1 hP =550 l b f ft /se g =0.

7457 kW

Fuente:
Felder, R. & Rousseau R. (2005) Elemantary Principles of Chemical Processes. Wiley.
67730_15_append i x_p732-772 . qxd 11/30/10 10 : 05 PM Page 735

Appendix 735

B. FLUID PROPERTIES

TABLE B.1 Properties of Water

Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity tension pressure modulus
T r m n s p√ B
(°C) (kg/m3) (N!s/m2) (m2/s) (N/m) (kPa) (Pa)

0 999.9 1.792 " 10#3 1.792 " 10#6 0.0762 0.610 204 " 107
5 1000.0 1.519 1.519 0.0754 0.872 206
10 999.7 1.308 1.308 0.0748 1.13 211
15 999.1 1.140 1.141 0.0741 1.60 214
20 998.2 1.005 1.007 0.0736 2.34 220
30 995.7 0.801 0.804 0.0718 4.24 223
40 992.2 0.656 0.661 0.0701 3.38 227
50 988.1 0.549 0.556 0.0682 12.3 230
60 983.2 0.469 0.477 0.0668 19.9 228
70 977.8 0.406 0.415 0.0650 31.2 225
80 971.8 0.357 0.367 0.0630 47.3 221
90 965.3 0.317 0.328 0.0612 70.1 216
100 958.4 0.284 " 10#3 0.296 " 10#6 0.0594 101.3 207 " 107

TABLE B.1—English Properties of Water

Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity tension pressure modulus
(°F) (slug/ft3) (lb-sec/ft2) (ft2/sec) (lb/ft) (psi) (psi)

32 1.94 3.75 " 10#5 1.93 " 10#5 0.518 " 10#2 0.089 293,000
40 1.94 3.23 1.66 0.514 0.122 294,000
50 1.94 2.74 1.41 0.509 0.178 305,000
60 1.94 2.36 1.22 0.504 0.256 311,000
70 1.94 2.05 1.06 0.500 0.340 320,000
80 1.93 1.80 0.93 0.492 0.507 322,000
90 1.93 1.60 0.83 0.486 0.698 323,000
100 1.93 1.42 0.74 0.480 0.949 327,000
120 1.92 1.17 0.61 0.465 1.69 333,000
140 1.91 0.98 0.51 0.454 2.89 330,000
160 1.90 0.84 0.44 0.441 4.74 326,000
180 1.88 0.73 0.39 0.426 7.51 318,000
200 1.87 0.64 0.34 0.412 11.53 308,000
212 1.86 0.59 " 10#5 0.32 " 10#5 0.404 " 10#2 14.7 300,000

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67730_15_append i x_p732-772 . qxd 11/30/10 10 : 05 PM Page 736

736 Appendix

TABLE B.2 Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Kinematic Velocity
Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity of sound
T r m n c
(°C) (kg/m3) (N!s/m2) (m2/s) (m/s)

"50 1.582 1.46 # 10"5 0.921 # 10"5 299

"30 1.452 1.56 1.08 # 10"5 312
"20 1.394 1.61 1.16 319
"10 1.342 1.67 1.24 325
0 1.292 1.72 1.33 331
10 1.247 1.76 1.42 337
20 1.204 1.81 1.51 343
30 1.164 1.86 1.60 349
40 1.127 1.91 1.69 355
50 1.092 1.95 1.79 360
60 1.060 2.00 1.89 366
70 1.030 2.05 1.99 371
80 1.000 2.09 2.09 377
90 0.973 2.13 2.19 382
100 0.946 2.17 2.30 387
200 0.746 2.57 3.45 436
300 0.616 2.93 # 10"5 4.75 # 10"5 480

TABLE B.2—English Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Kinematic Velocity
Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity of sound
(°F) (slug/ft3) (lb-sec/ft2) (ft2/sec) (ft/sec)

"20 0.00280 3.34 # 10"7 11.9 # 10"5 1028

0 0.00268 3.38 12.6 1051
20 0.00257 3.50 13.6 1074
40 0.00247 3.62 14.6 1096
60 0.00237 3.74 15.8 1117
68 0.00233 3.81 16.0 1125
80 0.00228 3.85 16.9 1138
100 0.00220 3.96 18.0 1159
120 0.00213 4.07 18.9 1180
160 0.00199 4.23 21.3 1220
200 0.00187 4.50 24.1 1258
300 0.00162 4.98 30.7 1348
400 0.00144 5.26 36.7 1431
1000 0.000844 7.87 # 10"7 93.2 # 10"5 1839

