PathwaysRW3e_L2_Assessment_AdditionalQuestions_AllUnits
PathwaysRW3e_L2_Assessment_AdditionalQuestions_AllUnits
Read the sentences. For each phrase in bold, write the correct synonym from the
words in the box.
a basic necessity access to equal freedom socialize
1. Clean water is an example of something essential that is needed for human life.
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. Most people feel that it is important to have the ability to do and say what they want.
___________________________________
4. People who spend time with others are often happier than those who don't.
___________________________________
___________________________________
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12. We are financially stressed because the __________ keeps going up, but we aren’t making more
money.
a. cost of living
b. standard of living
13. Aaron won $2 million in the lottery, and now he does not have to work anymore. He is _________!
a. making a living
b. living the dream
Read each sentence. Decide if the word in bold is used as a noun or verb.
Choose Noun or Verb.
14. My elderly neighbors accepted my offer to help them fix things around their house.
a. Noun
b. Verb
16. Sarah’s reward for the hard work she does at the homeless shelter is the joy she gets from helping
people.
a. Noun
b. Verb
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18. The Harvard Study of Adult Development tracked the lives of one group of men and one group of
women.
a. True
b. False
19. According to paragraph C, two ways that you can boost your mood are dancing to music and walking a
pet outdoors.
a. True
b. False
20. From paragraph D, you can conclude that it’s much better to save your money in the bank than to
spend it on a vacation with friends.
a. True
b. False
21. David Steindl-Rast believes that being happy leads to feelings of gratefulness.
a. True
b. False
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E Not all scientists are happy with the research that has been done on laughter. Some critics argue that
research has depended too much on people’s personal descriptions of their feelings. This is not the most
scientific way of studying a subject. More lab research is needed that actually measures the effects of
laughter on the body.
F Many questions still haven’t been answered. For example, is there a difference in the body when a person
laughs in a social group, experiencing a funny moment together, to laughing alone? There is also the
matter of basic personality differences. Do people with greater senses of humor benefit more from
laughing than more serious individuals? Clearly, there is a need for more research, but in the meantime, it
seems that we can all benefit from laughing loud and often.
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28. What is the main idea of paragraph E?
a. Most research on laughter is done by measuring its effects in a lab.
b. The effects of laughter on the body are not yet known.
c. More and better scientific studies on laughter are needed.
34. Some companies offer games and exercise programs to their employees to encourage well-being.
a. general fact
b. normal routine
Read each pair of topic sentences. Choose the stronger topic sentence.
35. This paragraph provides evidence that dogs, cats, horses, and other pets have emotions.
a. Dogs may bark and growl when they meet people or other dogs they don't know.
b. Animals often show their feelings by the noises they make, such as growling, purring, or hissing.
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36. This paragraph argues that humans and other primates all laugh.
a. In some experiments done with primates, baby and young chimpanzees make laughing sounds
and have happy faces, just like human babies.
b. Some researchers believe laughing is a behavior that larger primates such as chimpanzees and
gorillas share with humans.
Read each paragraph. Decide which topic sentences are strong or weak.
Write S or W.
_____ Firstly, playing an instrument or dancing lets us be creative with sound and movement. Music brings
feelings of joy and freedom. Secondly, arts like painting and drawing let us show our feelings in a visual
way. We may feel calm as we work, and proud to see our ideas come to life. Finally, writing stories and
poems lets us express ourselves in words. This helps us manage our feelings.
41. Playing music, making visual art, or writing can make you feel happy because they let you express
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_____ Chemicals in our brain play a part in our happiness. The chemical dopamine makes us feel pleasure
and reward. The chemical serotonin controls our mood. Different areas of our brain are also involved in
happiness. For example, the areas called the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system affect our feelings,
well-being, and behaviors.
43. There are several ways in which our brains contribute to happiness. ________
_____ Firstly, warm colors like red and yellow boost energy. For example, studies show that seeing red
raises a person’s heart rate and causes feelings of excitement. On the other hand, seeing cool colors like
blue and green leads to relaxation. Of course, culture is also a factor. For example, in Western cultures,
people wear black when someone dies. In Eastern cultures, people often wear white.
44. Different colors can affect our mood in different ways. ________
_____ One reason is that the excitement of getting something new doesn't last long. Soon, it becomes just
another thing we own. In addition, stuff we own can cause stress. We have to take care of it and organize
it. On the other hand, spending time with friends and doing activities we love creates joyful memories that
last a long time. By focusing on experiences and relationships, we can feel happier for longer.
46. Buying things can be exciting at first, but later it can be stressful. ________
47. Real and lasting happiness doesn't come from buying things. ________
_____ Firstly, we often compare ourselves to others. This can make us worry that we're not doing enough
with our lives. Secondly, we worry about our appearance or how popular we are. We may think we have to
look perfect and get lots of likes on our posts. Lastly, when we see posts about events we missed, it can
make us feel sad or left out. In conclusion, we need to be careful with social media. It can leave us worried,
hurt, and unhappy.
48. Social media can have several bad effects on our happiness. ________
49. Looking at other people’s posts on social media can make us worried. ________
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1. Some people prefer to live in quiet ___________________________ areas, far from the city.
2. Farm ___________________________ can be expensive, so some people have to work the land and
gather crops by hand.
3. When you buy apples from a supermarket, you need a(n) ___________________________ or bag to
put them in.
5. The ___________________________ of cell phones has changed dramatically over the years.
7. Adding solar power to our house improved our lives dramatically, and our home is much brighter now.
a. in a way that relates to money
b. after a long period of time
c. very slightly
d. in a very noticeable way
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8. Our air conditioner is efficient—it can cool the room quickly and it does not use a lot of electricity.
a. works without wasting energy
b. costs too much money
c. uses brand-new technology
d. has an attractive design
13. When the air conditioner runs at __________, it uses a lot of energy but cools the room quickly.
a. solar power
b. full power
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17. It is a simple product that has changed life for people in developing countries.
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21. It reduces work for women and children.
Solar Cookers
A Solar cookers provide solutions to many problems in developing countries. They are inexpensive, they help
prevent air pollution and loss of forests, and they make the lives of women and girls easier. No wonder
development agencies have encouraged their use in many regions of the world.
B The design of solar cookers is not complicated. Basically, shiny sheets of metal reflect sunlight onto a dark
pot which contains the food to be cooked. The dark pot turns light waves from the sun into heat energy.
The heat is stored inside the pot and cooks the food. The materials for this equipment are not expensive,
so people can easily afford solar cookers. The sunlight is free, so there is no need to spend money on fuel.
C Traditionally, women and girls have gathered wood to burn as cooking fuel. As wood supplies become
smaller, the women have to walk further to find enough wood. They often take their daughters out of
school to help them gather wood. Gathering wood takes a lot of the women's time. In addition, forests
have been lost because trees cannot grow quickly enough to replace the cut wood. By contrast, solar
cookers can be used again and again without harming the environment. The sun provides the energy for
cooking, so wood is no longer needed. And because wood is no longer needed, women and girls don’t
have to go collect it.
D Another problem with traditional wood stoves is the cooking fires themselves. Smoke from the fires
causes eye and breathing problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over two million
women and children die each year from the pollution of indoor cooking fires. By contrast, solar cookers are
used outdoors and create no pollution.
E Clean water is another benefit of solar stoves. People can use the stoves to heat water to a high
temperature. This kills germs that cause diseases. A simple thermometer shows when the correct
temperature has been reached. Then people know the water is safe to drink. This process prevents
diseases in areas where people don't have access to healthy drinking water.
F Despite the many advantages, there are a few problems with solar cookers. First, they don't work at night
or when it's raining. Secondly, it takes longer for food to cook than the traditional method of cooking over
a wood fire. It also takes longer for water to boil and to be hot enough to be safe to drink. However, the
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health and environmental advantages of solar cookers make these adjustments worth it.
G Solar cookers are a cheap and efficient way to cook without harming forests or creating pollution. Women
have more time for other tasks, and girls can continue their education. The ability to provide safe drinking
water improves the health of the whole community. It's an invention that has significant benefits for
everyone.
24. Which detail in paragraph C shows how solar cookers are a solution to the problem that traditional
wood burning is bad for the environment?
a. Women often take their daughters out of school to gather wood.
b. Deforestation occurs because trees cannot grow quickly enough.
c. The sun provides the energy for cooking, so wood is no longer needed.
25. Which sentence in paragraph D gives a detail that supports the idea that wood fires cause lung and eye
problems?
a. Solar cookers are used outdoors and create no pollution.
b. Over two million women and children die each year from the pollution of indoor cooking fires.
c. Once the women carry the wood home, the cooking fires create new problems.
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The heat is stored inside the pot and cooks the food.
The dark pot turns light waves from the sun into heat energy.
Basically, shiny panels reflect sunlight onto a dark pot which contains the food to be cooked.
The materials for this equipment are not expensive, so people can easily afford solar cookers.
28. Which details from paragraph E explains why clean water is a benefit of solar stoves?
A wax thermometer melts to indicate when the correct temperature has been reached.
People can use the stoves to heat water to a high temperature where disease-causing
bacteria are killed.
