ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Introduction to MATLAB

 MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks.

 MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.
 MATLAB is a program for doing numerical computation. It was
originally designed for solving linear algebra type problems using
matrices.
 While other programming languages mostly work with numbers
one at a time, MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole
matrices and arrays.
Introduction to MATLAB, Continued…

 Using MATLAB, an image (or any other data like sound, etc.) can
be converted to a matrix and then various operations can be
performed on it to get the desired results and values.
 MATLAB is a fourth-generation high-level programming language
and interactive environment for numerical computation,
visualization and programming.
 It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help
in mathematical calculations, generating plots, and performing
numerical methods.
MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics

 MATLAB is used in every fact of computational mathematics.

Following are some commonly used mathematical calculations
where MATLAB is used:
• Dealing with Matrices and Arrays
• 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
• Linear Algebra
• Algebraic Equations
• Statistics
MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics, Continued…

• Data Analysis
• Calculus and Differential Equations
• Numerical Calculations
• Integration
• Transforms
• Curve Fitting
• Special Functions
 Uses of MATLAB

 MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in Science and

Engineering covering the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics,
and all engineering streams.

 It is used in a range of applications including:

• Signal Processing and Communications

• Algorithm development

• Control Systems

• Computational Finance; Computational Biology

Local Environment Setup

 Setting up MATLAB environment is a matter of few clicks.

 MathWorks provides the licensed product, a trial version, and a
student version as well.
 We need to log into the site and wait a little for their approval.
 After downloading the installer, the software can be installed
through few clicks.
Local Environment Setup, Continued...
Local Environment Setup, Continued...
Understanding the MATLAB Environment
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…
 The desktop has the following panels:
 Current Folder: This panel allows us to access the project folders
and files.
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

 Command Window: This is the main area where commands can

be entered at the command line. It is indicated by the command
prompt (>>).
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

 Workspace: The workspace shows all the variables created

and/or imported from files.
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

 Command History: This panel shows or return commands that

are entered at the command line.
 MATLAB Screen
• Command Window
• type commands

• Current Directory
• View folders and m-files

• Workspace
• View program variables
• Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

• Command History
• view past commands
• save a whole session
using diary

15
Hands on Practice

 MATLAB environment behaves like a super-complex calculator.

We can enter commands at the >> command prompt.
 In MATLAB, we give a command and it executes the command
right away.
 Type a valid expression, for example, >>20 + 21; and press
ENTER.
 When we click the Execute button, MATLAB executes it
immediately and the result returned is ans=41.
 Hands on Practice, Continued…

 Let us take up few more examples:

 >>3 ^ 2 (%3 raised to the power of 2). When we click the Execute
button, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=9.
 >>sin(pi/2). (% sine of angle 90). When we click the Execute
button, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=1.
 >>7/0 (% Divide by zero). When we click the Execute button,
MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is ans=Inf.
 Hands on Practice, Continued…

 >>732 * 20.3. When we click the Execute button, MATLAB

executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=1.4860e+04.
 MATLAB provides some special expressions for some mathematical
symbols, like pi for 𝜋, Inf for ∞, 𝑖 (and 𝑗) for −1 .
 In MATLAB, NaN stands for 'not a number'.
For example, >> 0/0; -inf/inf
 Use of Semicolon (;) in MATLAB

 Semicolon (;) indicates end of statement. However, if we want to

suppress and hide the MATLAB output for an expression, add a
semicolon after the expression.
 For example, >>x = 5; y = x + 5. When we click the Execute button,
MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is y=8.
 Adding Comments in MATLAB

 To add comments to MATLAB code, we use the percent ( % )

symbol. Comment lines can appear anywhere in a program file,
and we can add comments to the end of a line of code.
For example, y = sum(x) % Use the sum function
Commonly used Operators and Special Characters
Operation Symbol Example

Addition + 5+3=8

Subtraction - 5-3=2

Multiplication * 5*3=15

Right Division / 5/3=1.6667

Left Division \ 5/3=3\5=1.667

Exponentiation ^ 5^3=125
Special Variables and Constants

MATLAB supports the following special variables and constants:

Naming Variables

 Variable names consist of a letter followed by any number of

letters, digits or underscore.
 MATLAB is case-sensitive.
 For example, >>x = 10 (% defining x and initializing it with a
value). MATLAB will execute the above statement and return
the following result x = 10.
 >>x = sqrt(25) (% defining x and initializing it with an
expression) MATLAB will execute the above statement and
return the result as x = 5.
Naming Variables, Continued…

 Note that once a variable is entered into the system, we can

refer to it later. Variables must have values before they are
used. When an expression returns a result that is not assigned
to any variable, the system assigns it to a variable named
answer, which can be used later.
 For example, >>x = 7 * 8; y = x * 7.89. MATLAB will execute the
above statement and return the following result y = 441.8400.
Multiple assignments

 We can have multiple assignments on the same line.

 For example, >> a = 2; b = 7; c = a * b
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
result c = 14.
I have forgotten the Variables

 The who command displays all the variable names we have

used.
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
result: Your variables are: ans - - - …
 The whos command. MATLAB will execute the above statement
and return the following result.
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
ans 1x1 8 double
x 1x1 8 double
I have forgotten the Variables

>> clear x. It will delete x, won't display anything.

>> clear. It will delete all variables in the workspace.
>> clc. It clears all the text from the Command Window, resulting
in a clear screen.
Long Assignments

 Long assignments can be extended to another line as follows:

>> initial_velocity = 0;
acceleration = 9.8;
time = 20;
>> Final_velocity = initial_velocity + acceleration * time
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: final velocity = 196.
The format Command

 By default, MATLAB displays numbers with four decimal place

values. This is known as short format.
 However, if we want more precision, then we need to use
the format command.
 The format long command displays 15 digits after the decimal
point.
 For example: >> format long
>> x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 17.231981640639408.
The format Command, Continued…

Another example,
>> format short
>> x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 17.232
 The format bank command rounds numbers to two decimal
places.
The format Command, Continued…

For example,
>> format bank
>> daily_wage = 177.45; weekly_wage = daily_wage * 6
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: weekly_wage = 1064.70
 MATLAB displays large numbers using exponential notation.
 The format short e command allows displaying in exponential
form with four decimal places plus the exponent.
The format Command, Continued…

 For example,
>> format short e
4.678 * 4.9
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: ans = 2.2922e+01
 The format long e command allows displaying in exponential
form with four decimal places plus the exponent.
The format Command, Continued…
 For example, >> format long e
>> x = pi
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 3.141592653589793e+00
 The format rat command gives the closest rational expression
resulting from a calculation.
 For example, >> format rat
4.678 * 4.9
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: ans = 34177/1491
Creating Vectors

 A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers.

