New Zealand Diploma in Construction & Bachelor of Construction

Quantity Surveying

Construction 2:
Commercial 15 credits
2o25

Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA

Course Co-ordinator
Name: Firas Almughrabi
Office: Level 4, Otago Polytechnic Auckland International Campus
Email: [email protected]

1
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction – Report Purpose and Outline............................................................................3

1.1 Objective..........................................................................................................................3

1.2 Scope and Structure Outline of the Report.......................................................................3

1.2.1 Scope.........................................................................................................................3

1.2.2 Outline.......................................................................................................................3

2. Geotechnical Survey Requirements and Techniques.............................................................4

2.1. Test Pits...........................................................................................................................4

2.2. Soil Boring......................................................................................................................5

2.3. Dewatering Methods.......................................................................................................6

2.4. Ground Stabilisation Techniques....................................................................................6

2.5. Excavation and Stabilisation Types................................................................................7

2.6 Justification for choosing Soil Boring..............................................................................7

References................................................................................................................................10

2
1. Introduction – Report Purpose and Outline
1.1 Objective
This report serves to evaluate what is needed structurally and at the site for the Diversity
Centre, which is located at 25 Tui Road in Papatoetoe, Auckland. The Manukau Indian
Association wanted the building to be a community-centred made up of classrooms, office
areas, a gym and halls found throughout the building. To keep the building safe and useful
over time, by following the NZBC and adhering to important design and building rules. Here,
this report looks at the main factors at the site, the design specifications and the overall
construction process.
1.2 Scope and Structure Outline of the Report
1.2.1 Scope
The site and structure needed for the Diversity Centre planned for 25 Tui Road in Papatoetoe,
Auckland, are assessed in this report. The Manukau Indian Association is funding the
construction, which will consist of classrooms, a large hall, a gym and offices for the
community on the first four floors. Since the structure will be so extensive, a careful study of
the site’s boundaries, the type of foundation and potential construction is required.
The report aims to understand and handle all critical steps in construction, starting with
testing the site and finishing with creating the substructure and superstructure. This covers
what parts of a geotechnical survey are needed, when temporary facilities should be applied,
what kind of building should be used, what type of floor system to select, what materials are
essential and what restrictions come from time pressure. Recommendations are designed to
match the requirements at each site and satisfy the NZBC standards. Drawing on the study
and designs mentioned, the report provides effective ideas for a structure that will last and not
cost too much.
1.2.2 Outline
The report examines in detail the physical, structural and logistics requirements of the
project. The project is guided by architectural and engineering paperwork, geological studies
and applicable industry rules.
Geotechnical Survey Requirements:

● Here, the importance of carrying out test pit analysis, taking soil samples and
investigating groundwater is described. It also includes systems for removing water
and stabilisation methods that correspond with the site’s underlying soil structure.
Temporary Works and Site Plan:

3
 ● Temporary schemes are explained by discussing public safety, access to the site,
electrical and water services, accommodation for contractors and where materials can
be stored. The site plan helps show the way the road, rail and airport are arranged and
where they are positioned.
Foundation and Substructure System:

● This area examines the selected combination of foundation systems and slabs to fit the
building and site conditions. To show the standard foundation detail, a scaled sketch
drawn by hand is included.
Structural Frame Options:

● Four types of structures—those made with structural steel, in-situ concrete, precast
concrete and engineered timber—are compared in the report, based on material
efficiency, how fast they are installed, fire resistance, flexibility and the way they can
be moved.
Suspended Floor System Comparison:

● Precast hollowcore concrete and engineered timber joist systems are discussed in
terms of how they are built, how they perform with sound and fire, their strength and
their price. It is suggested to use an alternative system.
Material, Timing, and Cost Considerations:

● The final area reviews the accessibility and suitability of construction resources, the
effect of construction planning on project timelines and relevant budget issues. The
authors propose methods for choosing materials and organising the schedule to
achieve on-time and budgeted project completion.
2. Geotechnical Survey Requirements and Techniques
A proper geotechnical survey is required to determine if a site is up to the task of
construction. When dealing with the proposed Diversity Centre at 25 Tui Road, Papatoetoe, it
concentrated for investigation concentrated on what’s underground, water levels, soil strength
and how much load the ground could handle.
2.1. Test Pits
They are an important part of geotechnical investigations where shallow pits are dug by hand
or machine, usually 1–4.5 meters (3–15 feet) below the soil surface (Saida et al. 2024).
Methods such as these exist mainly to enable geotechnical engineers to observe the soil

4
profile and spot different layers, along with any organic materials, unmanaged fill or weak
areas such as soft clays or peat (Kazeem, 2021).