This process prevents diseases in areas where people don't have access to healthy
drinking water.
Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verbs in the box.
be go have not / do not / receive teach
29. The first bicycle ___________________________ two wheels, a frame, handlebars, and a seat—but
no pedals.
30. The first “computer,” from 1833, ___________________________ a large, steam-powered machine
that could do math problems and store data.
31. Before the invention of electricity, people ___________________________ to bed earlier than they
do now.
32. People ___________________________ news instantly from around the world until the invention of
the telegraph in the 1830s.
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33. The invention of the microscope ___________________________ us about the tiny, hidden worlds
too small for us to see with our eyes alone.
34. Before the 1990s, most students ___________________________ their homework on personal
computers.
Read the paragraph. Decide if the sentence is a topic sentence, supporting idea,
or detail.
Installing a "sun tunnel"—a tube that connects a glass-covered opening in the roof of a house to the ceiling
of a room—offers several advantages. Firstly, it uses natural sunlight, which is a free and renewable light
source. This reduces the need for artificial lighting during the day, leading to lower electricity costs. Addi-
tionally, sun tunnels can bring natural daylight to areas that do not have access to windows, such as inte-
rior rooms. Many people prefer the quality of natural light over artificial light, so a sun tunnel can create a
more pleasant environment for them.
35. Installing a "sun tunnel"—a tube that connects a glass-covered opening in the roof of a house to the
ceiling of a room—offers several advantages.
a. topic sentence
b. supporting idea
c. detail
36. Firstly, it uses natural sunlight, which is a free and renewable light source.
a. topic sentence
b. supporting idea
c. detail
37. This reduces the need for artificial lighting during the day, leading to lower electricity costs.
a. topic sentence
b. supporting idea
c. detail
38. Additionally, sun tunnels can bring natural daylight to areas that do not have access to windows, such
as interior rooms.
a. topic sentence
b. supporting idea
c. detail
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39. Many people prefer the quality of natural light over artificial light, so a sun tunnel can create a more
pleasant environment for them.
a. topic sentence
b. supporting idea
c. detail
Read each topic sentence. Choose the sentence that is a supporting idea for the
topic sentence.
40 Topic Sentence: Antibiotics, drugs that treat and prevent certain diseases, were a major
. innovation in 20th century medicine.
41 Topic Sentence: Electric lights made a huge difference in people's lives when they were
. invented in the 1800s.
42 Topic Sentence: The invention of paper money made travel and trade easier for people.
.
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44 Topic Sentence: The scientific method changed how we understand the world.
.
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3. Many different music styles originate from Mexico, but perhaps the most _______________________
known is mariachi music, also known as música ranchera.
4. As soon as the BTS concert tickets go on sale, we need to _______________________ online to buy
them, or we could miss out!
7. Brands use social media to connect with loyal customers and to promote themselves.
a. online shops and small businesses
b. certain well-known fashion models
c. specific product lines from a company
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8. An accepting attitude promotes understanding among diverse people in a community.
a. rule-following
b. open-minded
c. questioning
9. Social media can make anger stronger and cause it to spread faster, creating heated debates and
conflicts.
a. a feeling of being upset
b. an opinion or belief
c. information that is not true
10. No matter how positive the message someone posts on social media is, there will almost always be
critics voicing their opinions in the comments.
a. experts on topics
b. people who complain
c. fans and followers
13. a public communication (e.g., on TV, online, in a magazine) that promotes a product:
a. advertiser
b. advertisement
14. the act of giving money to someone in exchange for a product or service:
___________________________
15. a person who asks someone questions during a meeting:
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___________________________
16. something that has been done successfully through effort and skill:
___________________________
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designs.
The new definition of beauty is being written by millennials and a selfie generation: people who are the cover
stars of their own stories. Their demands for representation can’t easily be ignored. Thanks to social media, a
whole new category of power brokers1 has appeared: influencers.2 They—and their followers—want to see
people who look like them on fashion runways and magazine covers.
We are now living in a world where the idea of beauty is more inclusive than ever. Millennials and influencers
are pushing us into a new social awareness where everyone deserves to be seen and valued—no matter their
body shape, age, or skin color. In short, society has become more accepting because a global audience now
has a say in defining beauty.
1
A power broker is a person who has a lot of influence and control in a particular situation.
2
An influencer is a person who is able to generate interest in something (such as a product) by posting about it on social
media. They can influence a lot of other people (i.e., their followers) to buy or do things.
18. Before the appearance of Sudanese model Alek Wek on the cover of Elle in 1997, the fashion industry
had been focused mainly on white, European culture and a certain type of model.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
19. Today’s fashion consumers are largely millennials, who were born between 1981 and 1996.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
20. The fashion industry used to have all the power to decide what would be popular, but now that power
has largely shifted to the general public.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
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21. Fashion brands are now using more Asian models to reflect the growing numbers of customers in that
region.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
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from now?
23. Which social media star is known for making large donations to charity?
a. MrBeast
b. Lilly Singh
c. Huda Kattan
26. In the last paragraph, what inference can you make about the nature of celebrity?
a. It was more meaningful in the past.
b. It will always rely on social media.
c. It will probably continue to change in the future.
27. Which social media platform do content creators use to share videos?
a. YouTube
b. Instagram
c. TikTok
d. All three
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28. According to the reading passage, which social media platform is especially known for popularizing
singing and dance challenges?
a. YouTube
b. Instagram
c. TikTok
d. All three
Rewrite each sentence using the present perfect tense of the verb in bold.
29. Globalization improves people’s lives in many ways.
______________________________________________________________________________
30. Some people believe that social media helps our society.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
33. The South Korean girl group Blackpink sells millions of albums worldwide.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Read the paragraph. Then read the possible concluding sentence. Choose the
correct description for it.
Crowdsourcing uses the combined efforts of many people to solve problems or make discoveries. One
widely-known example is the Zooniverse project, where ordinary individuals contribute to scientific
research projects. Critics have voiced concerns about accuracy with such projects, since so many non-
scientists are participating. However, measures such as careful design and peer review can address these
issues.
35. Concluding Sentence: Another common example of crowdsourcing is Wikipedia, where volunteers
collaborate to create and edit articles.
a. restates the main idea
b. asks a question
c. makes a prediction
d. states an opinion
e. is NOT an example of a concluding sentence
36. Concluding Sentence: Despite some concerns about quality, crowdsourcing can be a powerful tool for
seeking new knowledge by connecting the global community.
a. restates the main idea
b. asks a question
c. makes a prediction
d. states an opinion
e. is NOT an example of a concluding sentence
37. Concluding Sentence: As methods and the technology improve, crowdsourcing will likely become an
even more common and useful tool for making important discoveries.
a. restates the main idea
b. asks a question
c. makes a prediction
d. states an opinion
e. is NOT an example of a concluding sentence
38. Concluding Sentence: Chris Lintott, the founder of Zooniverse, believes that ordinary people around
the world play an essential role in making important scientific discoveries.
a. restates the main idea
b. asks a question
c. makes a prediction
d. states an opinion
e. is NOT an example of a concluding sentence
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39. Concluding Sentence: With the whole world working together, what amazing discoveries could we
make?
a. restates the main idea
b. asks a question
c. makes a prediction
d. states an opinion
e. is NOT an example of a concluding sentence
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11. The mayor sends out a(n) ___________________________ email to all town residents whenever
there is a major policy change.
12. Some ___________________________ jobs include factory workers, electricians, plumbers, and
builders.
13. After I lost my job, I was in a bad ___________________________ situation for months.
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15. Aliyah finished her marine biology course in the spring. In order to __________ her studies, she
volunteered at the Ocean Animal Rescue Institute in the summer.
a. take on
b. rely on
c. build on
d. move on
16. As part of her summer job, Aliyah __________ many challenging tasks. For example, she learned how
to handle and give medicine to sick baby seals.
a. took on
b. relied on
c. built on
d. moved on
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oysters, anchovies, sardines, and herring. People should not eat the bigger fish of the sea, like tuna, orange
roughy, shark, sturgeon, and swordfish. Otherwise, we will face severe shortages of these species and
upset the balance of life in the oceans.
Q: Why did you choose to dedicate your life to the ocean?
D Seaver: I believe that the next great advance in human knowledge will come not from making new
discoveries, but rather, from learning how we relate to our natural world. Humans are an essential part of
nature, yet most humans do not have a very strong relationship with the world around them. I have
dedicated myself to helping people understand our place on this planet through the foods that we eat.
Q: Why do you believe people should care about the health of the oceans?
E Seaver: The health of the oceans is directly linked to the health of people. The ocean provides most of the
air that we breathe. It has a big effect on the weather that we rely on for crops and food production. It also
provides a necessary and vital diet for billions of people on the planet. So I don’t usually say that I am
trying to save the oceans. I prefer to say that I am trying to save the vital things that we rely on the ocean
for.
18. What does Seaver say about fish and shellfish that are low on the food chain?
a. Eating them could upset the balance of life in the oceans in the future.
b. They have been overfished and people should avoid them.
c. They can be harvested with little impact on the environment.