 MATLAB allows creating two types of vectors:
 Row vectors and Column vectors.
 Row vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in
square brackets, using space or comma.
 For example, >> X = [7 8 9 10 11]. MATLAB will execute the
above statement and return the following result:
X=

7 8 9 10 11
Creating Vectors, Continued…

 Another example,
>> X = [7 8 9 10 11]; >> Y = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; >> Z = X +Y
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result:
Z=
9 11 13 15 17
Creating Vectors, Continued…

 Column vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in

square brackets, using semicolon(;).
 For example, >> X = [7; 8; 9; 10]
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result:
X=
7
8
9
10
Creating matrices

 A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers.

 In MATLAB, a matrix is created by entering each row as a
sequence of space or comma separated elements, and end of a
row is terminated by a semicolon.
 For example, let us create a 3-by-3 matrix as
>>A = [1 2 3 4; 4 5 6 7; 7 8 9 10]
Creating matrices, Continued…

 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the

following result:
A=
1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7
7 8 9 10
 Elementary Math Built – In Functions
Function Description Examples

sqrt(x) Square root >>sqrt(81)

ans=9
nthroot(x,n) Real nth root of a real number x. (If x is negative n >>nthroot(8,3)
must be an odd integer). ans=2

exp(x) Exponential(e^x) >>exp(5)

ans=1.484131591025766e+02
abs(x) Absolute value >>abs(-24)
ans=24
log(x) Natural logarithm. Base e logarithm (ln) >>log(1000)
ans=6.907755278982137e+00
log10(x) Base 10 logarithm >>log10(1000)
ans=3
factorial(x) The factorial function x! >>factorial(5)
(x must be a psitive integer) ans=120
 Trigonometric Math Functions
Function Description Examples
sin(x) Sine of angle x ( x in radians) >>sin(pi/6) ans=0.5000
sind(x) Sine of angle x (x in degrees) >>sind(30) ans=0.5000

cos(x) Cosine of angle x (x in radians) >>cos(0.5) ans=0.8776

cosd(x) Cosine of angle x (x in degrees) >>cosd(30) ans=0.8660

tan(x) Tangent of angle x (x in radians) >>tan(pi/6) ans=0.5774

tand(x) Tangent of angle x (x in degrees) >>tand(45) ans=1

cotx) Cotangent of angle x (x in radians) >>cot(0.5) ans=1.8305

cotd(x) Cotangent of angle x ( x in degrees) >>cotd(90) ans=1

asin(x) Inverse of sine of angle x (x in radians) >>asin(0.5) ans=0.5236

asind(x) Inverse of sine angle x ( x in degrees) >>asin(0.8660) ans=59.9971

acos(x) Inverse of cosine of angle x (x in radians) >>acos(0.3) ans=1.2661

acosd(x) Inverse of cosine angle x ( x in degrees) >>acosd(0.5) ans=60
 Rounding Functions
Function Description Examples
round(x) Round to the nearest integer >>round(25/3) ans=8
>>round(4.49) ans=4
>>round(4.5) ans=5
>>round(4.9999) ans=5
fix(x) Round towards zero. In other words, chops off the >>fix(17/5) ans=3
fraction part. >>fix(4.49) ans=4
>>fix(4.9999) ans=4
>>fix(-4.6674) ans=-4
ceil(x) Round towards positive infinity. >>ceil(27/2) ans=14
>>ceil(2.1) ans=3
>>ceil(2.9) ans=3
>>ceil(-4.99) ans=-4
floor(x) Round towards minus infinity >>floor(-9/4) ans=-3
>>floor(2.1) ans=2
>>floor(2.99) ans=2
rem(x,y) Returns the remainder after x is divided by y >>rem(13,5) ans=3
 Examples for Arithmetic operators

1) Calculate the following using MATLAB.

1 4 6
2
+ ∗
2+3 5 7
>>a=1/(2+3^2)
a=
0.0909
>>b=4/5
b=
0.8000
>>c=6/7
c=
0.8571
>>a+b*c
ans=
0.7766
2. Find the value of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑎 sin x + 10 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 5, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 8.
>>a=5; x=2; y=8;
y=exp(-a)*sin(x)+10*sqrt(y)
y=
2.829039804533026e+013.
𝜋
3. Compute sin , 𝑒 10 .
4
>>sin(pi/4)
ans=0.7071
>>exp(10)
ans=2.2026e+004
Reference:
1. Getting started with MATLAB, Rudra Pratap, Oxford University
Press, 7th Edition, 2016.
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/matlab/matlab_data_import.
htm
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Data Types

 Data types are those which define the type of data that we are
using.
 Some common data types are:
 Integers
 Floating point numbers
 Scalar
 Character
 Strings
 Arrays
Integers

 An integer is a whole number (not a fraction) that can be positive,

negative, or zero.
 Integers are a commonly used data type in computer programming.
 For example, the numbers 10, 0, and -25 are integers.
 When two integers are added, subtracted, or multiplied, the result
is also an integer.
Integers, Continued…

For Example:
>> 2+3
ans =
5
>> 4-5
ans =
-1
Integers, Continued…

>> 2*8
ans =
16
Note that when one integer is divided by another integer, the
result may be an integer or a fraction.
For example:
>> 6/4
ans =
3/2
Integers, Continued…

>> 6/3
ans =
2
Floating Point Numbers

 As the name indicates, floating point numbers are numbers

that contain floating decimal points.
 For example, the numbers 5.5, 0.001, and -2,345.6789 are
floating point numbers.
 When a calculation includes a floating point number, it is
called a "floating point calculation."
Scalar

 Any number which is used to represent a quantity.

 This includes integers, complex numbers , floating point numbers.
 Examples of scalar data types are: 3, 4+6i, -20.45.
Character

 Single alphanumeric symbol enclosed in a single quote is a character

constant.
 Example, ‘B’ and ‘6’.
 6 and ‘6’ are different. Here, 6 is a character constant and ‘6’ is a
character constant.
Strings

 Any two or more alphanumeric symbols enclosed in a single quote.

 Example, ‘INDIA’=[‘I’, ‘N’, ‘D’, ‘I’, ‘A’]
Arrays

 List of similar data in a single row or a column.

 Elements can be numerical or character or strings.
 Examples, [1 2 3 4]; [a b c d].
Special Types of Arrays

 The four types of arrays are:

 zeros() function
 eye() function
 ones() function .

 rand() function
Special Types of Arrays, Continued…

 Zeros() Function : It creates an array of all zeros.

 For example: >> zeros(5)
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the result:
ans = .

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Special Types of Arrays, Continued…

 eye() function: It creates an identity matrix.

 For example: >> eye(4)
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the result:
ans = .

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Special Types of Arrays, Continued…

 ones() function: It creates an array of all ones.