Excavators use a backhoe or hand tools, deciding based on the available access and what’s
present at the site. If a wall is opened, simple soil samples can be dug out for testing and
grouping. While in the field, engineers sometimes do hand shear tests or take penetrometer
readings, along with noticing changes in moisture, colour and texture among the layers (Alao
et al. 2024).
Benefits

● Test pits are useful for a variety of reasons.

● Makes it possible to act at a low cost and in a short period.

● Gives scientists the chance to examine soil through looking and feeling.

● Allows stakeholders to make real-time choices at the planning stage.

2.2. Soil Boring

A subsurface site investigation involves drilling a soil borehole to take out samples that a
laboratory can analyse. Soil boring is performed to find out whether the soil has moisture, is
compacted, consists of the right grains, is strong enough to support structures and is shear-
strength capable (Baghali et al. 2021). There is required of these properties are required to
identify what type and size of foundation is proper for a structure.
Several different techniques are used in soil boring.

● Auger Boring: With Auger Boring, a screw is wound into the ground and rotated so
that soil is removed from a shallow depth.

● Rotary Drilling: A rotary drilling machine cuts rings in the soil and rock when used
for deeper or harder soil and rock (Ibrahim et al. 2024).

● Percussion Drilling: In this technique, stakeholders can lift and drop a large bit to
fracture dense or solid rock or soil below the ground.
Advantages of soil boring are:

● Proper Soil Profiling: Allows experts to identify every soil layer and its state.

● Foundation Optimisation: It offers a way for engineers to build cheaper foundations

by finding out how far they have to go before they reach the base of stable layers.

5
 ● Identifies Hidden Threats: Points out soft zones or areas with groundwater risks,
which enables the planner to deal with these risks accordingly.
Soil boring helped the team make the right decision to use a shallow foundation, which led to
more efficient building and fewer waste materials.
2.3. Dewatering Methods
Dewatering is used to get rid of or control groundwater in soil or excavations to dry out the
area for safe building work. On wet sites, where the water table is close to the surface,
shallow foundations must be kept dry to keep the soil strong and safe for everyone working
(Boscov et al. 2021).
Two dewatering techniques were examined out of the several available methods.
1. Well-Point Systems: In this method, rows of small-diameter, perforated pipes called
well-points are placed together around the site. The header pipe and the vacuum pump
join these pipes, which continually pull water out at the base of the foundation and
reduce the level of groundwater up to the base of the foundation.
2. Wick Drains: Wick Drains are also known as prefabricated vertical drains and are
constructed from a plastic core wrapped in geotextile fabric. To make water move
faster, they are installed vertically in the ground to direct water flow and solidify
saturated soil (Newman et al. 2024).
Benefits:

● Better performance of the soil during excavation.

● Faster construction as a result of fewer water problems.

● Machinery in use becomes safer for people.

● Ensuring that the structure is safe during its foundation building.

2.4. Ground Stabilisation Techniques

Ground stabilisation is a geotechnical process used to improve the physical properties of soil
to enhance its strength, reduce compressibility, and increase its bearing capacity. This is
essential on construction sites where weak or variable soils could compromise the integrity of
foundations or structures (Kulkarni and Kulkarn, 2024).
There are various stabilisation techniques due to the presence of soft and potentially
compressible soils:

6
 ● Compaction: This involves densifying soil using mechanical means such as rollers or
tampers. It is typically applied to backfilled or disturbed zones to increase load-
bearing capacity and reduce settlement.

● Vibro Compaction: A large vibrating probe is used to rearrange and densify granular
soils, forming stronger soil columns. This is suitable for deep granular layers.

● Dynamic Compaction: Involves repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground
surface to compact deeper layers of loose soils, improving density and stiffness
(Roshan and Rashid, 2024).