19. Where does Seaver believe the next great advance in human knowledge will come from?
a. developing technology to restore oceans
b. learning about our relationship with nature
c. making new scientific discoveries
20. Which of the following is NOT a reason Seaver gives for why humans should care about the health of
the oceans?
a. The oceans are beautiful and bring people joy.
b. The oceans provide an important source of food.
c. The oceans impact the weather and agriculture.
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21. What inference can you make about Seaver based on his interview?
a. He probably avoids using any seafood in his dishes in order to conserve the
populations.
b. He probably has left the cooking profession to focus on ocean conservation
and education.
c. He probably prepares dishes with mussels and sardines rather than tuna and
sturgeon.
Salmon Aquaculture
A Salmon are considered one of the healthiest fish to eat. They are low in fat and have omega-3, a
substance that is good for the heart. No wonder the quantity of salmon that people eat has tripled since
1980! However, wild populations of salmon have severely declined. So, most salmon eaten today is
produced by aquaculture (water farming). Yet, farmed salmon are linked to serious ecological problems.
B In the wild, salmon breed in rivers. The young salmon then swim to oceans, where they grow into adult
fish. As carnivores at the top of the food chain, salmon eat smaller fish. Due to the high demand for
salmon, the species has been overfished. Wild populations cannot reproduce fast enough to replace the
fish that are caught by commercial fishing.
C In marine—or ocean—aquaculture, salmon eggs are allowed to hatch and develop into young fish. The
young fish are then transferred to pens or cages in the sea. The pens are surrounded by nets so salt water
flows through them. The net cages are located in bays, where they are protected from heavy seas and
storms. One sea pen can hold up to 90,000 fish. Salmon do best in cold water, so the colder coasts of
Norway and Chile have many fish farms.
D Salmon aquaculture produces pollution if the sea water doesn't wash out the cages. Crowded conditions
in the cages mean that diseases spread quickly. If sick fish escape from the pens, they can make wild
salmon sick. This can cause an even greater decline in the wild salmon populations. Sometimes chemicals
and medicines are used in aquaculture. However, these can cause more harm than good if they enter the
food supply, where people consume them.
E Wild salmon hunt smaller fish for their food, but farmed fish must be fed. Most farmers use fish meal and
fish oil made from small fish. It takes four or five pounds of fish meal to produce one pound of salmon
meat. Taking this many small fish to feed salmon could harm the ocean environment over time. However,
new foods have been developed using insects and plants. This means some farms now use much fewer
small fish. The goal is to use one pound of food for each pound of salmon.
F The salmon farming industry recognizes that there are problems with efficiency, pollution, and keeping
fish populations healthy. Groups such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Aquaculture Stewardship
Council (ASC) have set standards for salmon aquaculture. The ASC puts special labels on products that
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meet their standards. This allows consumers to choose better options. The goal is to encourage more
farmers to produce quality fish in a way that will keep the oceans healthy in the future.
23. According to the passage, wild salmon lay their eggs __________.
a. in bays
b. in oceans
c. in rivers
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30. Hiro’s profits then grew by 25% between 2021 and 2023.
a. upward trend
b. downward trend
c. no change
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31. Before 2020, Hiro’s restaurant profits had remained stable for three years.
a. upward trend
b. downward trend
c. no change
32. The number of customers at Hiro’s restaurant usually rises sharply between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m.
a. upward trend
b. downward trend
c. no change
33. According to Hiro’s data, customer demand for raw seafood (sushi) has stayed roughly the same since
he opened in 2002.
a. upward trend
b. downward trend
c. no change
34. The amount of job applications that Hiro receives has declined in the past two years.
a. upward trend
b. downward trend
c. no change
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Decide if each statement correctly describes it. Choose the correct answer.
35. The graph shows the number of fish produced globally between 1990 and 2023.
a. Yes
b. No
36. Overall, the price of wild caught fish has increased steadily over the period.
a. Yes
b. No
37. As we can see from the graph, the price of wild caught fish rose and fell slightly over the years, but
overall it remained between $1,500 and $2,500 per metric ton.
a. Yes
b. No
38. The price of farmed fish increased between 2004 and 2014.
a. Yes
b. No
39. In 2019, the price of farmed fish was about $1,000 higher per metric ton than the price of wild caught
fish.
a. Yes
b. No
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Complete the sentences with the correct words or phrases. There are extra words
or phrases.
between 1988 and 1988 by 2018 however
from 1958 to 2018 overall this chart shows
___________________________________.
as we can see between 1958 and 1988 between 1988 and 1998 by 2018
however overall rose to a high point steadily declined
from 100,000 metric tons to less than 20,000 metric tons ___________________________________.
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42. The population ___________________________________, from just below 20,000 metric tons to just
44. Thanks to conservation efforts, the population was rising once again _________________________.
_____________________________, the population was still low compared to what it was in 1958.
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3. For me, the best way to __________ new vocabulary is by practicing with flashcards.
a. tragic
b. mental
c. physical
d. memorize
e. memorable
4. When a loved one loses their memory, it can be __________ for the whole family.
a. tragic
b. mental
c. physical
d. memorize
e. memorable
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6. Sudden difficulty speaking can be one __________ of a stroke.
a. drug
b. minor
c. stress
d. medical
e. symptom
7. Too much work and not enough sleep can cause __________ on the mind and body.
a. drug
b. minor
c. stress
d. medical
e. symptom
8. If you think someone is having a heart attack, it is important to seek __________ assistance
immediately.
a. drug
b. minor
c. stress
d. medical
e. symptom
9. If you are ill, your doctor may give you a __________ to treat your illness.
a. drug
b. minor
c. stress
d. medical
e. symptom
10. He walked away from the car crash with only __________ injuries, like cuts and bruises.
a. drug
b. minor
c. stress
d. medical
e. symptom
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Complete the sentences using the verb form of the words in the box. Words may
be used more than once.
hospital summary
11. After reading each chapter of our psychology book, we have to briefly _________________________
the main ideas in a paragraph.
12. Alfonso was ___________________________ for two days with severe food poisoning symptoms.
15. Dina was in a __________ after falling off her bike, and she didn’t even feel the pain from her broken
arm.
a. state
b. state of shock
c. state-of-the-art
d. state of emergency
16. The family’s __________ solar heating system keeps the house warm, even on the coldest days of
winter.
a. state
b. state of shock
c. state-of-the-art
d. state of emergency
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18. Where in the brain are long-term memories stored?
a. the sharp-wave ripples
b. the hippocampus
c. the neocortex
20. Why were rats in the Rutgers experiment unable to remember the route through the maze?
a. Scientists gave the rats a drug that put them into a deep sleep before their brains could store
their memories.
b. Scientists gave the sleeping rats a drug that stopped their brains from transferring information.
c. Scientists gave the rats a drug when they went through the maze that stopped their brains from
recording new information.
21. According to what you read in the passage, why would it be important to get a full night’s sleep before
an exam?
a. so that your brain can record the information you studied
b. so that you don’t fall asleep during the exam
c. so that you will be able to think clearly while taking the test
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remember your list of tasks as you see yourself doing each one.
D In the 15th century, an Italian man named Peter of Ravenna used the loci method to memorize religious
texts, 200 speeches, all of the laws of that time, and 1,000 poems. By using the loci method, he was able to
"read" books stored in his memory palaces. "When I travel, I can truly say I carry everything I own with
me," he wrote.
E In those days, most people did not have books or pens to write notes with. Therefore, they had to
remember what they learned. In her book, The Book of Memory, Mary Carruthers writes about memory
techniques of the past. She explains that ancient people considered memory to be a great virtue because
someone with a good memory could help preserve the society's cultural history and traditions.
F Memory training is still an important activity in many parts of the world today. In some cultures,
memorizing religious texts is considered a great achievement. Other cultures value people who can tell
myths and folktales from the past, as there is often no written record of them.
G However, much has changed. We've gradually replaced our internal memory with external memory. We've
invented devices so we don't have to store information in our brains. We now have photographs of our
experiences, calendars for our schedules, and the Internet and computers to store ideas. As a result, we've
gone from remembering many things to remembering very little. Nowadays, when we want to know
something, we just look it up. But how does this affect our society? Did we lose an important skill?
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25. How was Peter of Ravenna able to carry religious texts and hundreds of speeches, poems, and laws
around with him wherever he went?
a. by storing them in his “memory palace”
b. by writing notes into books that he traveled with
c. by reading and repeating the information before bedtime
26. Which of these statements would the author most likely agree with?
a. Ancient people forgot their heritage because they didn't write it down.
b. Unfortunately, memory training is not as important today as in the past.
c. With computers and personal assistants, memory has become useless.
27. most people did not have books or pens to write notes with: ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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32. you can stay motivated to learn / set small, realistic goals
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
33. you can create stronger memory connections / use multiple senses while learning
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
34. break complex information down into smaller parts / it is easier to process and remember the
information
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
35. you can deepen your understanding of information / teach it to someone else
______________________________________________________________________________
36. you can remember important appointments / set notifications on your phone
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Look at the outline and read the paragraph. Match the sentences in the paragraph
(A–I) to the parts of the outline. Write A–I.