 For example: >> ones(4,3)
 MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the result:
ans = .

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Special Types of Arrays, Continued…

 rand() function: It creates an array of uniformly distributed random

numbers on (0,1).
 For example: >> rand(3, 5)
 MATLAB will execute .the above statement and return the result
ans =
0.8147 0.9134 0.2785 0.9649 0.9572
0.9058 0.6324 0.5469 0.1576 0.4854
0.1270 0.0975 0.9575 0.9706 0.8003
Relational Operators:

 Relational operators compare the elements in two arrays and

return logical true or false values to indicate where the relation
holds.
.
== Determine the equality
>= Determine greater than or equal to
> Determine greater than
<= Determine less than or equal to
< Determine less than
~= Determine inequality
Relational Operators continu…

 For example:
a=10; b=10; a==b & a=10; b=12; a==b
ans = ans =
Logical Logical
.
1 0
Relational Operators continu…

 For example:
a=15; b=20; a<=b & a=12; b=115; a>=b
ans = ans =
Logical Logical
.
1 0
Relational Operators continu…

 For example:
a=15; b=20; a~=b & a=115; b=115; a~=b
ans = ans =
Logical Logical
.
1 0
Logical Operators:

 The logical data type represents true or false states using the
numbers 1 and 0, respectively.
 The three logical operators are &; |; and ~
 The meaning of & operator is AND
.
 The meaning of | operator is OR
 The meaning of ~ operator is NOT
Logical Operator & truth table:

operand operand AND operand

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 . 1 0

0 0 0
Logical Operator &, Continued…

For example, >> a=[1 1 1 0 0 0];

>> b=[0 0 0 1 1 1];
>> a&b
.
ans =
1×6 logical array
0 0 0 0 0 0
Logical Operator &, Continued…

Consider, >> a=1; b=1;

>> a&b
ans =
.
logical
1
Logical Operator &, Continued…

Consider, >> a=0; b=1;

>> a&b
ans =
logical .
0
Logical Operator |, truth table:

 If the two operands evaluate to true (1) or false (0), then the operator
OR has the following effect.

operand operand operand OR operand

1 1 1
.
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
Logical Operator |, Continued…

Consider, >>a=[1 1 1 0 0 0]; b=[0 0 0 1 1 1];

>> a|b
ans =
.
1×6 logical array
1 1 1 1 1 1
Logical Operator ~ truth table:

operand NOT operand

1 0

0 . 1
Logical Operator ~, Continued…

 For example, >>a=10;

>> ~a
ans =
logical.
0
Consider, >> a=0;
>> ~a
ans =
logical
1
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

 The M-Files:
 In MATLAB, we write programs in M-files.
 They are called M-files because they must have a .m at the end of
their name, (for example, myfunction.m).
 M-files are ordinary ASCII text files written in MATLAB’s Language.
 M-files can be created using any editor or word processing
applications.
 There are two types of M-files: Script files and Function files.
 Script Files; Creating and Running Script Files

 A script file is an M-file with a set of valid MATLAB commands in it.

 To create scripts files, we need to use a text editor. We can open the
MATLAB editor using the command prompt.
 If we use the command prompt, then we type edit and then the
filename (with .m extension). This will open the editor.
 The above command will create the file in default MATLAB directory.
 Alternatively, we can choose NEW -> Script. This also opens the editor
and creates a file named untitled. We can name and save the file after
typing the code.
 Creating and Running Script Files, Continued…

 Consider an example:
 Type the following code in the editor:
>> a=25; b=26; c=27; d=a+b+c
 After creating and saving the file, you can run it by clicking the Run
button on the editor window.
 The command window prompt displays the result: d=78
Function Files

 A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.

 In MATLAB, functions are defined in separate files.
 Functions can accept more than one input arguments and
may return more than one output arguments.
 The syntax of the function definition line is as follows:
function [output variables] = function_name(input variables)
 Note that the function_name must be the same as the file name
(without the m.extension) in which the function is written.
Function Files, Continued…

 Consider the following example:

 First, create a script file as myname.m for the following:
>> a=20; b=21; c=22;
sum=a+b+c (Press Run icon)
prod=a*b*c (Press Run icon)
 Then the following result is displayed on the command window:
sum = 63; prod =9240.
Function Files, Continued…

Create a function file:

>> function [sum,prod] = myname(a,b,c)
sum = a+b+c;
prod=a*b*c;
end
On command window, type the following:
For, >> myname(20,21,22), the output is: ans =63
For, >> [s,p]=myname(20,21,22), the output is: s = 63, p =9240
Loop Control Statements

 With loop control statements, we can repeatedly execute a block

of code. There are two types of loops: for loops and while loops.
 for loop: A for loop is used to repeat a statement or a group of
statements for a fixed number of times.
 The syntax is: for index = values
<program statements>
………………………………
end
for loop, Continued…

 For example, consider the following code:

for m=1:3
num=1/(m+1)
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result:
num = 0.5000
num = 0.3333
num = 0.2500
for loop, Continued…
 For example, consider the following code:
for n=100:-2:96
k=1/(exp(n))
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result:
k =3.7201e-44
k =2.7488e-43
k =2.0311e-42
for loop, Continued…

 For example, consider the following code:

>> for a = 1:-0.1: 0
disp(a)
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result:
1 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000
0.2000 0.1000
(These numbers will be displayed as a column matrix)
while loop

 The while loop repeatedly executes statements while condition is

true.
 The while loop repeatedly executes program statement(s) as long
as the expression remains true.
 The syntax is: while <expression>
<program statements>
………………………………
end
while loop, Continued…

 Consider the following example: The code is as follows:

>> a = 10;
while(a < 15)
fprintf('value of a: %d\n', a);
a = a + 1;
end
while loop, Continued…

 When we run the file, it displays the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
Conditional Statements

 There will be some situation where a program or a particular

block has to be executed only when a specific condition is true.
The conditional statements will be useful in such situations.
 The following are the conditional statements that we can use
in MATLAB. if-end; if-else-end; if-elseif-elseif-else-end; switch
case.
if-end statement

 if-end statement: It decides whether a particular block of code

has to be executed or not, based on the given Boolean
condition. When the given condition is true, only then it
executes the statements inside the block otherwise not.
if-end statement, Continued…

 For example, consider the following:

>> number = 25;
if number > 20
fprintf('The number is greater than 20');
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result:
The number is greater than 20.
if-end statement, Continued…

 For example, consider the following:

>> number = 50;
if number > 60
fprintf('The number is greater than 60');
end
 When we run the file, no result will be displayed on the screen.
if-else-end statement
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which
executes when the expression is false. Consider the following:
>> number = 25
if number<20
fprintf('The number is greater than 20')
else
fprintf('The number is not less than 20')
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result: The number is
not less than 20.
if-elseif-elseif-else-end

