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The document discusses Schrödinger's Cat and the collapse of the wave function in quantum mechanics, highlighting the limitations of classical mechanics in explaining phenomena like black-body radiation and the photoelectric effect. It revises the atomic model, introducing the quantum mechanical model that describes electron behavior in atoms using probability. Additionally, it covers electromagnetic radiation, light properties, and the nature of light, including interference and diffraction, supported by experiments like Young's Double Slit Experiment.

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3 views39 pages

lec 2

The document discusses Schrödinger's Cat and the collapse of the wave function in quantum mechanics, highlighting the limitations of classical mechanics in explaining phenomena like black-body radiation and the photoelectric effect. It revises the atomic model, introducing the quantum mechanical model that describes electron behavior in atoms using probability. Additionally, it covers electromagnetic radiation, light properties, and the nature of light, including interference and diffraction, supported by experiments like Young's Double Slit Experiment.

Uploaded by

ahmedreda2005715
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Schrodinger's Cat: Description

What is the wave function of the cat just before the box
is opened?
( 2 dead + 12 alive ?)
1

When does the wave function collapse and the cat becomes
dead or alive instead of a mixture of both?
The wave function () contains all the information we need to
know about any particular system
Classical mechanics fails and quantum mechanics
arises?

Experimental results could not be explained by classical


mechanics such as :

1. Black-Body radiation spectrum.


2. Photo-electric effect
3. Compton scattering.
4. Spectrum of hydrogen emissions
Revising the Atomic Model

Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model


(1911)
• It explained only a few simple properties of atoms.
• It could not explain the chemical properties of
elements.

• It could not explain why an


object such as the iron scroll
first glows dull red, then
yellow, and then white when
heated to higher and higher
temperatures.
Light

Deterministic Theory
The Quantum Mechanical Model
What does the quantum mechanical model determine
about the electrons in an atom?

• Erwin Schrödinger used new theoretical


calculations and experimental results to solve a
mathematical equation describing the behavior of
the electron in a hydrogen atom.

• Probability describes how likely it is to find an


electron in a particular location around the nucleus
of an atom.
7
Found the probability of finding an electron in an atom, like flies to a
candle.

8
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved.
9
Particles and waves are distinguishable phenomena, with different,
characteristic properties and behaviour.

Property Behaviour

mass momentum
Particles position  collisions
velocity

Waves wavelength  diffraction


frequency interference
To describe the behavior of the electron in a
hydrogen atom, you need to know something about
the electronic structure of the atoms.

Because light gives us information about this


structure, we begin by discussing the nature of light.
Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation(EM) is an electric and magnetic


disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light (2.998 ×
108 m/s). Examples of EM radiation include radio waves and
microwaves, as well as infrared, ultraviolet, gamma, and x-rays.
EM travels in a waveform at a constant speed.

The wave characteristics of EM radiation are found in the


relationship of velocity to wavelength and frequency expressed in
the formula: c


Electromagnetic Radiation
E increasing,  increasing,  decreasing

The range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation is


called the electromagnetic spectrum.
Calculate the wavelength of light, in nm,
of light with a frequency of 3.52 x 1014 s-1.

c


3.00  10 m/s
8
 14 1
7
 8.52  10 m
3.52  10 s

9
10 nm
  8.52 10 m 
7
 852 nm
m
The wavelength of a laser pointer is reported
to be 663 nm. What is the frequency of this
light?
c


9
10 m
  663 nm  7
 6.63  10 m
nm
3.00 108 m/s
 7
 4.52  1014 1
s
6.6310 m
21
What is the wavelength of blue light with a
frequency of 5.09 1014/s?

 = 5.09  1014/s c =  so
c = 3.00  108 m/s  = c/

c 3.00 x 10 m
8

λ  s = 5.89  10 –7 m, or 589 nm
 5.09 x 1014
s

22
Light and Color
Light is EM radiation. What makes light rays so different from these
other examples of EM radiation? The answer is that we can see light,
but we cannot see radio-, …. or X-rays.
Exciting Gas Atoms to Emit Light

• Light is emitted
when gas atoms
are excited via
external energy
(e.g., electricity
or flame).

• Each element
emits a
characteristic
color of light.
Identifying Elements with Flame Tests

Na K Li Ba
Emission Spectra
Types of spectra:

In a continuous spectrum
there is no interruption in the
distribution of wavelengths

Emit just a few colors. This


type of spectrum is called an
emission-line spectrum

Some are missing a few colors.


These dark lines are called
absorption lines
Light waves are emitted (emission spectrum) from an
atom when an electron moves from a higher energy
level to a lower energy level

Nucleus
Light waves are can be absorbed by an atom when
an electron moves from a lower energy level to a
higher energy level

Nucleus
Particles and waves are distinguishable phenomena, with different,
characteristic properties and behaviour.

Property Behaviour

mass momentum
Particles position  collisions
velocity

Waves wavelength  diffraction


frequency interference
The Nature of Light

Interference and Diffraction

• Electromagnetic radiation (light) moves in waves


• Waves can interact with each other (interference)
Diffraction
In general, diffraction occurs when waves pass
through small openings, around obstacles

The classical view of light is that it was purely a wave phenomenon. This view
was particularly supported by the observation of the diffraction of light.
Travelling particles do not diffract

They simply pass through the opening


and do not diffract
Interference
Interference—a Result of the Superposition of Waves

Constructive Interference: If the waves are in phase, they


reinforce to produce a wave of greater amplitude.

Destructive Interference: If the waves are out of phase, they


reinforce to produce a wave of reduced amplitude.
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
• famous experiment, demonstrates wave nature of light
• single light source illuminates two slits, each slit acts as
secondary source of light

• light waves from slits interfere to produce alternating maxima


and minima in the intensity

sources should be
monochromatic -
contain a single
wavelength only
How does this work?
At some locations on the screen, light waves from the two
slits arrive in phase and interfere constructively.

At other locations light waves arrive out of phase and


interfere destructively.

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