had a major
impact on my professional life: Dr. Glen Arnett (deceased), who hired
me in my first job at California State University–Northridge; Dr. Ruel
Barker, chair, and Dr. Robert Conlee, dean, at Brigham Young
University, who hired me as an adjunct professor after my retirement
from CSUN; and Dr. Larry Hall, who continued to support me for
many years at BYU.
Special thanks to the staff at Human Kinetics for guiding us
through this fifth edition with expertise and skill. And to my friend and
coauthor, Dr. Joe Weir: Thanks, Joe, for the great contributions you
have made to this edition.
Finally I acknowledge my wife, Diana, who for 60 years has been
my eternal sweetheart and the love of my life. She has supported me
all the way.

—William J. Vincent, EdD

List of Key Symbols

α 1. Greek letter, lowercase alpha

2. Area for rejection of H0 on a normal curve
ANCOVA Analysis of covariance
ANOVA Analysis of variance
β Slope of a line; Greek letter, lowercase beta
Β Greek letter, uppercase beta
χ Greek letter, lowercase chi
χ2 Chi-square
C 1. Column
2. Number of comparisons
3. Constant
4. Cumulative frequency
5. Y-intercept of a line
d Deviation (the difference between a raw score and a
mean)
df Degrees of freedom
D1 The 10th percentile
E Expected frequency
ES Effect size
f Frequency
F Symbol for ANOVA
FWα Familywise alpha
H The highest score in a data sheet; also the value of
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for ranked data
H0 The null hypothesis
H1 The research hypothesis
HSD Tukey’s honestly significant difference
i Interval size in a grouped frequency distribution
I Scheffé’s confidence interval
IQR Interquartile range
k Number of groups in a data set
L The lowest score in a data sheet
MANOVA Multiple analysis of variance
MG The grand mean in ANOVA
MS Mean square
MSE Mean square error
μ 1. Greek letter, lowercase mu
2. Mean of a population
n Number of scores in a subgroup of the data set
N Total number of scores in a data set
O Observed frequency
ω Greek letter, lowercase omega
ω2 Omega squared
p 1. Probability of error
2. Proportion
P Percentile
Q1 The 25th percentile
r Pearson’s correlation coefficient
R 1. Range
2. Rows
3. Multiple correlation coefficient
R1 Intraclass correlation
R2 Coefficient alpha in intraclass correlation
ρ 1. Greek letter, lowercase rho
2. Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient
SD Standard deviation (based on a sample)
SED Standard error of the difference
SEE Standard error of the estimate
SEM Standard error of the mean
σ 1. Greek letter, lowercase sigma
2. Standard deviation (based on a population)
σp Standard error of a proportion
SS Sum of squares
Stanine Standard score with middle score = 5 and R = 1 to 9
Σ 1. Greek letter, uppercase sigma
2. The sum of a set of data
t Student’s t
T T score (standard score with X = 50 and σ = 10.0)
U Mann-Whitney U test
V Variance
X A single raw score
X The mean
Xmid The middle score in an interval of scores
Z Z score (standard score with X = 0 and σ = 1.0)
Zα Alpha point
CHAPTER 1

MEASUREMENT, STATISTICS, AND

RESEARCH

The most important step in the process of every science is the

measurement of quantities.… The whole system of civilized life
may be fitly symbolized by a foot rule, a set of weights, and a
clock.

James Maxwell