 We can use chain if-else-end statements with more than one

condition. For example, consider the following:
>> number = 50;
if number<20
fprintf('The number is less than 20\n');
else
if number<30
fprintf('The number is less than 30\n');
else
fprintf('The number is less than 60\n');
end
end
 Output: The number is less than 60.
Switch statement
 The switch statement is used to test for the equality against a
set of known values.
 The syntax for switch statement is:
switch <switch_expression>
case <case_expression>
<statements>
case <case_expression>
<statements>
…………………………………….
otherwise
<statements>
end
Switch statement, Continued…

 For example, consider the following:

>> grade = 'B';
switch(grade)
case 'A'
fprintf('Excellent!\n' );
case 'B'
fprintf('Well done\n' );
case 'C'
fprintf('Well done\n' );
case 'D'
fprintf('You passed\n' );
Switch statement, Continued…

case 'F'
fprintf('Better try again\n' );
otherwise
fprintf('Invalid grade\n' );
end
 When we run the file, it displays the following result: Well done
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

MATLAB – Plotting

 To plot the graph of a function, we need to take the following

steps:
 Define x, by specifying the range of values for the variable x, for
which the function is to be plotted.
 Define the function, y = f(x). Call the plot command, as plot(x, y).
 The plot command is used to create two-dimensional plots.
 Following example would demonstrate the concept.
 Let us plot the function 𝑦 = 3.50.5𝑥 cos 6𝑥 for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4.
MATLAB – Plotting, Continued…

 The script file is as follows:

>> x=[-2:0.01:4]; (Here 0.01 is the spacing value)
>> y=3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x);
>> plot(x,y)
 Here 𝑦 is plotted as a function of 𝑥.
MATLAB – Plotting, Continued…
 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:
MATLAB – Plotting, Continued…

 Let us take another example to plot the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

 In this example, we will draw two graphs with the same function, but
in second time, we will reduce the value of increment.
 Note that as we decrease the increment, the graph becomes
smoother.
 The script file is as follows:
>> x = [-100:20:100];
>> y = x.^2; [Here the “dot” is necessary]
>> plot(x, y)
MATLAB – Plotting, Continued…
 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:
MATLAB – Plotting, Continued…
Change the code file a little, reduce the increment to 5.
>> x = [-100:5:100];
>> y = x.^2;
>> plot(x, y). When you run the file, MATLAB displays the following
plot:
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots

 Three-dimensional plots display a surface defined by a

function in two variables, 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
 To define the function 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), we first create a set of
𝑥, 𝑦 points over the domain of the function using
the meshgrid command. Next, we assign the function itself.
Finally, we use the surf command to create a surface plot.
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 The following example demonstrates the concept:

− 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 Let us create a 3D surface map for the function 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑒
 The script file is as follows:
>> [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2);
>> z = x.* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
>> surf(x,y,z)
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following 3-D map:
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 Let us consider another example to create a 3D surface map for

the function 𝑧 = sinx + cosy
 The script file is as follows:
>> [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2);
>> z=sin(x)+cos(y);
>> surf(x,y,z)
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following 3-D map:
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 Let us consider another example to create a 3D surface map for

𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
the function 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
.

 The script file is as follows:

>> [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2);
>> z=x.*y.*(x.^2-y.^2)./(x.^2+y.^2);
>> surf(x,y,z)
MATLAB - Three Dimensional Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following 3-D map:
Adding Title and Labels on the Graph

 Using MATLAB we can add title, labels along the x-axis and
y-axis of the graph.
 The xlabel and ylabel commands generate labels along x-axis
and y-axis.
 The title command allows you to put a title on the graph.
 The script file is as follows:
>> x = [0:0.01:10];
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x, y), xlabel('x'), ylabel('Sin(x)'), title('Sin(x) Graph')
Adding Title and Labels on the Graph

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

MATLAB – Polar Plots

 To plot a curve in polar coordinates, we use the following

command:
 polarplot(theta,rho). Here theta is the angle in radians and rho is
the radius value for each point.
 Following example would demonstrate the concept.
 Let us plot the curve 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃.
MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 The script file is as follows:

>> theta = 0:0.01:2*pi;
>> rho = sin(2*theta).*cos(2*theta);
>> polarplot(theta,rho)
MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 Consider another example:

 Plot the curve 𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 The script file is as follows:
>> theta = 0:0.01:2*pi;
>> rho = 1 - sin(theta);
>> polar(theta, rho)
MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 Consider another example:

 Plot the curve 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
 The script file is as follows:
>> theta = 0:0.01:2*pi;
>> rho = cos(2*theta);
>> polar(theta, rho)
MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

MATLAB – Parametric Plots

 To plot a parametric curve, we use the following command:

 fplot3(xt,yt,zt), which plots the parametric curve xt=x(t), yt=y(t),
and zt=z(t) over the default interval −5 < 𝑡 < 5.
 Following example would demonstrate the concept.
 Let us plot a parametric curve: x=sin(t); y=cos(t); z=t over the
default parameter range [-5 5].
MATLAB – Parametric Plots, Continued…

 The script file as follows:

>> syms t
>> xt = sin(t);
>> yt = cos(t);
>> zt = t;
>> fplot3(xt,yt,zt)
MATLAB – Parametric Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

MATLAB – Polar Plots, Continued…

 Consider another example:

𝑡
−
 Plot the parametric curve 𝑥 = 𝑒 10 sin 5𝑡 ; 𝑦 =
𝑡
−
𝑒 10 cos 5𝑡 ; 𝑧 = 𝑡
over the parameter range [-10 10] by specifying the fourth
argument of fplot3.
MATLAB – Parametric Plots, Continued…

 The script file as follows:

>> syms t
>> xt = exp(-t/10).*sin(5*t);
>> yt = exp(-t/10).*cos(5*t);
>> zt = t;
>> fplot3(xt,yt,zt,[-10 10])
MATLAB – Parametric Plots, Continued…

 When we run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:

THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Finding partial derivative of a function:

Find the partial derivative of the following functions:

a) If f = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥10 − 𝑦 2 + log 𝑥 , then find 𝑓𝑥 & 𝑓𝑦 .

b) If f = 𝑥 2 + 2 ∗ 𝑦 2 − 22, then find 𝑓𝑥 2 & 𝑓𝑦 2 .

c) If f = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then find 𝑓𝑥 .

xy3
d) If f = ൗx+y , then find fx ; fy ; fx 2 ; fx𝑦 ; fyx .
Finding partial derivative of a function, Continued…

If f = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥10 − 𝑦 2 + log 𝑥 , then find 𝑓𝑥 & 𝑓𝑦 .