● Grouting: A process where cementitious or chemical materials are injected into weak
soil to fill voids and bond particles, thereby increasing strength and water resistance.
2.5. Excavation and Stabilisation Types
To create space for the building of foundations, utilities or basements, excavation removes
earth, rock or other materials. Picking the right soil excavation and overall stabilisation
method matters a lot for safety, how fast the project moves and the construction’s overall
strength (Kelly, 2024).
Experts looked at how two techniques could be applied.

● In Sheet Piling, steel sheets lock together and are put vertically into the ground to hold
soil back during an excavation.

● The use of steel rods or cables into solid ground is known as ground anchors; these
are tightened to help hold retaining walls or sheet piles (Raut and Verma, 2024).
These systems bring various positive results, including:

● Better safety and stability when building roads through the risks of excavation.

● Defending structures and utilities that are nearby.

● A better chance of home staying in place and not experiencing foundation problems.

2.6 Justification for choosing Soil Boring

A soil boring was used on the Diversity Centre site at 25 Tui Road, Papatoetoe, since it
provided clear and accurate subsurface details needed for designing the foundations. Due to
the site’s silty, soft clay and the possibility of peat, it was important to correctly check soil
stratification and determine its strength.

7
 Figure 1: Soil Boring
While test pits only discover burial depths and provide a visual inspection, soil boring goes
deeper and lets engineers check the soil for moisture, compaction, shear strength and
consolidation through laboratory analysis. For such a structure as the Diversity Centre, it was
crucial to have this level of detail, as slight soil differences could set off chain reactions that
impact the foundation and the final position of the complete structure.
Moreover, the boring provided evidence that thick compressible layers were present beneath
2.2 meters, allowing for the decision to use shallow strip and pad footings (Nujid et al. 2024).
Use of data from drilling made risk control easy and lowered general project expenses, so
using soil boring meant less risk and the best value at this site.

3. Temporary Works Requirements and Site Plan Considerations

To make sure safety, access and efficiency are maintained, there are temporary buildings on
the 25 Tui Road site. In the suburban and multi-level environment of the building, various
instant structures are required during construction.
1. Site Construction Access and Hoarding
All the areas under construction will be fenced off to keep the public away and to block
unauthorised people from getting in (Meilak, 2024). There will be gates at Tui Road’s

8
entrance for vehicle access, and workers can use a different entrance to walk onto the site.
Signs will guide guests and delivery drivers around the building.
2. Offices for Sites and Amenities for Staff
All portable office space, meeting spaces, toilets and changing rooms will be placed on one
part of the site, separated from where construction is taking place (Kiaka et al. 2021). They
will receive access to temporary water, electricity and sewerage while they build.
3. Storage and Material Laydown Areas
Special areas will be created to hold structural steel, precast items and timber, all clearly
away from where vehicles are driven. Storing cement, electrical objects, and plumbing
supplies is possible by using covered spaces.
4. Temporary Utilities
To help power tools, light the area and support activities on site, temporary power and water
connection boards will be set up. Emergency toilets and wash areas will be connected to
drains.
5. Reaching the Tree with Cranes
There will be well-marked areas for cranes and an access lane for the plant to move precast
and steel parts. They will be modified to handle heavy loads.
4. Foundation and Substructure System of the Proposed Diversity Centre
Review of the Foundation’s Approach
For the Diversity Centre at 25 Tui Road, Papatoetoe, the engineers designed a foundation
system that responds to the soil conditions, the needs of the building and meets New Zealand
building requirements. Drawing from the geotechnical report and engineering drawings,
support for load-bearing walls is handled by shielded concrete strips and for the columns,
isolated concrete pads are used. This choice was picked because the ground bearing was
moderate, and there was no basement built into the tower.
Being over four stories and with 2,000 square metres of floor area, the building requires a
sturdy and economical foundation. With this approach, shallow footings are strengthened and
made to the right size to spread the load over the existing alluvial soils without impairing the
structure’s usefulness.
Site Soil and Ground Conditions
According to the geotechnical survey, the site exists on flat ground covered by soils that
come from the Puketoka Formation, which means layers of silty clay and peat (Kitchen,
2021). Topsoil covering 200–300 mm is the top layer, under this is a section with stiff silty

