Statistical Approaches for Epidemiology From Concept to Application Reference Book Download
Statistical Approaches for Epidemiology From Concept to Application Reference Book Download
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You will find many epidemiology textbooks available in the market. Why another?
The reason is simple. This unique textbook provides readers with basic concepts of
epidemiology while preparing them with skills to apply statistical tools in real-life
situations. Students, in general, struggle with statistical theories and their practical
applications. This book makes statistical concepts easy to understand by focusing
on real-life examples, case studies, and exercises. The book also provides step-by-
step guides for data analysis and interpretation using standard statistical software
such as SPSS, SAS, R, Python, and GIS as appropriate, illustrating the concepts. In
this book, you will find most of the things you need for a graduate-level course on
epidemiology and research methods, all in one place.
What features distinguish this textbook from others?
• Practical examples of the use of the epidemiologic concepts
• Use of real-life data
• Plenty of step-by-step solutions to problems
• Use of statistical tools such as SPSS, SAS, Python, R, and GIS
• Special topics such as applications of artificial intelligence and machine learn-
ing, methods for handling missing data, systematic review and meta-analysis,
tools for survival analysis, using SAS for multivariate analysis, clinical trials,
steps of epidemic investigations, and many others
• An update on the epidemiology of COVID-19, and more importantly,
• Authorship with extensive teaching and research background
The 23 chapters of the book were chosen based on several factors: (1) the authors’
and the editor’s teaching and research experience in public health, the health sci-
ences, and related disciplines; (2) the evolving nature of epidemiology, especially in
the fields of data science, vaccine development, and epidemics due to infectious
diseases, including COVID-19; and (3) a continued demand for a book of this nature
from public health students and researchers from several countries with which the
editor is affiliated.
vii
viii Preface
Next, a little more perspective about the book’s contents: Readers will primarily
learn how to apply statistical methods in epidemiological studies and problem-solv-
ing. All the chapters first introduce the basic concepts related to the topic and then
illustrate them using real-life examples. The book proceeds from an introduction to
descriptive and analytical epidemiology (Chap. 1), to descriptions and applications
of different types of epidemiologic studies (Chaps. 2, 3, and 4), descriptions of the
epidemiologic measures of the distribution and determinants of diseases and events
(Chap. 5), to clinical trials and ethical issues in human studies (Chap. 6), to the
application of screening tools (Chap. 7), to surveillance methods (Chap. 8), to meth-
ods of standardization of rates (Chap. 9), and to the concept and application of Hill’s
criteria for causal association (Chap. 10). Readers will then learn about the concept
of bias, confounding variables and effect modifiers, and methods of dealing with
bias and confounders in research (Chap. 11), a step-by-step account of methods of
investigation of an epidemic (Chap. 12), methods of population projection (Chap.
13), advanced techniques such as the use of GIS and spatial epidemiology (Chap.
14), survival analysis using SAS (Chap. 15), methods of systematic review and
meta-analysis (Chap. 16), sample size estimation (Chap. 17), handling missing data
(Chap. 18), and the use of prediction models such as artificial intelligence and
machine learning using Python (Chap. 19). Chapters 20, 21, and 22 guide readers in
using SPSS and SAS in data analysis illustrating real-life data. Finally, due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, Chap. 23 describes the epidemiology of COVID-19 and
offers techniques for assessing premature deaths due to the pandemic.
Each chapter is written by eminent scientists and experts worldwide, including
contributors from institutions in the United States, Canada, Bangladesh, India,
Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Middle East. The book should be helpful in both
developed and developing countries.
Statistical Approaches for Epidemiology: From Concept to Application is pri-
marily targeted at graduate students, faculty, and researchers in public health and
other branches of health sciences. However, the book is also helpful for graduate
students and faculty in many related disciplines, such as data science, nursing, envi-
ronmental health, occupational health, computer science, statistics, and biology.
My authors and I welcome your feedback, which will be valuable for future
editions.
ix
x Contents
12
Epidemic Investigation and Control������������������������������������������������������ 183
Rajat Das Gupta and Sanjoy Kumar Sadhukhan
13 Population Projection������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 203
Mohammad Mainul Islam and Amal K. Mitra
14
Geospatial Applications in Epidemiology: Location, Location,
Location���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217
Stephen Scroggins
15
Survival Analysis and Applications Using SAS and SPSS�������������������� 235
Rafiqul Chowdhury and Shahariar Huda
16 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Evidence-Based
Decision-Making in Public Health���������������������������������������������������������� 257
Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah and Minoo Bagheri
17 Sample Size Estimation �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 275
Amal K. Mitra
18
Missing Data Imputation: A Practical Guide���������������������������������������� 293
Enayetur Raheem
19
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning �������������������������������������� 317
Hamidreza Moradi
20 A Step-by-Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS: Iron
Study Data������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 343
Amal K. Mitra
21
Data Analysis Using SPSS: Jackson Heart Study �������������������������������� 363
Clifton C. Addison and Brenda W. Campbell Jenkins
22 Multiple Linear Regression and Logistic Regression
Analysis Using SAS���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 381
Azad R. Bhuiyan and Lei Zhang
23
Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Update ���������������������� 411
Amal K. Mitra
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 427
Contributors
xi
xii Contributors
Rajat Das Gupta is medical graduate from Dhaka Medical College, University of
Dhaka, and completed his MPH from Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is a
doctoral student in Epidemiology at Arnold School of Public Health, University of
South Carolina.