>> syms x y
>> f=sin(x)+y^3+x^10-y^2+log(x);
>> diff(f,x)
>> diff(f,y)
Out put: f =log(x) + sin(x) + x^10 - y^2 + y^3
ans =cos(x) + 1/x + 10*x^9
ans =3*y^2 - 2*y
Finding partial derivative of a function, Continued…

If f = 𝑥 2 + 2 ∗ 𝑦 2 − 22, then find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 & 𝑓𝑦𝑦 .

>> syms x y
>> f=x^2+2*y^2-22
>> diff(f,x,2)
>> diff(f,y,2)
Out put: f = x^2 + 2*y^2 – 22
ans =2
ans=4
Finding partial derivative of a function, Continued…

If f = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then find 𝑓𝑥 .

>> syms x y;
>> f=x*y^3+tan(x)+cos(sqrt(log(x)))
>> diff(f,x)
Out put:
f = cos(log(x)^(1/2)) + tan(x) + x*y^3
ans =tan(x)^2 + y^3 - sin(log(x)^(1/2))/(2*x*log(x)^(1/2)) + 1
Finding partial derivative of a function, Continued…
xy3
If f = ൗx+y , then find fx ; fy ; fx 2 ; fx𝑦 ; fyx .

>> syms x y
>> f=(x*y^3)/(x+y)
>> diff(f,x)
>> diff(f,y)
>> diff(f,x,2)
>> diff(f, x, y)
>> diff(f, y, x)
Out put: f = (x*y^3)/(x + y); ans = y^3/(x + y) - (x*y^3)/(x + y)^2
Finding partial derivative of a function, Continued…

ans =(3*x*y^2)/(x + y) - (x*y^3)/(x + y)^2

ans =(2*x*y^3)/(x + y)^3 - (2*y^3)/(x + y)^2
ans =
(3*y^2)/(x + y) - y^3/(x + y)^2 - (3*x*y^2)/(x + y)^2 + (2*x*y^3)/(x + y)^3
ans =
(3*y^2)/(x + y) - y^3/(x + y)^2 - (3*x*y^2)/(x + y)^2 + (2*x*y^3)/(x + y)^3
Note that fx𝑦 = fyx .
Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of single variable:

Expand f(x)=𝑒 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 about the point x = 2 up to third degree terms.

>> syms x

>> f = exp(x*sin(x));

>> t= taylor(f, 'ExpansionPoint', 2, 'Order', 3)

Out put:

t=exp(2*sin(2)) + exp(2*sin(2))*(2*cos(2) + sin(2))*(x - 2) + exp(2*sin(2))*(x -

2)^2*(cos(2) - sin(2) + (2*cos(2) + sin(2))*(cos(2) + sin(2)/2))
Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of single variable:

𝜋
Expand f(x)=log(cosx) about the point x = up to fifth degree terms.
3

>> syms x

>> f = log(cos(x));

>> t= taylor(f, 'ExpansionPoint', pi/3, 'Order', 5)

Out put:

t = - log(2) - 3^(1/2)*(x - pi/3) - (4*3^(1/2)*(x - pi/3)^3)/3 - 2*(x - pi/3)^2 - (10*(x -

pi/3)^4)/3
Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of single variable:

Expand f(x)=log(secx) about the origin up to six degree terms.

>> syms x

>> f = log(sec(x));

>> T= taylor(f, 'Order', 7)

Out put:

T = x^6/45 + x^4/12 + x^2/2

Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of single variable:

Expand f(x)=sin(log(x^2+2x+1)) about the origin up to six degree terms.

>> syms x

>> f = sin(log(x^2+2*x+1));

>> T= taylor(f, 'Order', 7)

Out put:

T= (3*x^6)/2 - (5*x^5)/3 + (3*x^4)/2 - (2*x^3)/3 - x^2 + 2*x

Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of single variable:

Plot the graph of the following:

1. sinx: >> t = [0:0.1:2*pi]

>> a = sin(t);

>> plot(t,a)

2. cosx: >> t = [0:0.1:2*pi]

>> a = cos(t);

>> plot(t,a)
 Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of two variables:
x 𝜋
Expand f x, y = e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 about the point 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = up to three degree
4

terms.
>> syms x y
>> f=exp(x)*cos(y);
>> t = taylor(f, [x, y], [1, pi/4], 'Order', 3)
Out put:
T = (2^(1/2)*exp(1))/2 - (2^(1/2)*exp(1)*(y - pi/4)^2)/4 + (2^(1/2)*exp(1)*(x -
1)^2)/4 - (2^(1/2)*exp(1)*(y - pi/4))/2 + (2^(1/2)*exp(1)*(x - 1))/2 -
(2^(1/2)*exp(1)*(y - pi/4)*(x - 1))/2
Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of two variables:

Expand f x, y = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 about 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 up to fourth degree

terms.

>> syms x y

>> f=x^3+y^3+x*y^2;

>> t = taylor(f, [x, y], [1, 2], 'Order', 4)

Out put:

t=7*x + 16*y + 4*(x - 1)*(y - 2) + 3*(x - 1)^2 + (x - 1)^3 + 7*(y - 2)^2 + (y -

2)^3 + (x - 1)*(y - 2)^2 - 26
Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of two variables:
Expand 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 log(1 + 𝑥) about the origin up to fourth degree

terms.

>> syms x y

>> f=exp(y)*log(1+x);

>> T= taylor(f, [x, y], 'Order', 4)

Out put:

T= x^3/3 - (x^2*y)/2 - x^2/2 + (x*y^2)/2 + x*y + x

Taylor’s and Macluarin’s series expansion of a function of two variables:
Expand 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 tany about the origin up to fifth degree

terms.

>> syms x y

>> f=exp(x)*tan(y);

>> T= taylor(f, [x, y], 'Order', 5)

Out put:

T =(x^3*y)/6 + (x^2*y)/2 + (x*y^3)/3 + x*y + y^3/3 + y

THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Solution of first order differential equations

We can solve a differential equation analytically by using

the dsolve function, with or without initial conditions:
1. First-Order Linear ODE.
2. First-Order Linear ODE with Initial Condition.
3. Nonlinear Differential Equation with Initial Condition.
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑦

% First, represent y by using syms to create the symbolic

function y(t) >> syms y(t)
% Define the equation using == and represent differentiation using
the diff function:
>> ode = diff(y,t) == t*y;
% Solve the equation using dsolve:
>> ySol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: ySol(t) =C1*exp(t^2/2)
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑥
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑡, given 𝑥 0 = 0.