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67730_15_append i x_p732-772 . qxd 11/30/10 10 : 05 PM Page 738

738 Appendix

TABLE B.4 Properties of Ideal Gases at 300 K

R cp

ft-lb kJ ft-lb kJ
Chemical Molar
Gas formula mass slug-°R kg!K slug-°R kg!K k

Air — 28.97 1,716 0.287 6,012 1.004 1.40

Argon Ar 39.94 1,244 0.2081 3,139 0.5203 1.667
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 1,129 0.1889 5,085 0.8418 1.287
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 1,775 0.2968 6,238 1.041 1.40
Ethane C2H6 30.07 1,653 0.2765 10,700 1.766 1.184
Helium He 4.003 12,420 2.077 31,310 5.193 1.667
Hydrogen H2 2.016 24,660 4.124 85,930 14.21 1.40
Methane CH4 16.04 3,100 0.5184 13,330 2.254 1.30
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1,774 0.2968 6,213 1.042 1.40
Oxygen O2 32.00 1,553 0.2598 5,486 0.9216 1.394
Propane C3H8 44.10 1,127 0.1886 10,200 1.679 1.12
Steam H2O 18.02 2,759 0.4615 11,150 1.872 1.33

c√ " cp # R, k " cp/c√

TABLE B.5 Properties of Common Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure and Approximately 60 to 70°F (16 to 21°C)

Specific Surface Vapor

weight g Density r tensiona s pressure p√

Liquid lb/ft3 N/m3 slugs/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft N/m psia kPa

Alcohol, ethyl 49.3 7 744 1.53 789 0.0015 0.022 — —

Benzene 56.2 8 828 1.75 902 0.0020 0.029 1.50 10.3
Carbon tetrachloride 99.5 15 629 3.09 1 593 0.0018 0.026 12.50 86.2
Gasoline 42.4 6 660 1.32 680 — — — —
Glycerin 78.6 12 346 2.44 1 258 0.0043 0.063 2 $ 10#6 1.4 $ 10#5
Kerosene 50.5 7 933 1.57 809 0.0017 0.025 — —
Mercury 845.5 132 800 26.29 13 550 0.032 0.467 2.31 $ 10#5 1.59 $ 10
SAE 10 oil 57.4 9 016 1.78 917 0.0025 0.036 — —
SAE 30 oil 57.4 9 016 1.78 917 0.0024 0.035 — —
Turpentine 54.3 8 529 1.69 871 0.0018 0.026 7.7 $ 10#3 5.31 $ 10#2
Water 62.4 9 810 1.94 1000 0.0050 0.073 0.34 2.34
a
In contact with air.

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67730_15_append i x_p732-772 . qxd 11/30/10 10 : 05 PM Page 739

Appendix 739

Temperature (°F)
20 60 100 140 180 220

2.0 Glycerine 4

1.0 2
8
6 Castor oil 1 × 10–2
4 8
6
SAE 30 oil 4
2

1 × 10–1 2
8
6 1 × 10–3
4 8
SAE 10W-30 oil 6
2 4

Viscosity µ (lb-sec/ft2)
Viscosity µ (N⋅s/m2)

SAE 10W oil

1 × 10–2 2
8
6 Mercury 1 × 10–4
4 8
6
Kerosene
2 Carbon tetrachloride 4

1× 10–3 2
8
6 1 × 10–5
4 8
6
Water 4
2 Octane
Heptane
1× 10–4 2
8
6 1 × 10–6
4 Helium Carbon dioxide Methane 8
Air 6
2 4

1 × 10–5 2 × 10–7
8 Hydrogen

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (°C)

FIGURE B.1 Viscosity as a function of temperature. (From R. W. Fox and

T. A. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 1978.)

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67730_15_append i x_p732-772 . qxd 11/30/10 10 : 05 PM Page 740

740 Appendix

Temperature (°F)
20 60 100 140 180 220
1 × 10–2
8
6
4 1 m2/sec = 10.76 ft2/sec 4

Gl
2 2

yc
SA

eri
E

n
1 × 10–3

30
1 × 10–2

SA
8 8

oil
10
6 6

W
-3
4 4

0
oi
Helium

l
2 2
Hydrogen

Kinematic viscosity ν (ft2/sec)

Kinematic viscosity ν (m2/s)

1 × 10–4 1 × 10–3
8 SA 8
6 E 6
10
W 4
4 oil Methane

2 Air 2

1 × 10–5 1 × 10–4
8 ide 8
6 Carbon diox 6
4 4
Kero
s ine
2 2
Wat
er
1 × 10–6 1 × 10–5
8 8
6 Heptane Octane 6
4 4
Carbon tetr
2 achloride 2
Mercury
1 × 10–7 1 × 10–6
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°C)

FIGURE B.2 Kinematic viscosity (at atmospheric pressure) as a function of

temperature. (From R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1978.)