9
clays down to about 2.2m, a layer of amorphous peat at 2.7m and a last strong clayey layer
below 3.5m.
According to the study, footings that are at least 600 mm below the ground surface have a
bearing capacity of 300 kPa if they don’t put too much load on the deeper peat layer. As a
response, every shallow footing is laid in the upper layer of clay to decrease settlement risks
and make sure it is not affected by the organic soil more than 2m below.
Where a project requires higher loads or has weak ground, a glued or perfected type of raft
foundation or some type of pile system may have to be supplied for columns or core walls
(Saida et al. 2023). Nevertheless, supported by current data and conforming to AS2870 and
NZS 3604, the chosen strip and pad foundation system is sufficient for most of the structure.
Strip Footings and Pad Footings
Under most load-bearing and perimeter walls, strip footings are installed and are normally
600 mm wide and 300–400 mm deep. They are given two layers of high-strength steel rebars
and held together with stirrups, following NZS 3101 for reinforced concrete design. More
support is given at each junction and corner to stop cracking and keep the load well
distributed (Nujid et al. 2024, del Rey Castillo et al. 2024).
When isolated columns have loads from above, the universal practice is to place 900 mm x
900 mm x 400 mm deep pad footings under them. The pads are usually reinforced with a
mesh, often D12 bars placed at 200 mm intervals in both directions and these grids are
poured together with starter bars that link up with the column cages below.
Substructure Details and Damp Protection
The first-level floor is constructed from a 150 mm-thick, reinforced concrete slab-on-grade
laid over a polyethene vapour barrier following NZBC E2/AS1 rules to prevent rising damp.
The slab must be built on compacted hardfill (GAP 65 or higher), with a minimum thickness
of 150 mm. By preparing the subgrade this way, the foundation is built on a stable base, and
there is little chance of unequal movement (Li, 2022).
According to NZS 3101, joints and expansion joints are necessary to help with movement
and prevent cracks. The mix is aerated to stop freeze-thaw damage and contains admixtures
for better handling of the mixture and a timing that matches the curing procedure used at the
site.
Compliance and Seismic Considerations
Because of the assumed Class C (Shallow Soil) seismic site type for NZS 1170.5, the design
of the substructure takes into account seismic effects (Rashid et al. 2021). Thus, to comply

10
with B1/VM4, the structural engineer has used reduced strength factors (0.45 for static and
0.80 for seismic loads) in the design of the footings.

11
 Figure 1: Foundation Design
(Source: Hand-Drawn)
5. Discussion of Structural Frame Options for the Proposed Diversity
Centre
Designing the right structural frame is essential for the Diversity Centre at Papatoetoe due to
its impact on performance, materials, site conditions, time, transportation, safety standards
and changes over time. The building, which serves the public and is used for many different
activities, will likely encounter high levels of dynamic and static loading. Available framing
methods being considered are in-situ reinforced concrete, precast concrete, structural steel
and structural timber.

Frame Type Time to Erect Site & Transport Fire Rating Flexibility
Constraints

In-situ 12–16 weeks High (wet Excellent Low (hard to

Concrete works, curing, (inherent) modify)
space)

Precast 8–10 weeks Moderate (crane Excellent Low (limited

Concrete access required) (inherent) changes)

Structural 4–6 weeks Low (light, easy Moderate (needs High (easy to
Steel transport) protection) adapt)

Structural 6–8 weeks Low Moderate to Moderate (some

Timber (lightweight, Good (charring) flexibility)
easy install)

1. Situ Reinforced Concrete

Columns, beams and slabs are constructed on site by casting them in spots after erecting
formwork and inside reinforcement cages, then pouring concrete that has been mixed at the
site. As a result, concrete gets a strong and singular architecture (Afsahi, 2024).
The process of construction with in-situ concrete is slow due to the need to stand and cure the
concrete for 28 days, as well as because every pour is followed by formwork, then removal,
then the process repeats.