37. A Is there a special song that reminds you of a childhood experience or a special person from your
past? B Music has an amazing ability to bring back memories. C Spotify is one of the most popular music
streaming services available. D When we hear a song that we associate with a particular event or time in
our lives, it can instantly make us feel like we're living those moments again. E Sometimes we might even
hear a song we had forgotten about, and suddenly we remember a person or an experience we hadn’t
thought about in many years. F Considering all of this, is there a way we can use music to strengthen our
personal memories? G Making personalized playlists may be one way to do this. H For example, we can
put together songs that are meaningful to us and that connect to our experiences both in the past and in
the present. I By listening to these playlists in the future, we will be more likely to remember events,
people, and feelings connected to specific songs.
OUTLINE
Topic: Music and Memories
Supporting Idea 1: songs can make us feel like we are reliving a moment
Detail: can play in the future to remember events from now ________
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OUTLINE
Topic: False Memories
Topic Sentence: Our memories are not always accurate, even if we are convinced that they are.
Supporting Idea 1: ideas from outside can change memories
Detail(s): person asks questions about something we saw; we start to remember differently
Supporting Idea 2: our own ideas can change memories
Detail(s): we may start to “remember” something we imagined many times
Conclusion
38. ___1____ Our memories are not always accurate, even if we are convinced that they are.
For example, if someone asks us about an event we saw, that could change our memory
_______ of what actually happened.
If we think about or imagine something many times, it may start to feel like a real
_______ memory, even if we never actually experienced it.
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7. __________ are strongly influenced by celebrities. If a movie star is seen wearing a certain brand, sales
for that brand are guaranteed to go up!
a. Efforts
b. Containers
c. Consumers
8. This simple machine costs less than five dollars, so anyone can __________ it!
a. rush
b. afford
c. survive
9. The family runs a __________ fish farm and sells its fish to grocery stores in five different cities.
a. mental
b. potential
c. commercial
10. People may not be able to enter their deepest sleep __________ if they are in pain or discomfort.
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a. diet
b. cycle
c. critic
12. In some areas, the __________ hang from poles above the ground, and in other areas they are below
the ground.
a. power lines
b. power plants
13. Vera Wang is my favorite __________. She makes the most beautiful dresses!
a. design
b. designer
14. My promotion at work isn’t __________ yet, but my boss has promised me the position.
a. office
b. official
15. It’s important for people to__________ with others. Spending too much time alone is bad for our
health.
a. social
b. socialize
16. No, I’m not ready to __________ more responsibilities. My current tasks are already more than
enough!
a. take on
b. rely on
17. The governor declared a state of __________, since many parts of the state were without power after
the storm.
a. shock
b. emergency
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Look at the underlined word and decide if it’s a noun or a verb. Choose Noun or
Verb.
18. Thank you for your financial support. Without it, we wouldn’t have been able to build the children’s
hospital.
a. Noun
b. Verb
Look at the underlined word and decide if it’s a verb or adjective. Choose Verb or
Adjective.
19. The problem was preventable. If we had done something sooner, it never would have happened.
a. Verb
b. Adjective
Look at the underlined word and decide if it’s a noun or a verb. Choose Noun or
Verb.
20. The singer’s mother managed his career until he turned 21.
a. Noun
b. Verb
Aquaculture: Good for the Planet and Good for our Bellies
What exactly is aquaculture? Aquaculture—also called aquafarming—is the breeding, raising, growing, and
harvesting of fish and other sea creatures in fresh or salt water. It’s an industry that provides a great source of
protein for the human diet and is also very beneficial to the environment. There are three main types of
aquaculture: algae, shellfish, and finfish.
Algae
Seaweed, a type of algae, is very easy to grow. Some kinds of seaweed are grown on longlines, or ropes, that
are placed several feet below the water’s surface. When it’s time to harvest, farmers pull up the longlines and
cut off the seaweed. According to experts, seaweed farming is very good for the environment. “Seaweed
farming, and all marine aquaculture, produces far less carbon emissions when compared to
terrestrial1 farming and livestock production2,” says Anoushka Concepcion, who teaches marine aquaculture
at the University of Connecticut.
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Shellfish
Shellfish aquaculture produces oysters, mussels, and clams. These are first grown in hatcheries. A hatchery is a
place where eggs can hatch safely in ideal water conditions, with no other sea creatures to bother them. Once
they reach a certain size, the shellfish are transferred to a farm. At the farm, different methods are used to
grow each type of shellfish. Mussels grow at the top of the water on ropes that hang down from a floating
structure. Oysters can grow in bags or cages that float at the top of the water, along lines that are hung below
the surface, or in bags that lie on the sea floor. Clams like to anchor themselves to the ground on the water’s
floor. Farmers harvest them by digging them out.
Clams, oysters, and mussels can also be very good for the environment. Clams have helped break up harmful
algal blooms—or red tides—off the coast of Florida. And according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), oysters and mussels act as filters that can clean up to 50 gallons of water a day by
removing nitrogen from the water as they eat.
Finfish
Finfish refers to fish such as salmon, catfish, and tilapia. They’re raised in hatcheries until they’re fingerlings
(the size of a finger), and then they’re transferred to a farm. Finfish farms may use warm water or cold, fresh
water or even salt water, depending on the type of fish. Finfish farms can also be either onshore (in natural
ponds or man-made fish tanks), in shallow coastal waters, or deep in the ocean.
From seaweed to shellfish and finfish, aquaculture provides over 50 percent of the world’s seafood. And with
its environmentally friendly methods, this industry is likely to continue for generations to come. By putting
food on the table and keeping our oceans cleaner, aquaculture is a win-win for our planet and for our bellies!
1
Terrestrial refers to things relating to land (as opposed to air or water).
2
Livestock production is the farming of animals—such as cows and sheep—for their milk, meat, wool, or other products.
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24. Shellfish help remove harmful things from ocean water and leave it cleaner.
a. True
b. False
25. All finfish farms use cold, salt water in man-made fishing tanks.
a. True
b. False
Read each paragraph with a missing topic sentence. Then choose the stronger topic
sentence.
26 What makes people truly happy? Is it money, the kind of car you drive, or the clothes you
. wear? Experts would argue that it isn’t any of those things, though they can be nice.
__________
a. Driving fast cars can be dangerous if you don’t have proper training.
b. True happiness comes from having a purpose and being part of a community.
29. __________, it is easy to use and takes very little time to set up!
a. In addition
b. Another
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Read the last paragraph from the reading passage in Unit 3, The New Beauty.
Then choose the correct answer.
30 We are now living in a world where the idea of beauty is more inclusive than ever. Millennials
. and influencers are pushing us into a new social awareness where everyone deserves to be
seen and valued—no matter their body shape, age, or skin color. In short, society has become
more accepting because a global audience now has a say in defining beauty.
Does the concluding sentence make a prediction, ask a question, or restate the main idea?
a. make a prediction
b. ask a question
c. restate the main idea
Read the last paragraph from the reading passage in Unit 3, Globalization and the
Korean Wave. Then choose the correct answer.
31 It used to be that the pop culture of the West—particularly of the United States—dominated
. radio stations, TV screens, and movie theaters around the world. Today, however, global
audiences are enjoying entertainment from a variety of countries. One reason for this might be
that listeners and viewers have more power now to choose what they want to watch and
listen to. These choices are determining the course of pop culture: where will these choices
take us next?
Does the concluding sentence give an opinion, ask a question, or restate the main idea?
a. give an opinion
b. ask a question
c. restate the main idea
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Read the outline. Then choose the correct answers to complete the outline.
OUTLINE
Topic: Train Your Brain!
Topic Sentence: Apart from getting enough sleep, there are other things you can do to
improve your memory.
Supporting Idea 1: Avoid stress.
Details: _______________________________
Supporting Idea 2: Play games.
Details: _______________________________
Supporting Idea 3: Eat right.
Details: antioxidants, blueberries, and spinach
35. The Details “harmful stress, physical exercise = reduce stress” go under __________.
a. Supporting Idea 1
b. Supporting Idea 2
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2. The citizens showed pride by hanging their country's flag in their windows.
a. people who live in and belong to a country
b. people who visit a place for a short time
c. people who work for a government
3. In East Africa, it's convenient to know the Swahili language because it is widespread.
a. required by the law
b. starting to lose popularity
c. extending over a large area
4. Many people feel anxiety when faced with a new technology because they have to quickly learn
something new.
a. excitement
b. confusion
c. worry
5. We visited a remote village in Kenya. It took two hours to get there from the nearest town.
a. far from other places
b. poor and not developed
c. having a traditional culture
6. Our class organized a fundraising event at the local library. It will be held next weekend.
a. enjoyed
b. planned
c. attended
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7. The first grade teacher quickly recognized her student had a learning disability and changed the lesson
plan.
a. identified
b. treated
c. announced
8. Students were very happy to find that the new app enables them to access the library remotely.
a. makes it necessary for
b. makes it costly for
c. makes it possible for
10. The new medicine may harm some patients, but the nurse will be nearby if anything serious happens.
a. heal
b. help
c. hurt
13. By working to stop habitat loss and illegal poaching, the government will prevent more species
becoming __________ in the future.
a. enjoyed
b. endangered
c. enabled
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Finding Solutions
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F To reduce students’ stress, many schools have added mental health counselors. Like Herring, these
counselors are trained to recognize the early signs of anxiety and depression. They help students
understand and manage difficult emotions.