Shahariar Huda received his Ph.D. in Statistics from Imperial College, London,
United Kingdom. Currently, he is a Professor of Statistics at Kuwait University,
Kuwait. Earlier, he served in several capacities in King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia; University of Dhaka; and the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata.
Mohammad Mainul Islam received his Ph.D. in Demography from the Institute
of Population Research, Peking University, China. He is currently a professor and
former Chairman of the Department of Population Sciences at the University of
Dhaka, Bangladesh. In 2010, he was named the Nick Simons Scholar of the New
Investigator in Global Health Program, Washington, DC.
Wasif Ali Khan completed his MBBS from Chittagong Medical College,
Bangladesh, and MHS from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He
has been working as a Scientist at a premier health research institute in Bangladesh
(icddr,b). His current research in collaboration with McGill University is on early
detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer.
Jean H. Kim has a background in both laboratory science and social sciences with
training in molecular biology and anthropology. With a Ph.D. from Harvard
University and with the Harvard University’s Sinclair-Kennedy scholarship, she
joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong and serves there as an Associate
Professor of public health.
Kiran Sapkota after obtaining his Ph.D. in cancer epidemiology, joined the
College of Health Sciences at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas,
as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Health. His research focus is
on chronic disease epidemiology, risk factors identification, immigrant health, and
global health.
Lei Zhang is Professor and Associate Dean for research and scholarship in the
School of Nursing at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Earlier, he
served as director and chief research biostatistician of the Office of Health Data and
Research at the Mississippi State Department of Health.
Editors and Contributors
About the Editor
xv
Abbreviations
xvii
xviii Abbreviations
xxi
xxii List of Figures
Fig. 5.5 Infant mortality rates in the United States across the states
for the year 2020. (Source: National Center for Health
Statistics, CDC (2000) [3])����������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Fig. 5.6 Differences between crude and adjusted cause-specific
mortality rates due to chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) in the United States from 2001 to 2020.
(Data Source: CDC Wonder (wonder.cdc.gov) [4])��������������������������� 85
Fig. 5.7 Trends in COPD mortality rates by 10-year age groups
from 2001 to 2020. (Data source: CDC Wonder (wonder.cdc.
gov) [4])���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86
Fig. 5.8 Years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to Covid-19
by gender in Brazil in 2020.(Source: Castro et al. 2021 [5])������������� 87
Fig. 6.1 CONSORT flow diagram of the progress through the phases
of a parallel randomized trial of two groups [30]����������������������������� 104
Fig. 7.1 Validity and reliability [2]. (Used with permission
of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. from Chapter 15: Identifying
Diseases by Screening, Mitra AK, first edition, 2023;
permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc.)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
Fig. 7.2 A hypothetical model of cervical cancer������������������������������������������ 120
Fig. 7.3 Example of an ROC curve using hypothetical data�������������������������� 123
Fig. 7.4 Effect of changing the cutoff point on sensitivity
and specificity of the test [2]. (Used with permission
of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. from Chapter 15: Identifying
Diseases by Screening, Mitra AK, first edition, 2023;
permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc.)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 126
Fig. 8.1 Newsworthy headlines highlighting past epidemics
which public health surveillance provided information
about. (Source – Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention [1])��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Fig. 8.2 Processes involved in conducting a surveillance������������������������������ 133
Fig. 8.3 Public health approach to surveillance summarized.
(Source – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [1]) ������������ 135
Fig. 8.4 Disease reporting system for surveillance programs������������������������ 137
Fig. 8.5 A public health surveillance system������������������������������������������������� 141
Fig. 9.1 Age distribution of US population in 1978 [1]��������������������������������� 148
Fig. 9.2 Age distribution of US population in 2019 [2]��������������������������������� 149
Fig. 10.1 A schematic diagram showing the effect of a confounder��������������� 156
Fig. 10.2 A schematic diagram of Rothman’s causal pie, modified [13]��������� 164
Fig. 11.1 Effect of confounding����������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
Fig. 11.2 Effect of confounding eliminated����������������������������������������������������� 175