>> syms x(t)

>> ode = diff(x,t) == x+t;
>> xSol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: xSol(t) =C1*exp(t) - t – 1.
To find the value of C1, we use:
>> cond = x(0) == 0;
>> xSol(t) = dsolve(ode,cond)
Output: ySol(t) =exp(t) - t - 1
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑦 2
Solve the nonlinear differential equation: +𝑦 = 1, given 𝑦 0 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

>> syms y(t)

>> ode = (diff(y,t)+y)^2 == 1;
>> ySol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: ySol(t) = C1*exp(-t) + 1; C2*exp(-t) – 1
To find the values of C1 and C2, we use:
>> cond = y(0) == 0;
>> ySol(t) = dsolve(ode,cond)
Output: ySol(t) =exp(-t) – 1; 1 - exp(-t)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations
𝑑𝑥
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑡, given 𝑥 0 = 0.

>> tspan=[0 2]; % specify time span

>> x0=0; % specify x0
>> [t,x]=ode45(@(t,x)x+t,tspan,x0); % now execute ode45
>> disp([t,x])
Here 𝑡 is a vector containing all discrete points of time at which the
solution was obtained; and 𝑥 contains the values of the variable 𝑥 at
those instances of time. Let us plot the solution graphically:
>> plot(t,x) % plot t verses x
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued
The graph looks like:
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued

𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑
Solve the differential equation: 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐
, given 𝑦 0 = 2.

>> xspan=[0 3];

>> y0=2;
>> [x,y]=ode45(@(x,y)(x^3+y^3)/(y^2),xspan,y0);
>> disp([x,y])
>> plot(x,y)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued

2 𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 1, given 𝑦 0 =

1.
>> y0=1;
>> x0=0;
>> xend=[1,5,10];
>> xspan=[x0,xend];
>> [x,y]=ode45(@(x,y)(1-2*x*y)/(x^2-1),xspan,y0);
>> disp([x,y])
>> plot(x,y)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: = 3𝑡, given 𝑦 0 = 1. Find
𝑑𝑡

y(1),y(5), and y(10).

>> y0=1;
>> t0=0;
>> tend=[1,5,10];
>> tspan=[t0,tend];
>> [t,y]=ode45(@(t,y)3*t,tspan,y0);
>> disp([t,y])
>> plot(t,y)
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Solution of first order differential equations

We can solve a differential equation analytically by using

the dsolve function, with or without initial conditions:
1. First-Order Linear ODE.
2. First-Order Linear ODE with Initial Condition.
3. Nonlinear Differential Equation with Initial Condition.
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑦

% First, represent y by using syms to create the symbolic

function y(t) >> syms y(t)
% Define the equation using == and represent differentiation using
the diff function:
>> ode = diff(y,t) == t*y;
% Solve the equation using dsolve:
>> ySol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: ySol(t) =C1*exp(t^2/2)
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑥
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑡, given 𝑥 0 = 0.

>> syms x(t)

>> ode = diff(x,t) == x+t;
>> xSol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: xSol(t) =C1*exp(t) - t – 1.
To find the value of C1, we use:
>> cond = x(0) == 0;
>> xSol(t) = dsolve(ode,cond)
Output: ySol(t) =exp(t) - t - 1
Solution of first order differential equations, Continued…
𝑑𝑦 2
Solve the nonlinear differential equation: +𝑦 = 1, given 𝑦 0 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

syms y(t)
ode = (diff(y,t)+y)^2 == 1;
ySol(t) = dsolve(ode)
Output: ySol(t) = C1*exp(-t) + 1; C2*exp(-t) – 1
To find the values of C1 and C2, we use:
>> cond = y(0) == 0;
>> ySol(t) = dsolve(ode,cond)
Output: ySol(t) =exp(-t) – 1; 1 - exp(-t)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations
𝑑𝑥
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑡, given 𝑥 0 = 0.

>> tspan=[0 2]; % specify time span

x0=0; % specify x0
[t,x]=ode45(@(t,x)x+t,tspan,x0); % now execute ode45
disp([t,x])
Here 𝑡 is a vector containing all discrete points of time at which the
solution was obtained; and 𝑥 contains the values of the variable 𝑥 at
those instances of time. Let us plot the solution graphically:
>> plot(t,x) % plot t verses x
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued
The graph looks like:
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued

𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑
Solve the differential equation: 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐
, given 𝑦 0 = 2.

>> xspan=[0 3];

y0=2;
[x,y]=ode45(@(x,y)(x^3+y^3)/(y^2),xspan,y0);
disp([x,y])
plot(x,y)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued

2 𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 1, given 𝑦 0

= 1.
>> y0=1;
x0=0;
xend=[1,5,10];
xspan=[x0,xend];
[x,y]=ode45(@(x,y)(1-2*x*y)/(x^2-1),xspan,y0);
disp([x,y])
plot(x,y)
Plot the graph of solution of first order differential equations, Continued
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: = 3𝑡, given 𝑦 0 = 1. Find
𝑑𝑡

y(1),y(5), and y(10).

>> y0=1;
t0=0;
tend=[1,5,10];
tspan=[t0,tend];
[t,y]=ode45(@(t,y)3*t,tspan,y0);
disp([t,y])
plot(t,y)
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

 Higher order differential equations:
Solve: 𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 0.
>> syms y(x)
ode = diff(y,x,2)+9*y == 0;
ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C1*cos(3*x) - C2*sin(3*x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 2𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0.
>> syms y(x)
ode = 2*diff(y,x,2)+3*diff(y,x,1)-2*y == 0;
ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C1*exp(-2*x) + C2*exp(x/2)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0, y 0 = −1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 0.
>> syms y(x)
Dy = diff(y);
D2y = diff(y,2);
ode = D2y - 3*Dy + 2*y == 0;
ySol = dsolve(ode, y(0) == -1, Dy(0) == 0)
% Define The Initial >> Condition For ‘Dy(0)’ To Be ‘Some Value’
figure
ezplot(ySol)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Output: ySol = exp(2*x) - 2*exp(x)

Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 4𝑦 ′′′ + 4𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0.
>> syms y(x)
>> ode = 4*diff(y,x,3)+4*diff(y,x,2)+diff(y,x,1) == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C1 + C2*exp(-x/2) + C3*x*exp(-x/2)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′′ − 4𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0.
>> syms y(x)
>> ode = diff(y,x,3)-4*diff(y,x,2)+diff(y,x,1)+6*y == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(2*x) + C3*exp(3*x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′′ − 6𝑦 ′′ + 11𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = 2.