G If students don’t have access to school counselors, parents can find counselors to work with their children
outside of school. Many students prefer online counseling to in-person counseling because they can get
help from the safety of their bedroom. “You have all your comfort items right there,” said one 16-year-old.
H Students may also join peer support programs. When students help one another, it can build community
and encourage others to get help. Aneeska Sohal, 24, created a podcast about mental health when she
was at Oxford University. Students shared stories with their peers about what helped them.
I Another strategy is to teach students how to improve their well-being. If students are stressed, schools can
organize group walks or nap rooms. Teaching students simple breathing techniques can also help them
feel calmer.
J “Everyone is going to have issues that they deal with at some point,” says Poppy Lindsey, 20, a student at
Reading University in the U.K. But there is hope: “People are more supportive than you think and want to
help you,” she says.
18. Kids are less embarrassed and more open to receiving mental health counseling now than they used to
be.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
19. During the pandemic, students’ anxiety increased partly because they were worried about the COVID-
19 virus.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
20. Many students prefer online counseling because they feel safe and comfortable in their own space.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
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21. Many students struggle with mental health, but there are various techniques to help manage it.
a. main idea
b. detail
c. inference
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H Furthermore, there have been developments in artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years. AI may become
useful in helping students with disabilities. AI learning platforms look at individual learning patterns and
give personal content and feedback. This helps students to progress at their own pace.
I As knowledge grows, and the science improves, researchers and teachers will continue to develop
technologies to better support students with disabilities. This will create a more effective and enjoyable
learning experience for all.
23. For students who have difficulty speaking, computers that read their brain signals may help in the
future.
a. True
b. False
24. According to the passage, a bionic body part is an artificial body part that works with the person’s brain
and muscle signals in order to move and function.
a. True
b. False
25. The passage discusses the possibility of bionic eyes helping students with visual disabilities to see in the
future.
a. True
b. False
26. You can infer from the passage that the author wants access to education for all students with
disabilities.
a. True
b. False
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Read the condition and the result. Using the two sentence parts, write a zero-
conditional sentence starting with If.
33. people want to keep up with the changing world / they should adopt new technology
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
34. students want to get better at reading and math / they can practice with educational apps
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
35. students feel stressed about school or making friends / they should reach out to someone they trust
for advice
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
36. you are interested in learning something new / take a class or join a club
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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37. you want to succeed globally / develop your digital skills
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
38. you are having trouble with a class / join an online study group
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Read the paragraph. Decide if each sentence is a why detail or a how detail. Choose
the correct answer.
To become a better note-taker and improve your learning, try these strategies. First, use abbreviations and
symbols. For example, write "&" instead of "and", as well as arrows (➜), and equals signs (=) to show
connections. This saves you time and allows you to pay more attention to the teacher in class.
Furthermore, it is helpful to organize your notes. Use clear headings to separate different topics, and add
subheadings and bullet points for details. This makes it easier to find information and review it later.
Lastly, regularly review your notes. This helps you remember the important concepts and strengthen your
learning.
39. For example, write "&" instead of "and”, as well as arrows (➜), and equals signs (=) to show
connections.
a. why detail
b. how detail
40. This saves you time and allows you to pay more attention to the teacher in class.
a. why detail
b. how detail
41. Use clear headings to separate different topics and add subheadings, and bullet points for details.
a. why detail
b. how detail
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42. This makes it easier to find information and review it later.
a. why detail
b. how detail
43. This helps you remember the important concepts and strengthen your learning.
a. why detail
b. how detail
Read the advice and the detail. Decide if the detail explains how to follow the
advice or if it explains why the advice is important. Write how or why.
44 Advice: Take regular breaks from screens to give your eyes a rest.
.
Detail: Every 20–30 minutes, look away from your screen and focus on a distant object to
reduce eye strain.
_____________
_____________
_____________
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_____________
48 Advice: Make sure to celebrate your achievements and reward yourself for your hard work.
.
Detail: Recognizing your progress and treating yourself to things you enjoy keep you feeling
positive and motivated.
_____________
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1. When lightning bolts ___________________________ the ground, they can be very dangerous.
Lightning bolts sometimes start fires and can cause ___________________________ damage to
homes and buildings. Occasionally, they can start huge fires that ___________________________
forests. High structures such as towers and tall trees are ___________________________ likely to be
strike, a device called a lightning rod can be used on the roofs of buildings so the lightning is attracted
3. Most people don't want to be outside during a thunderstorm. However, some people stay outside
__________ to study storms or to report on them.
a. on purpose
b. on record
c. mild
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4. Last month’s flood was the worst one __________ in this area. Previously, the worst flood happened in
1927.
a. on purpose
b. on record
c. frequent
5. San Francisco generally has __________ weather. The winters are not cold, and the city doesn’t get
many extreme storms.
a. on purpose
b. on record
c. mild
6. It is important to wear clothing that is __________ for the weather. For example, wear a waterproof
raincoat and boots when it is raining.
a. on purpose
b. appropriate
c. frequent
7. It is important to __________ your emotions. If you want other people in your life to know your
feelings, you need to let them out.
a. exit
b. explode
c. express
8. The balloon quickly __________ as the boy blew air into it, stretching out until it was bigger than his
head.
a. expanded
b. explained
c. explored
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12. It is going to get cold later, so dress __________ when you go out.
a. appropriate
b. appropriately
Wildfires!
A Wildfires occur all around the world, but they are most frequent in areas that have wet seasons followed
by long, hot, dry seasons. These conditions exist in parts of Australia, South Africa, southern Europe, and
the western regions of the United States. These places therefore experience particularly dangerous fires.
B A wildfire can move quickly and destroy large areas of land in just a few minutes. There are three
conditions that need to be present in order for a fire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Fuel can be
anything in the path of the fire that can burn—trees, grass, and even homes. Air supplies the oxygen. Heat
sources include lightning, hot winds—like the Santa Ana winds in California—and even heat from the sun.
However, most wildfires are caused by people, not nature, especially from cigarettes and campfires.
C When trying to put out a fire, firefighters must consider three main factors: the shape of the land, the
weather, and the type of fuel in the path of the fire. For example, fire often moves faster uphill. Southern
sides of mountains are sunnier and drier, so they are more likely to burn than the northern sides. Also,
strong winds can suddenly change the direction of a fire. This could put firefighters directly in the fire’s
path and threaten their safety. Sudden changes in wind direction also make it hard to predict the spread of
a fire. Lastly, dry grass and dead trees tend to burn faster than trees with lots of moisture.
D From past experience, we know that it is difficult to prevent wildfires, but it is possible to stop them from
becoming too big. One strategy is to cut down trees. Another is to start fires on purpose to clear land. Both
of these strategies limit the amount of fuel available for fires by removing plants and trees. In addition,
people who live in areas where wildfires frequently occur can build fire-resistant homes. These homes are
built from materials that don’t catch fire easily and are usually situated away from vegetation. Fire
researcher Jack Cohen has studied wildfires for more than two decades and is an expert on how houses
catch fire. “In California there were significant cases of communities that did not burn,” he says, “because
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13. the shape of the land, the weather, and ⬤ ⬤ a. factors that firefighters consider
the type of fuel in the path of the fire when deciding how to fight a fire
14. oxygen, a heat source, and fuel such as ⬤ ⬤ b. ways people can protect against
dry trees wildfires
15. cut down trees; start a fire to clear ⬤ ⬤ c. conditions that must be present for a
land; build a home made from fire- wildfire to burn
resistant materials
16. the danger of wildfires, and how we ⬤ ⬤ d. predictions
can fight them and reduce damage
17. increased risk of wildfires because of ⬤ ⬤ e. the main ideas covered in the
climate change; the need to consider passage
and use all appropriate strategies in
the future
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C Meteorologists at NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Agency) and NOAA (National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration) keep data on hurricanes. Typically, hurricanes have a center, known as the
“eye” of the storm, where winds are quiet. The eye is surrounded by a ring of thunderstorms where high
winds circle around the eye. Beyond that are rings of heavy rain that can extend for hundreds of miles.
NOAA weather satellites take photos of developing hurricanes where these three features are clearly
visible. In addition, the National Hurricane Center fly special airplanes directly into the storm to gather
data on wind speeds and the direction in which the storm is moving. Then they use the data to make
predictions about the landfall—where the hurricane will collide with the coast—and what will happen.
D As a hurricane approaches landfall, its winds and rains rightly cause fear. However, another significant
source of damage is the storm surge, a wall of water that can rise as high as 10.3 yards (10 meters). First, a
storm surge can destroy buildings and roads along the coast, sweeping anything in its path out to sea.
After that, the surge leads to dangerous flooding in low-lying areas. This is why government officials
usually act before a hurricane is predicted to strike. They warn people to leave coastal areas to prevent
deaths and injuries. Dr. Phil Klotzbach, a hurricane researcher at Colorado State University, explains that
with the help of new computer models, landfall predictions can be made up to five days in advance. So,
the people in its path have time to make preparations.