12
Site and Transport Constraints: Because the Papatoetoe site is not very large and is bordered
by surrounding properties and an apartment complex, transport and batching may be
constrained. Even so, the delivery of ready-mix concrete to the project is possible, thanks to
nearby roads (Pour Aghajan, 2025). It is naturally fire resistant for up to 4 hours on thick
sections, without extra treatment necessary.
Conclusion: The in-situ concrete possesses great strength and resistance to fire, so it is
recommended for load-bearing zones, although it takes time, and changes in design are not
easy (Vona, 2022).
2. Precast Concrete
The precast method uses columns, beams and floor slabs that are prepared in a factory and
assembled where the building stands.
Because of precast systems, the time spent on building activities and curing the concrete has
been greatly reduced. Assembling off-site speeds the process so that the main structural
timeline can be 30–40% shorter than for in-situ concrete.
Because of the geometry of the site and the limited space on Tui Road, using large transport
equipment to get long and heavy precast items may not be easy. Deliveries may need to be
timed, and some roads may have to be temporarily closed (Shala and Bleiziffer, 2025).
Fire Resistance: Precast concrete members are just like in-situ concrete in that they reach
NZBC fire resistance levels without needing to be treated.
It is easy to assemble a precast home, yet if you need to transfer an opening afterwards, it is
still challenging.
The use of precast allows for a quick build, though it requires careful planning of both
transport and lifting by cranes, particularly in suburban areas with limited movement.
3. Structural Steel
The materials are steel parts that are cut to size and welded or bolted together after being
delivered to the building site. The main type of frame used in commercial buildings is either
portal or steel moment.
Timing Advantages: With structural steel, the framing is done quickly, wet work is slow, and
the structure can carry loads instantly after being set. A four-storey steel frame may be
constructed in less than six weeks.
Local transportation limits can be met if prefabricated steel members are designed with truck
dimensions in mind. Thanks to the flat site, cranes can be used with very little disturbance.
Since steel is light, foundation loading on the site’s peaty soil is reduced.

13
It is necessary to fireproof raw steel during construction. Compliance can be achieved by
spraying a fire-resistant coating or by covering with a fire-rated board, as set out by NZS
3404 and NZBC (Stanway et al. 2024).
One great thing about steel is how simple it is to adjust as needed. Putting up open spans is
straightforward and, because of that, adding future floors or separations inside is possible
with steel frames.
All things considered, steel is the best for this project because it ensures speed, adaptability
and strong structure at the same time. Because fire protection has been set up, the buildings
here are considered suitable for urban areas such as Tui Road.
4. Structural Timber
There can be use of engineered timber (LVL or Glulam) to build columns, beams and
flooring. They stand up well over time and are easy to carry.
On-site installation of Prefabricated timber systems can be done in relatively little time. But it
takes longer to find and design products because some suppliers are not able to deliver
quickly (Dodiya, 2023).
The timber can be delivered to the site easily and built without difficulties because it is light.
Less disruptive construction works well in suburbs because it is sensitive to noise and
vibration.
As opposed to popular belief, big timber chunks can achieve fire safety ratings thanks to how
they char. But these businesses need in-depth compliance reviews.
Although timber is easy to shape, it is more prone to absorb moisture from changes in the
environment unless it is properly covered (Michalak and Michalak, 2024).
Summary: Timber is good for projects that are either scaled down or focused on
sustainability. If the building is four storeys high, it is best to use steel or concrete for
stability and crew safety over time.