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Correlaciones para factor de fricción (Ecuación de Darcy-Weisbach)

L 1 2 L  v2 
DP = f  ρv  ó hf = f  
D2  D  2g 

Para flujo laminar:

64
f =
Re

La ecuación 7.6.26 se conoce como Ecuación de Colebrook

Existen muchas más relaciones desarrolladas empíricamente, que presentan una aproximación
aceptable en cálculos en ingeniería, una de las que mejor se adaptan al diagrama de Moody, es la
desarrollada por Swamee y Jain, válida para 0.01 > e/D> 10-8 y 108 > Re > 5000

Fuente:

 Mechanics of Fluids. Potter, Wiggert & Ramadan. 4a. Edición.

 Flujo de fluidos en válvulas accesorios y tuberías. (1992) División de Ingeniería Crane Co.
McGraw Hill.
Fuente: McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C & Harriott, P. Operaciones Unitarias en Igeniería Química.
7a. Edición.
 1

Predicción
n de Ré
égimen de flujo Gas-Líqu
uido

Figura 1.
1 Gráfic a d e Ba
a ker p ara ré gim
m en d e flujo a 2 fases

Cada ré égimen de flujo tiene e un comportamiento diferente, teniéndose e un conjuunto de

correlaciones empíricas partic culares paraa predecir dicho com mportamientto. El métod do más
usado pa ara predecir el régimen n de flujo ess la gráfica de Baker, la
a cual se m
muestra en la
a Figura
1. La deffinición de lo
os ejes X y Y se da a coontinuación..

Wl flujo másico de líq

quido (lb/hr)).
Wg flujo másico
m del ggas (lb/hr)
0.463 ρ densidad en lb/ft3
1147 μl viscosid
dad del líqu
uido en lb/h
hr ft
σ tensión
n superficial en dinas/c
centímetro.
Y = Gg/λ Gg flux dee masa de la fase vapor calcula ado con el área
total transversal
t d
del tubo (lb//hr ft2).
 2

C á l c ulo d e c a íd a d e pr esió n p a r a sist e m a s g a s-líq ui d o

El método más comúnmente usado para predecir la caída de presión en flujo V-L es el
desarrollado por Lockhart y Martinelli:
El módulo de Martinelli, X, definido como ∆ , ⁄∆ , , se usa para calcular el
módulo de flujo a 2 fases φ, definido de forma empírica de acuerdo al régimen de flujo.
Una vez obtenido el módulo de flujo a 2 fases, se determina la caída de presión en
función de dicho módulo y la caída de presión calculada para una de las fases:
∆ ∆

Régimen φ Observaciones
Anular . . ∆ ∆
4.8 0.3125
. d es el diámetro interno en
Burbuja 14.2
in. Si D>10 in, elegir d=10 en
⁄ . la correlación

Estratificado 15400 WL es flujo másico de

líquido en lb/hr
⁄ .
A es el área transversal de
.
Slug 1190 la tubería en ft2

⁄ .

.
Tapón 27.315
⁄ .

.
Ondulante Gg flux másico de gas
0.044 ,∆ , 3.33 10
 3

Velocida ad de Erosió
ón.
Dependiiendo del patrón
p de flu
ujo en un sisstema a do os fases, el lííquido puedde ser aceleerado a
velocida ades cercan nas a las de
el gas, cuando esto ocu urre las parttículas de líq
quido choccando a
gran velocidad con n la superficie de la tubería dan n lugar a un n fenómeno o conocido o como
“Corrosióón por erosión”. No hay correlac ciones dispo onibles para a predecir e este fenómmeno en
sistemas de tuberíass, pero Coullson propon ne un índice e basado en n la carga ppor velocidaad para
determin nar las veloc
cidades y densidades
d para las cu
uales la corrrosión por e erosión no d
debería
ocurrir:
10,0000