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d. a depression
22. Which of the following is NOT a way that meteorologists use technology to study hurricanes?
a. using computer models to predict storms
b. flying planes into storms
c. using satellites to take photos of storms
d. labeling storms based on how strong they are
Reread paragraph D in the passage. Order the events in the correct sequence.
Write 1–3.
23
. _______ The government acts to prevent deaths and injuries.
24
. _______ A storm surge causes flooding in low-lying areas.
Complete each sentence with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses to
describe a process.
25. Wildfires ____________________ (be) common in areas where the climate ____________________
(be) hot and dry.
26. When the temperature ____________________ (reach) 32°F (0°C) or below, water
____________________ (freeze).
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27. You often____________________ (hear) the sound of thunder seconds after lightning
____________________ (flash).
28. As the Earth ____________________ (turn) every 24 hours, we ____________________ (see) the Sun
rising in the morning and setting in the evening.
29. After her eggs ____________________ (hatch), a mother spider sometimes ____________________
(carry) her babies around on her back.
30. A human cell first ____________________ (copy) its internal material, and then it
33. describes an event that is happening at the same time as another event
a. in chronological order
b. finally
c. to begin with
d. while
e. once
f. next
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34. describes the last step in a process
a. in chronological order
b. finally
c. to begin with
d. while
e. once
f. next
Complete the sentences with the correct expressions from the box. Two are extra.
eventually first next when
36. Many volcanos are inactive, but some may erupt. ___________________________, pressure builds
inside the volcano. ___________________________ the pressure becomes too great, the volcano
37. ___________________________ the gardener has planned the garden and bought seeds and other
supplies, he or she plants the seeds in rows and waters them daily. ___________________________,
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38. Many birds spend summers in cold regions in the north, and ___________________________ fly to
warmer regions in the south for the winter. ___________________________ their trip south, the
39. ___________________________ the students are taking the test, the teacher walks up and down the
aisles to make sure no one is cheating. ___________________________ the students are finished,
they bring their test papers to the front of the class and leave them in a pile on the teacher’s desk.
40. How do runners prepare before a race? ___________________________, they dress in appropriate
running shoes and clothing. ___________________________, they warm up their muscles with some
light exercises.
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1. La Sagrada Familia may be the most famous unfinished _________________________ in the world,
but it is not the only one. For example, the Hassan Tower in Rabat, Morocco, was supposed be part of
a large mosque when workers started to _________________________ it in 1195. More than 800
years later, the mosque still _________________________ just the tower—the rest of the building
has not been completed. In London, another _________________________ building sits unfinished:
money to build, and the Church simply did not have enough to finish decorating the interior.
3. The theme of humans and nature is important in 19th century American art.
a. method of painting
b. subject or concept
c. study
d. image
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4. Nature was Gaudí’s inspiration for building the Sagrada Família cathedral.
a. financial support
b. long-term goal
c. creative influence
d. personal memory
5. St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow was built in a style that became typical of Russian architecture.
a. period
b. manner
c. century
d. location
7. The Howes live in a historic 18th century house, but they decided to decorate the interior in a
___________________________ style.
8. Each part of the country has its own ___________________________ style of homes—for example,
homes in the cold, wet north are made of wood and have steep roofs, whereas homes in the hot, dry
southwest are made of mud and have flat roofs.
9. In many parts of Latin America and Spain, people build homes in the __________________________
style inspired by Arabic architecture: a square building with an open patio in the center, decorated
with plenty of tiles.
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11. The man received a liver __________ that saved his life.
a. transplant
b. translation
c. transition
12. I went to the bank to __________ some business, including opening a new savings account and
depositing some money.
a. transform
b. transact
c. translate
Amazing Structures
A For thousands of years, people have been inspired to create giant monuments. Here are two great
architectural achievements, located on opposite sides of the world.
Chichén Itzá
B Chichén Itzá was a major city of the Maya Empire from A.D. 750 to 1200. Featuring stepped pyramids,
temples, and other stone structures, the ancient city is now one of Mexico’s most visited tourist
destinations. The largest building in Chichén Itzá is the Temple of Kukulkan—a pyramid with 365 steps. A
kind of calendar, the temple shows the change of seasons. On the spring and autumn equinoxes each year,
a shadow falls on the pyramid in the shape of a snake. As the sun sets, this shadowy snake goes down the
steps to join a carved snake head on the pyramid’s side.
C The Mayans constructed the pyramids with carved stone. Amazingly, they worked without wheels or metal
tools. To build a pyramid, Mayan workers created a base and added smaller levels as the structure rose.
Building the pyramids required many workers. Some pyramids took hundreds of years to complete.
D Chichén Itzá was an advanced city center and a religious site. Spanish records show the Mayans made
human sacrifices to a rain god here. Archeologists have found bones, jewelry, and other objects that
people wore when they were sacrificed. Experts also know that the Mayans were knowledgeable
astronomers. They used the tops of the pyramids to view Venus and other planets.
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Göbekli Tepe
E Göbekli Tepe, in southeastern Turkey, is one of the oldest man-made structures on Earth. Experts believe it
was built about 12,000 years ago. The structure consists of dozens of stone pillars arranged in rings. Many
pillars are covered with carvings of animals. The tallest pillars are 5.5 meters in height and weigh roughly
16,000 kilograms.
F At the time that Göbekli Tepe was built, there was no writing system, and people did not use metal. Even
wheels did not exist. Amazingly, though, the builders were able to cut, shape, and transport big stone
blocks. Archeologists have found Stone Age tools such as knives at the site. They think hundreds of
workers carved and put the pillars in place.
G Archeologists are still debating the purpose of Göbekli Tepe. Klaus Schmidt—the archeologist who
originally excavated the site—believed that Göbekli Tepe was a holy meeting place. According to his
theory, the T-shaped pillars represent human beings. They face the center of the circle and perhaps
represent a religious ceremony.
H Other evidence suggests that large feasts took place at the site. Archeologists found thousands of animal
bones nearby, with stone containers large enough to hold 150 liters of liquid. They also found smaller
pillars similar to Göbekli Tepe’s in areas up to 200 kilometers away. It’s as though Göbekli Tepe were a
cathedral and the other structures were local churches.
15. Which site was probably a holy meeting and feasting place?
a. Göbekli Tepe
b. Chichén Itzá
c. Both
16. Which site was built without the help of metal tools or wheels?
a. Göbekli Tepe
b. Chichén Itzá
c. Both
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17. What inference can you make about the people of Göbekli Tepe based on paragraph H?
a. They were probably a farming community.
b. They probably practiced human sacrifices.
c. They moved around and spread their religious practices.
Borobudur
B Borobudur is the world's largest Buddhist temple, reaching 35 meters high with a base of 123 by 123
meters wide. It was constructed in the 9th century under the Buddhist Sailendra ruling family. It is shaped
like a pyramid with three levels, each one representing a different stage in the Buddha’s life. The reason
people journey to the top of Borobudur is for both physical and spiritual reasons.
C Borobudur was mysteriously abandoned by the 15th century. There are several possible reasons for this.
Firstly, political power moved east in the 10th century. Later, the religion of Islam began to spread.
Moreover, volcanoes and earthquakes threatened the area. The site was eventually covered with volcanic
ash and later by jungle. However, local people continued to tell folk stories about it.
D In the 1800s, the British Empire took control of Java. One leader, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, had heard
stories about Borobudur and organized efforts to uncover the site. Unfortunately, this led to people
stealing stones and sculptures. Weather also damaged the site. In the 1960s and 70s, UNESCO and 27
countries joined to help restore Borobudur, which remains a popular tourist site as well as a holy place for
Buddhists today.
Prambanan
E Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia. It consists of 240 temples, the tallest of which, at
47 meters high, is dedicated to the god Shiva. Prambanan was constructed in the 9th century, slightly later
than Borobudur—and only 19 km away—during the period of the Hindu Sanjaya ruling family.
F Less than 100 years after its completion, Prambanan, like Borobudur, was abandoned—and for similar
political and environmental reasons. An earthquake in the 1500s destroyed some of Prambanan’s
structures, and it was later covered in jungle. However, it remained the inspiration for local folktales.
G Like Borobodur, Prambanan, was briefly of interest to the British Empire in the early 1800s, and it was also
visited by thieves. Local people took stones for construction. Furthermore, it was damaged by weather.
Major efforts to restore the site began in the 1990s and continue today. More than a million tourists visit
Prambanan every year, and it remains a holy site for Hindus. The area is used as an outdoor stage for the
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1
UNESCO is the acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
20. In paragraph C, what inference can you make about the abandonment of Borobudur?
a. People might have stopped using the temple because they were no longer interested.
b. People may have stopped using the temple after changing religions.
c. People probably stopped using the temple when it was covered by ash.
21. In what way is the Prambanan site different from the Borobudur site?
a. It is threatened by earthquakes and volcanoes.
b. It is still a holy place for religious visitors.
c. It is made up of many temples.