14
References

Alao, J.O., Lawal, K.M., Dewu, B.B.M. and Raimi, J., 2024. The evolving roles of
geophysical test sites in engineering, science and technology. Acta Geophysica, 72(1),
pp.161-176.
Baghali, H., Chakeri, H., Sharghi, M. and Dias, D., 2021. Effect of soil moisture and
granulometry on soil conditioning for EPB-TBM tunneling: case study. Journal of Testing
and Evaluation, 49(1), pp.355-371.
Boscov, M.E., Tsugawa, J.K. and Montalvan, E.L., 2021. Beneficial use of water treatment
sludge in geotechnical applications as a sustainable alternative to preserve natural
soils. Sustainability, 13(17), p.9848.
Ibrahim, A., Eze, S.M.E., Aminu, M.A.B., Ayoola, A.H., Kizito, M.O., Adegbite, A.O.,
Fasasi, M.O. and Olanrewaju, I., 2024. Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigation of
Building’s Foundation around Crusher area, Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria. Global Journal of
Engineering and Technology Advances, 20(01), pp.186-205.
Kazeem, M.B., 2021. Assessment of Geotechnical Properties of Soil Samples from Some
Selected Borrow Pits in Offa for Road Construction (Master's thesis, Kwara State University
(Nigeria)).
Kelly, R., 2024. A view on the state of practice in transportation geotechnics in
Australia. Transportation Geotechnics, 46, p.101259.
Kulkarni, R.R. and Kulkarn, S., 2024. Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: Innovative
Techniques for Sustainable Ground Improvement and Risk Mitigation. International Journal
of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(2), pp.10-14p.
Newman, P., López, A., Bruton, M. and Kulmagambetova, A., 2024. Hydraulic Dewatered
Stacking–delivering desaturated tailings management without the capital cost of filtration.
In 10th International Conference on Tailings Management, Santiago, Chile.
Nujid, M.M., Tholibon, D.A. and Mukhlisin, M., 2024. Geotechnical and structural
assessment on estimated bearing capacity of strip footing resting on silty sand incorporating
moisture content effect. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, p.e03106.
Raut, Z.P. and Verma, M.P., 2024. Comprehensive Review of Soil Stabilization through
Reinforcement Methods in Civil Engineering. International Journal of Innovative Research
in Technology and Science, 12(2), pp.520-530.

15
Roshan, M.J. and Rashid, A.S.B.A., 2024. Geotechnical characteristics of cement stabilized
soils from various aspects: A comprehensive review. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 17(1),
p.1.
Saida, N.A., George, A.D. and Mohamad, H.M., 2023. A review on experimental
investigations and geotechnical characteristic of peat soil stabilization. International Journal
of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation, 5(1), pp.1-19.

Meilak, A.M., 2024. An audit exercise to identify gaps in the implementation of construction
site management practices through observational data collection (Master's thesis, University
of Malta).
Kiaka, R., Chikulo, S., Slootheer, S. and Hebinck, P., 2021. “The street is ours”. A
comparative analysis of street trading, Covid-19 and new street geographies in Harare,
Zimbabwe and Kisumu, Kenya. Food Security, pp.1-19.
Kitchen, E., 2021. Sensitive soils of the Puketoka Formation, Hamilton, New
Zealand (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Waikato).
Saida, N.A., George, A.D. and Mohamad, H.M., 2023. A review on experimental
investigations and geotechnical characteristic of peat soil stabilization. International Journal
of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation, 5(1), pp.1-19.
Nujid, M.M., Tholibon, D.A. and Mukhlisin, M., 2024. Geotechnical and structural
assessment on estimated bearing capacity of strip footing resting on silty sand incorporating
moisture content effect. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, p.e03106.
del Rey Castillo, E., Clifton, C., Gonzalez, V. and Adafin, J., 2024. Impact of seismic
demand on construction costs for buildings up to 8 storeys high. Bulletin of the New Zealand
Society for Earthquake Engineering, 57(4), pp.223-233.
Li, Z., 2022. Durability evaluation framework for new building materials.
Rashid, M., Sullivan, T. and Dhakal, R., 2021. Seismic design of acceleration-sensitive non-
structural elements in New Zealand: State-of-practice and recommended changes.
Afsahi, I., 2024. Comparison between precast versus in situ structures in terms of
sustainability (Master's thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya).
Pour Aghajan, M., 2025. Supporting Early Decision-Making Between Precast and In-Situ
Concrete in Construction Industry (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of
Technology).
Vona, M., 2022. Characterization of in situ concrete of existing RC
constructions. Materials, 15(16), p.5549.
16
Shala, A. and Bleiziffer, J., 2025. Research imperatives for enhancing the analysis and
seismic performance of joints in vertical building extensions. In Proceedings of the 3rd
Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering-3CroCEE (pp. 445-450). Zagreb:
University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering; University of Split Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy.
Stanway, J., Baird, A., Rashid, M., Hinz, S. and Preston, G., 2024. Code of Practice for the
Seismic Performance of Non-Structural Elements.
Dodiya, J., 2023. Defining verticality through the use of lumber as a primary structural
element in India (Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma
University).
Michalak, H. and Michalak, K., 2024. Selected aspects of sustainable construction—
contemporary opportunities for the use of timber in high and high-rise
buildings. Energies, 17(8), p.1961.

17