>> syms y(x)
Dy = diff(y);
D2y = diff(y,2);
D3y = diff(y,3);
ode = D3y - 6*D2y + 11*Dy - 6*y == 0;
ySol = dsolve(ode, y(0) == 0, Dy(0) == 0,D2y(0) == 2 ) % Define The
Initial Condition For ‘Dy(0)’,'D2y(0)' To Be ‘Some Values’.
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

figure
ezplot(ySol)
Output: ySol =exp(3*x) - 2*exp(2*x) + exp(x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′′′ = 0.
>> syms y(x)
>> ode = diff(y,x,4) == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =(C1*x^3)/6 + (C2*x^2)/2 + C3*x + C4
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Solve: + 8 𝑑𝑥2 + 16𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 4

>> syms y(x)

>> ode = diff(y,x,4)+8*diff(y,x,2)+16*y == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C1*cos(2*x) - C3*sin(2*x) + C2*x*cos(2*x) - C4*x*sin(2*x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

𝑑4 𝑦
Solve: + 4𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 4

>> syms y(x)

>> ode = diff(y,x,4)+4*y == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =
C3*exp(x)*cos(x) - C4*exp(x)*sin(x) + C1*exp(-x)*cos(x) - C2*exp(-x)*sin(x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′′′′ − 𝑦 ′′′ = 0.

>> syms y(x)
>> ode = diff(y,x,5)-diff(y,x,3) == 0;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =C3 - C1 - C2*x - (C1*x^2)/2 + C5*exp(x) + C4*exp(-x)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ = 0, y 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = 2, 𝑦 ′′′ 0 = 2.

>> syms y(x)
>> Dy = diff(y);
>> D2y = diff(y,2);
>> D3y = diff(y,3);
>> D4y = diff(y,4);
>> ode = D4y - 3*D3y + 2*D2y == 0;
>> ySol = dsolve(ode, y(0) == 0, Dy(0) == 0,D2y(0) == 2,D3y(0) == 2)
Higher order differential equations, Continued…

>> figure
>> ezplot(ySol)
Output:
ySol =
2*exp(x) - 2*x - 2
Non-Homogeneous differential equations

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solve: −5 + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

>> syms y(x)

ode = diff(y,x,2)-5*diff(y,x,1)+6*y == exp(5*x);
ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =exp(5*x)/6 + C1*exp(2*x) + C2*exp(3*x)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solve: −4 + 4𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

>> syms y(x)

>> ode= diff(y,x,2)-4*diff(y,x,1)+4*y ==2*exp(2*x);
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =x^2*exp(2*x) + C1*exp(2*x) + C2*x*exp(2*x)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′ +4𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 18𝑒 −2𝑥 , y 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 4.

>> syms y(x)
Dy = diff(y);
D2y = diff(y,2);
ode = D2y + 4*Dy + 13*y == 18*exp(-2*x);
ySol = dsolve(ode, y(0) == -1, Dy(0) == 4)
figure
ezplot(ySol)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…
Output:
Sol =exp(-2*x)*(2*sin(3*x) - 9*cos(3*x) + 6))/3
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥.
>> syms y(x)
>> ode= diff(y,x,3)+diff(y,x,2)-diff(y,x,1)-1*y == cos(2*x);
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =
C3*exp(x) - (5^(1/2)*cos(2*x - atan(2)))/25 + C1*exp(-x) + C2*x*exp(-x)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝐷2 + 4 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥.

>> syms y(x)
>> ode= diff(y,x,2)+4*y == sin(3*x)+cos(2*x);
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =
cos(2*x)*(cos(4*x)/16 + sin(5*x)/20 - sin(x)/4 - 1/16) - sin(2*x)*(cos(5*x)/20 - x/4
- sin(4*x)/16 + cos(x)/4 + 3/10) + C1*cos(2*x) - C2*sin(2*x)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 13 𝑦 = 8𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥, 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 2.
>> syms y(x)
>> Dy = diff(y);
>> D2y = diff(y,2);
>> ode = D2y - 4*Dy + 13*y == 8*sin(3*x);
>> ySol = dsolve(ode, y(0) == 1, Dy(0) == 2)
>> figure
>> ezplot(ySol)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Output: ySol =
cos(3*x)*(sin(6*x)/5 - cos(6*x)/15 + 2/3) - sin(3*x)*(cos(6*x)/5 +
sin(6*x)/15) + (2*cos(3*x)*exp(2*x))/5 + (sin(3*x)*exp(2*x))/5
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 5
syms y(x)
ode= diff(y,x,2)-y ==1+ x^5;
ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) = C2*exp(x) - 120*x - 20*x^3 - x^5 + C1*exp(-x) - 1
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

Solve: 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
>> syms y(x)
>> ode= diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x,1)+y == 2*x+x^2;
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) =x^2 - 2*x + C1*exp(-x) + C2*x*exp(-x) + 2
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solve: +2 − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

>> syms y(x)

>> ode= diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x,1)-3*y == exp(x)*cos(x);
>> ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output:
ySol(x) = (exp(x)*sin(x))/4 + C2*exp(x) - (exp(x)*(4*cos(x) + sin(x)))/68 +
C1*exp(-3*x)
Non-Homogeneous differential equations, Continued…

𝑑2 𝑦
Solve: + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 2

syms y(x)
ode=diff(y,x,2)+2*y == exp(3*x)*x^2;
ySol(x) = dsolve(ode)
Output: ySol(x) = C1*cos(2^(1/2)*x)-C2*sin(2^(1/2)*x)+
(exp(3*x)*cos(2^(1/2)*x)*(100*cos(2^(1/2)*x) - 18*2^(1/2)*sin(2^(1/2)*x) -
264*x*cos(2^(1/2)*x)+242*x^2*cos(2^(1/2)*x)363*2^(1/2)*x^2*sin(2^(1/2)
*x)+154*2^(1/2)*x*sin(2^(1/2)*x)))/2662+(exp(3*x)*sin(2^(1/2)*x)*+……..
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Radius Of Curvature:
2 2 2
Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 at any point (x,y)
3 3 3

of the curve.
>> syms x y a
>> F(x,y)=x^(2/3)+y^(2/3)-a^(2/3);
>> dy_dx = - diff(F,x)/diff(F,y)
Out put: dy_dx(x, y) =-y^(1/3)/x^(1/3)
>> G(x,y)=-y^(1/3)/x^(1/3);
>> a=diff(G,x);
>> b=diff(G,y);
>> c=a+b*G(x,y)
Out put: c(x, y) =1/(3*x^(2/3)*y^(1/3)) + y^(1/3)/(3*x^(4/3))
Radius Of Curvature Continued…
>> simplify(c)
Out put: (x, y) =(x^(2/3) + y^(2/3))/(3*x^(4/3)*y^(1/3))
>> d=(1+G(x,y)^2)^(3/2)
Out put: d =(y^(2/3)/x^(2/3) + 1)^(3/2)
>> rho=d/c
Out put: rho(x, y) =(y^(2/3)/x^(2/3) + 1)^(3/2)/(1/(3*x^(2/3)*y^(1/3)) +
y^(1/3)/(3*x^(4/3)))
>> simplify(rho(x,y))
Out put: (y^(2/3)/x^(2/3) + 1)^(3/2)/(1/(3*x^(2/3)*y^(1/3)) +
y^(1/3)/(3*x^(4/3)))
Radius Of Curvature Continued…

Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 at any point (x,y) of the
curve.
>> syms x y a
F(x,y)=x*y-a^2;
dy_dx = - diff(F,x)/diff(F,y)
Out put: dy_dx(x, y) =-y/x
G(x,y)=-y/x;
a=diff(G,x);
b=diff(G,y);
c=a+b*G(x,y)
Out put: c(x, y) =(2*y)/x^2
Radius Of Curvature Continued…
>> d=(1+G(x,y)^2)^(3/2)
Out put: d =(y^2/x^2 + 1)^(3/2)
>> rho=d/c
Out put: rho(x, y) =(x^2*(y^2/x^2 + 1)^(3/2))/(2*y)
>> simplify(rho)
Out put: (x, y) =(x^2*(y^2/x^2 + 1)^(3/2))/(2*y)
Radius Of Curvature Continued…

Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑒 2𝜃 at any point on the curve.
>> syms theta
>> r=exp(2*theta);
>> r1=diff(r,theta);
>> r2=diff(diff(r,theta));
>> a=(r^2+r1^2)^(3/2)
Out put: a =(5*exp(4*theta))^(3/2)
>> b=r^2+2*r1^2-r*r2
Out put: b =5*exp(4*theta)
>> rho=a/b
Out put: rho =(exp(-4*theta)*(5*exp(4*theta))^(3/2))/5
Radius Of Curvature Continued…

>> simplify(rho)
Out put: 5^(1/2)*exp(4*theta)^(1/2)
Radius Of Curvature Continued…

Find the radius of curvature of the parametric curve 𝑥 = 6𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4 ,

𝑦 = 8𝑡 3 .
>> syms t
>> x=6*t^2-3*t^4;
>> x1=diff(x,t);
>> x2=diff(diff(x,t));
>> y=8*t^3;
>> y1=diff(y,t);
>> y2=diff(diff(y,t));
>> a=(x1^2+y1^2)
Out put: a =(- 12*t^3 + 12*t)^2 + 576*t^4
>> b=simplify(a)
Out put: b =144*t^2*(t^2 + 1)^2
 Radius Of Curvature Continued…

>> c=(x1*y2)-(y1*x2)
Out put: c =48*t*(- 12*t^3 + 12*t) + 24*t^2*(36*t^2 - 12)
>> d=simplify(c)
Out put: d =288*t^2*(t^2 + 1)
>> e=b^(3/2)
Out put: e =(144*t^2*(t^2 + 1)^2)^(3/2)
>>rho=e/d
Out put: rho =(144*t^2*(t^2 + 1)^2)^(3/2)/(288*t^2*(t^2 + 1))
>>simplify(rho)
Out put: rho= (6*(t^2*(t^2 + 1)^2)^(3/2))/(t^2*(t^2 + 1))
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

UNIT 4 : Partial Differential Equations and Special functions

Session : 8

Department of Science and Humanities

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

Form the PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants: 𝑧 =

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑏)2
syms x y a b p q
z=(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2;
eq1=p==diff(z,x)
c1=solve(eq1,a)
eq2=q==diff(z,y)
c2=solve(eq2,b)
pde=subs(z,a,c1)
pde=subs(pde,b,c2) Output: pde = p^2/4 + q^2/4
Partial differential equations

Form the PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑏)

syms x y a b p q
z=(x+a)*(y+b);
eq1=p==diff(z,x)
c1=solve(eq1,b)
eq2=q==diff(z,y)
c2=solve(eq2,a)
pde=subs(z,b,c1)
pde=subs(pde,a,c2)
 Partial differential equations
𝑥2 𝑦2
Form the PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants: 2𝑧 = +
𝑎2 𝑏2

syms x y a b p q
z=x^2/(2*a^2)+y^2/(2*b^2)
eq1=p==diff(z,x)
c1=solve(eq1,a)
eq2=q==diff(z,y)
c2=solve(eq2,b)
pde=subs(z,a,c1)
pde=subs(pde,b,c2)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

Beta and Gamma functions

3 7 1 3
1. Evaluate: Γ 0.5 , Γ 1 , Γ ,Γ ,Γ Γ
2 2 4 4

MATLAB CODE:
gamma(0.5)
gamma(1)
gamma(3/2)
gamma(7/2)
gamma(1/4)* gamma(3/4)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

2. Evaluate several values of the gamma function between [-3.5 3.5].

MATLAB CODE:

x = -3.5:3.5;
y = gamma(x)

MATLAB OUTPUT:

y = 1×8

0.2701 -0.9453 2.3633 -3.5449 1.7725 0.8862 1.3293 3.3234

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

Graph of gamma function

3. Use fplot to plot the gamma function and its reciprocal.

fplot(@gamma)
hold on
fplot(@(x) 1./gamma(x))
hold off
legend('\Gamma(x)','1/\Gamma(x)')
grid on
 Gamma function
Geometrical representation of Gamma function:
 Gamma function
(Or) Geometrical representation of Gamma function: Γ 𝑛 =
∞ −𝑥 𝑛−1
‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑛 >0
fplot(@gamma)
hold on
fplot(@(x) 1./gamma(x))
ylim([-10 10])
legend('\Gamma(x)','1/\Gamma(x)')
hold off
grid on
Evaluation of Beta function

1. beta(2,3) ans = 0.0833

2. beta(2,5) ans = 0.0333

3. beta(0,1) ans = Inf

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

4. Compute the beta function for integer arguments n=3 and m=1,...,10.
MATLAB CODE:
format rat
B = beta((1:10)',3)
THANK YOU

Dr. G K Jagatheswari
Department of Science & Humanities
[email protected]
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Gamma function
 Gamma function
Geometrical representation of Gamma function:
Evaluation of Gamma function

1. gamma(0.5) ans = 1.7725

2. gamma(1) ans = 1
3. gamma(3/2) ans = 0.8862
4. gamma(7/2) ans = 3.3234
5. gamma(1/4)*gamma(3/4) ans = 4.4429
6. Evaluate several values of the gamma function between [-3.5, 3.5].
x = -3.5:3.5;
y = gamma(x)
Output y = 1×8
0.2701 -0.9453 2.3633 -3.5449 1.7725 0.8862 1.3293 3.3234
Geometrical representation of Beta function:
Evaluation of Beta function

1. beta(2,3) ans = 0.0833

2. beta(2,5) ans = 0.0333

3. beta(0,1) ans = Inf

4. Compute the beta function for integer arguments w=3 and z=1,...,10.
>> format rat
>> B = beta((1:10)’,3) Output:
THANK YOU