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Read the passage and questions. Decide the topic of each question. Choose the
correct answer.
23. How far is Prambanan from Borobodur?
a. distance
b. height
c. place
d. year
Complete each sentence with the correct comparative form of the adjective in
parentheses.
25. When tourists visit London, they particularly want to see Big Ben and the London Eye. Big Ben was
built in 1859, but the London Eye is ___________________________ (new) because it was built in
2000.
26. La Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain, has been under construction for about 140 years, since the
27. The Giza complex in Egypt, consisting of three pyramids and the Great Sphinx sculpture, is located
on a low flat area 19 meters above the Nile River. Machu Picchu, the Lost City of the Incas, is on a
flat area in the mountains, 2,430 meters above the Urubamba River. Giza is not
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28. The Vienna State Opera was constructed in the 1860s, but the Sydney Opera House was built in the
20th century. Therefore, the Sydney Opera House is ___________________________ (modern) than
29. Venice is well known for its charming medieval buildings and beautiful canals. The problem is, it
attracts millions of tourists per year. If you want to avoid crowds, try a similarly lovely but
30. Two wonders of the classical world are the Colosseum in Rome and the Acropolis in Athens. The
Acropolis was built around 450 B.C., but the Romans built the Colosseum in A.D. 72–80, so the
32. __________ the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán is a well-known
massive stone pyramid visited by many tourists.
a. Like
b. Unlike
c. Both
d. In contrast
33. __________ the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which served as a tomb for a king, the purpose of the
Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán remains unknown—but it was probably a place for religious events.
a. Like
b. Unlike
c. Also
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d. However
34. __________ the Great Wall of China and the Antonine Wall in Scotland were built in ancient times to
protect lands from invasion.
a. Both
b. Also
c. Unlike
d. However
35. The Great Wall of China stretches over 21,196 kilometers and was constructed over many centuries.
__________, the Antonine Wall in Scotland was constructed by the Romans in the second century A.D.
a. Also
b. Unlike
c. Similarly
d. On the other hand
Decide if each detail describes Machu Picchu, Petra, or both. Choose the correct
answer.
36. fascinating for tourists
a. Machu Picchu
b. Petra
c. Both
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38. built from stone
a. Machu Picchu
b. Petra
c. Both
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3. Plants ___________________________ widely from region to region based on factors such as soil
type, temperature, and amounts of rain and sunlight.
4. Plants ___________________________ sunlight and water, converting them into energy that helps
them grow.
5. Camels can ___________________________ their body temperature in order to handle extremely hot
days and cold nights in the desert.
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9. An owl can fly silently, which gives it an advantage when hunting.
a. information or knowledge
b. benefit or gain
c. feature or quality
12. The two neighboring countries decided to work together and combine resources for their __________
advantage.
a. unfair
b. mutual
c. competitive
13. Owls’ ability to rotate their heads up to 270 degrees gives them a __________ advantage in spotting
small animals for food in all directions.
a. political
b. mutual
c. unique
14. Scientists in the field of biomimetics __________ to create new and better technologies by studying
animals.
a. process
b. promise
c. protect
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15. Some experts __________ that the market for biomimetic technology will increase to almost $60 billion
by 2032.
a. project
b. produce
c. proceed
16. The tech company needs to carefully study the device’s safety and effectiveness before they
__________ with manufacturing and selling it to the public.
a. promise
b. proceed
c. process
Design by Nature
A All organisms are uniquely adapted to the environment in which they live. Scientists are studying the
design and the biological processes of these organisms to get ideas for products and technologies. This
field of study is called biomimetics. Here are two examples.
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F Shark skin may look smooth, but it’s actually rough. Sharks are covered in scales—nearly invisible to the
human eye—that are made of the same material as their teeth. Viewed up close, the scales actually look
like tiny teeth. They point toward the shark’s tail. These scales protect the shark against parasites and help
to keep it clean. They are also flexible and can turn or bend in the water. This movement reduces the
water’s drag on the shark and helps it to swim quickly.
G Amy Lang, an aerospace engineer at the University of Alabama, studied the scales on the shortfin mako. A
relative of the great white shark, shortfin makos are one of the fastest fish in the ocean and can reach
speeds of up to 100 kilometers per hour. Lang and her team discovered that the shortfin mako’s scales
vary in size and flexibility over its body. For instance, the scales behind the gills and on the sides of the
body are tapered—wide at one end and narrow at the other. Because they are tapered, these scales move
very easily. They can turn up or flatten to adjust to the flow of water around the shark and to reduce drag.
H Lang believes that shark scales can inspire better designs for machines that experience drag, such as
airplanes and ships. Coating airplanes with a material that mimics shark skin would probably help increase
their speed. Coating ship bottoms with a similar material would not only reduce drag but also prevent
algae growth. Designers and engineers are also getting ideas from shark scales for designing things like
swimwear, underwater robots, and drones.
18. Toucans sometimes fall over forwards because their beaks are so large and heavy.
a. True
b. False
19. In paragraph D, the inference you can make is researchers have done crash tests using a strong surface
material with a foam-like structure inside.
a. True
b. False
20. The main idea of paragraphs E–H is that shark skin is rough to absorb impacts and protect sharks from
injury.
a. True
b. False
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23. What did Johannes van der Waals discover?
a. a type of adhesive that can stick to walls without leaving any damage
b. tiny hairs called setae on the bottom of the toe pads of gecko feet
c. a weak force that causes nearby molecules to stick together
26. What inference can you make about Dr. Robert Full in paragraph C?
a. He lived during the 1800s.
b. He has studied both biology and physics.
c. He was interested in Aristotle’s theories.
28. a. Until recent years, it wasn't important to actually investigate these ideas with experiments.
b. Since then, other institutions have worked to develop robots using the same concepts.
c. Scientists suggest that there will probably be many future gecko products.
Read each sentence. Choose the best synonym for the underlined words.
29. Feathers on birds show a huge range of colors and patterns.
a. area
b. variety
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30. Engineers could coat airplanes with a material that mimics shark skin to increase their speed.
a. protect
b. cover
32. Since the time of Aristotle 2,400 years ago, people have been fascinated by how gecko lizards stick to
walls as they move around.
a. push through
b. attach onto
33. Since then, other institutions have worked to develop robots using the same concepts.
a. traditions
b. organizations
34. Dr. Robert Full of the University of California, Berkeley, confirmed that van der Waals’s theory helped
to explain the geckos' climbing ability.
a. proved
b. repeated
35 Adaptations can affect an organism physically. For example, some plants adapt to living in the
. desert by storing water in their stems. Adaptations can also affect behavior. Migration is a
behavioral adaptation in which animals travel long distances in order to find food, a safe place
to breed, or a suitable climate. Gray whales, for instance, give birth in warm water but travel
to cold water for food.
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36 We know that feathers help birds to fly. Here’s how they work: A bird’s feathers are not the
. same shape on each side. They are thin and hard on one side, and long and flexible on the
other. To lift themselves into the air, birds turn their wings at a particular angle. This
movement allows air to go above and below the wings. The difference in air pressure allows
them to fly.
a. Scientists have studied and figured out how feathers help birds to fly.
b. Feathers are thin and hard on one side and long and flexible on the other,
which helps birds to fly.
c. The shape of birds’ feathers and position of their wings allow air pressure to
lift and keep them up in the air.
37 Since the time of Aristotle 2,400 years ago, people have been fascinated by how gecko lizards
. stick to walls as they move around. The famous philosopher noted that geckos easily climbed
up and down, facing in either direction. Early observers believed that the little lizards had
sticky material on their feet that helped them stay on the wall. Later, lizard-watchers
speculated that gecko feet had tiny suction cups—small, soft, cup-shaped parts that stick
through air pressure when they are pressed on a surface. Until recent years, it wasn't
important to actually investigate these theories with experiments.
a. People have wondered since ancient times how geckos stick to walls, but only
recently have their theories been tested.
b. Aristotle was a famous philosopher who first observed geckos climbing on
walls.
c. People used to theorize that geckos had sticky material or possibly suction
cups on their feet.
38 Shark skin may look smooth, but it’s actually rough. Sharks are covered in scales made of the
. same material as their teeth. Viewed up close, the scales actually look like tiny teeth. They
point toward the shark’s tail. These scales are flexible and can turn or bend in the water. This
movement reduces the water’s drag on the shark and helps it to swim quickly.
a. Shark skin is made up of tiny scales that can move, lessening drag and allowing
the shark to swim fast.
b. People think that shark skin is smooth, but it is actually rough, made of small,
tooth-shaped scales.
c. Sharks can swim quickly because their bodies are flexible and can bend and
turn in the water.
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39 Toucan bills are so enormous, it’s surprising the birds don’t fall on their faces. One species, the
. toco toucan, has an orange-yellow bill that is about a third of the bird’s length. Biologists aren’t
sure why toucans have such large, colorful bills. Charles Darwin theorized that these bills
attract mates. Other researchers think the bills are used for cutting fruit or warning predators.
Another study suggests that the bill helps control the bird’s body temperature.
a. Toucans’ bills are extremely large, and some people wonder why it doesn’t
make them fall over.
b. No one is sure why toucan beaks are so large, but possibilities include finding
mates, warning enemies, cutting food, and regulating temperature.
c. Biologists speculate that toucan beaks evolved to be enormous in order to
frighten potential predators.
Match the key ideas in the paragraph with the order they appear in (1–5).
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1. If you want to see something funny, TikTok is a great place to find ________________________. In
one popular type of video, a TikTok user (a TikToker) will perform funny ________________________.
The TikToker often plays more than one ________________________. For example, they will change
costumes to look like a different character in different shots. These shots are then edited together to
look like a real conversation is happening between the characters. It takes a lot of
________________________ to create these videos and to actually make them funny. A few talented
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4. It is said that in life, the journey is more important than the destination.
a. a place where you are going
b. a reason for doing something
c. a plan that you have made
8. Rami was inspired to become a photographer at a young age. His main ________________________
was his grandmother, who gave him his first camera.
9. Marisol had a difficult time adapting to working from home. The hardest ________________________
for her was having to learn how to keep her career and her personal life separate while working from
a home office.
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11. New Zealand temporarily closed its borders as a matter of __________ security.
a. data
b. financial
c. national
12. After someone stole my credit card information to buy products online in another country, I knew I
needed to increase my __________ security.
a. data
b. job
c. home
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connections have improved, digital nomads are running into other issues.
H In most countries, workers need a visa to stay for more than a short visit. Some visas are difficult to get.
Digital nomads should also consider local tax laws. Furthermore, some employees need to meet with work
teams or clients, which makes working across different time zones tricky.
I For employers, remote work saves money on office space. However, when employees work abroad, the
security of work data becomes a concern— especially for those dealing with sensitive information.
J There are sometimes drawbacks for host countries also. Too many visitors can crowd cities and raise
housing costs for local residents. Some places, such as Bali, were already struggling with too much tourism
and considering a tax to limit the number of visitors.
K Is the digital nomad lifestyle here to stay? For Deane, the chance to travel for a few months each year
could be an ideal situation. “I don’t see returning to an office full-time being the way of the future,” he
says. The coming years will show if he’s right.
14. Based on the reading, what does the word nomad mean?
a. a person who moves around with no permanent home
b. a person from your family line who lived in the distant past
c. a person who knows how to use new technology
d. a person who is self-employed or works remotely
15. According to the text, what do employers worry about when their employees work abroad?
a. different tax laws
b. security of sensitive data
c. varying time zones
d. empty office space costs
17. What inference can you make about the people of Bali based on paragraph J?
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a. They will probably welcome large numbers of digital nomads.
b. They enjoy financial benefits from the large number of remote workers.
c. They are choosing more and more to become digital nomads themselves.
d. They would likely oppose the arrival of more remote workers.
18. Which sentence most correctly states the main argument of the passage?
a. People who are in danger of losing their jobs to AI should start learning new skills.
b. Although AI and robot technology brings many advantages, the many drawbacks include
massive job loss and workers getting left behind.
c. Many people welcome the arrival of AI and robot technology, even though it cannot make
businesses smarter, safer, and more productive than humans can.
d. Even though AI and robot technology will dramatically change workplaces, most people will
learn to adapt as the job market evolves.
19. What effect did robot technology have on a restaurant in Miami during the pandemic?
a. Robot servers allowed the restaurant to add much-needed staff while making work easier for
the human servers.
b. Robot servers replaced all of the human servers, leading many people to lose their jobs.
c. Robots helped analyze the restaurant’s financial data, saving them money and allowing them to
pay workers more.
d. Robots took over the job of washing dishes, making the restaurant cleaner and more efficient.
20. What is true about South Korea and Japan, according to paragraph E?
a. Not a single person there has lost a job to AI or robot technology.
b. They use more AI and robot technology than most other countries.
c. People there have not yet widely accepted AI or robot technology.
d. Many people have lost their jobs there because of AI and robot technology.
22. How does the author of the passage feel about AI technology?
a. The author does not think people should panic about the arrival of AI technology.
b. The author believes AI technology does more harm than good.
c. The author fears the growth and spread of AI technology.
d. The author does not feel there are any drawbacks to the arrival of AI technology.
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it cannot do everything
24. Which phrases from the passage describe cons of adopting AI and robot technology?
workers who lack skills or training for higher-level jobs could be left behind
may allow companies like Sergio’s to pay their remaining workers more
Although ____________________________________________________________,
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________, although
____________________________________________________________.
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less important: their content is not good
____________________________________________________________.
Although ____________________________________________________________,
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.
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2. The village had a bad harvest and then a drought. Villagers had to move south in search of food
because __________ were so bad.
a. industries
b. conditions
c. sculptures
3. The building was designed to be __________ place; a place for people to and pray and get away from
the stress of everyday life.
a. a violent
b. a holy
c. an embarrassed
5. The popular YouTuber __________ several of his friends to produce his show—which includes writing,
filming, editing, and marketing. “It’s a dream job,” one friend says.
a. employs
b. destroys
c. absorbs
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Complete each sentence with the word in parentheses and the correct suffix from
the box.
-ation -ly
11. The storm shook the house so ___________________________ (violent) that all the books fell off the
shelves.
12. The ___________________________ (inspire) for the design of the 30 St. Mary Axe building in
London was a sea sponge—a long, spiraling structure.
Complete each sentence with the correct word from the box.
advantage security style
13. Data ___________________________ has become an important industry, as companies try to protect
customers’ online information from being stolen.
15. Architect Bob Hockenberry puts a little of his own personal ___________________________ into each
of his designs. “I’ve always loved circular windows, so I make sure that all of my projects have one,”
he says.
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Add the correct prefix from the box to complete the words in each sentence.
ex pro trans
16. Digital nomads are able to ____________plore the world, while still making a living working online.
17. After the devastating storm, the mayor ____________mised city residents that she would do
everything she could to help them rebuild their homes and the community.
18. When you step inside the building, you feel like you have been ____________ported to another
planet. The walls and windows look like something from a science-fiction movie!
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is 34.3 meters tall and 70 meters in diameter. The architect, Fariborz Sahba, based his design on the shape of
the lotus flower because the lotus is an important religious symbol that represents purity, holiness, and
knowledge. Similar to a real lotus, the temple uses energy from the sun. Solar panels on the building generate
120 kilowatts of electricity, which in turn saves 120,000 rupees2 a month.
The Helix Bridge and the Lotus Temple are great examples of what mankind can do when inspired by nature.
Architectural knowledge and expertise, as well as advances in technology and engineering, have made it
possible to create such incredible buildings. Biomimetics will no doubt continue to be popular with architects
who wish to combine inspiration from nature with human skill and knowledge. The results are buildings that
are both functional and fantastic!
1
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a complex molecule that contains genetic information for the development and
functioning of an organism.
2
The rupee is the standard unit of money used in India.
23. According to the passage, which structure uses a natural source of energy?
a. the Helix Bridge
b. the Lotus Temple
c. neither the Helix Bridge nor the Lotus Temple
24. Based on the passage, the author probably thinks biomimetics is __________.
a. a good approach to architecture
b. harmful to the environment
c. no longer very useful
25. According to the last paragraph of the passage, the design of buildings like the Helix Bridge and the
Lotus Temple is possible because of __________.
a. inspiration from nature and modern engineering
b. good teamwork between architects and local officials
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Read each sentence. Look at the underlined portion and decide if it’s a condition or
a result. Choose Condition or Result.
26. If students spend a lot of time in front of a computer screen, their eyes could get very tired.
a. Condition
b. Result
27. You need to create your own home office if you decide to work from home.
a. Condition
b. Result
28. Hurricanes are strong storms that form over ocean water. ___________________________, hot air
from the ocean rises because of low air pressure. The hot air begins to turn quickly in a circle, and this
30. Black ice forms on roads when temperatures drop below freezing after it rains, and the ground is wet.
Black ice is __________ snow because it’s impossible for drivers to see.
a. less dangerous than
b. more dangerous than
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Read the paragraph from the reading passage in Unit 9, Design by Nature. Then
choose the better summary.
31 Shark skin may look smooth, but it’s actually rough. Sharks are covered in scales—nearly
. invisible to the human eye—that are made of the same material as their teeth. Viewed up
close, the scales actually look like tiny teeth. They point toward the shark’s tail. These scales
protect the shark against parasites and help to keep it clean. They are also flexible and can turn
or bend in the water. This movement reduces the water’s drag on the shark and helps it to
swim quickly.
a. Sharks are able to swim fast because of the shape of their bodies. Their bodies
are covered with scales that are smooth and flexible. This allows them to move
quickly through the water.
b. Shark skin does not look the way it feels. It has tiny scales on it that look like
teeth. These scales protect the shark and help it swim faster.
32. Although students shouldn’t spend ⬤ ⬤ a. using digital devices in the classroom
too much time on a screen, can be helpful.
33. Wildfires can be very dangerous and ⬤ ⬤ b. being a digital nomad offers a lot
destructive. more flexibility.
34. Even though working in an office ⬤ ⬤ c. However, they can also be beneficial
building has its advantages, to the environment.
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