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T-sql (1)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of common T-SQL commands, including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and more, along with examples for each command. It highlights T-SQL's capabilities such as procedural programming, error handling, and transaction management. The summary emphasizes the use of T-SQL for data manipulation and retrieval in relational databases.

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3 views6 pages

T-sql (1)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of common T-SQL commands, including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and more, along with examples for each command. It highlights T-SQL's capabilities such as procedural programming, error handling, and transaction management. The summary emphasizes the use of T-SQL for data manipulation and retrieval in relational databases.

Uploaded by

noorfatimacs819
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a breakdown of common T-SQL (Transact-SQL) commands with examples to help

you understand how each command works. T-SQL is an extension of SQL that adds
procedural programming capabilities to the standard SQL language.

1. SELECT: Retrieve Data from a Table

The SELECT statement is used to query data from a table.

Example:

SELECT FirstName, LastName


FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'Sales';

• This query retrieves the FirstName and LastName of employees who work in the
"Sales" department.

2. INSERT: Insert Data into a Table

The INSERT statement adds new rows to a table.

Example:

INSERT INTO Employees (FirstName, LastName, Department, HireDate)


VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'HR', '2025-03-01');

• This query inserts a new employee into the Employees table with specific values for
FirstName, LastName, Department, and HireDate.

3. UPDATE: Modify Existing Data

The UPDATE statement is used to modify existing records in a table.

Example:

UPDATE Employees
SET Department = 'Marketing'
WHERE EmployeeID = 101;

• This query updates the department of the employee with EmployeeID 101 to
'Marketing'.

4. DELETE: Remove Data from a Table


The DELETE statement is used to remove rows from a table.

Example:

DELETE FROM Employees


WHERE EmployeeID = 101;

• This query deletes the employee with EmployeeID 101 from the Employees table.

5. CREATE TABLE: Create a New Table

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to define a new table structure in the database.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Departments (


DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
ManagerID INT
);

• This query creates a new Departments table with three columns: DepartmentID,
DepartmentName, and ManagerID.

6. ALTER TABLE: Modify an Existing Table

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to modify an existing table's structure, such as adding or
deleting columns.

Example (Add a New Column):

ALTER TABLE Employees


ADD Email VARCHAR(100);

• This query adds a new column Email to the Employees table.

Example (Modify Column Data Type):

ALTER TABLE Employees


ALTER COLUMN PhoneNumber VARCHAR(20);

• This query changes the PhoneNumber column's data type to VARCHAR(20).

7. DROP TABLE: Delete an Existing Table


The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a table and its data permanently.

Example:

DROP TABLE Departments;

• This query deletes the Departments table from the database.

8. CREATE PROCEDURE: Define a Stored Procedure

A stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that can be executed as a single unit.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeeInfo


@EmployeeID INT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department
FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmployeeID;
END;

• This query creates a stored procedure called GetEmployeeInfo that accepts an


EmployeeID as input and retrieves the FirstName, LastName, and Department for
that employee.

9. EXECUTE: Run a Stored Procedure

The EXECUTE command runs a stored procedure.

Example:

EXEC GetEmployeeInfo @EmployeeID = 101;

• This query executes the GetEmployeeInfo stored procedure and passes EmployeeID
101 as an argument.

10. CREATE FUNCTION: Define a User-Defined Function

A user-defined function (UDF) allows you to create custom functions to encapsulate


repetitive logic.

Example:
CREATE FUNCTION GetEmployeeFullName (@EmployeeID INT)
RETURNS VARCHAR(200)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @FullName VARCHAR(200);
SELECT @FullName = FirstName + ' ' + LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmployeeID;
RETURN @FullName;
END;

• This query creates a function GetEmployeeFullName that takes an EmployeeID as


input and returns the full name of the employee.

11. IF...ELSE: Conditional Logic

The IF...ELSE statement is used to perform conditional logic.

Example:

DECLARE @Salary INT = 50000;

IF @Salary > 40000


PRINT 'High salary'
ELSE
PRINT 'Low salary';

• This query checks if @Salary is greater than 40,000 and prints 'High salary' or 'Low
salary' accordingly.

12. WHILE: Looping Structure

The WHILE loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of SQL code as long as a specified
condition is true.

Example:

DECLARE @Counter INT = 1;

WHILE @Counter <= 5


BEGIN
PRINT 'Counter value: ' + CAST(@Counter AS VARCHAR);
SET @Counter = @Counter + 1;
END;

• This query prints the counter values from 1 to 5.


13. TRY...CATCH: Error Handling

The TRY...CATCH block is used to handle errors in T-SQL.

Example:

BEGIN TRY
-- Attempt to divide by zero (error)
SELECT 10 / 0;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT 'An error occurred: ' + ERROR_MESSAGE();
END CATCH;

• This query attempts to divide by zero, which causes an error. The error is caught in
the CATCH block, and an error message is printed.

14. TRANSACTIONS: Managing Transactions

Transactions ensure that a group of SQL statements are executed as a single unit.

Example:

• BEGIN TRANSACTION;
•
• UPDATE Employees
• SET Salary = Salary + 5000
• WHERE Department = 'HR';
•
• INSERT INTO Transactions (EmployeeID, Amount)
• VALUES (101, 5000);
•
• -- Simulate an error
• -- ROLLBACK TRANSACTION; -- Uncomment this to roll back the changes
•
• COMMIT TRANSACTION;.

15. JOIN: Combine Data from Multiple Tables

The JOIN command is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related
column between them.

Example (INNER JOIN):

SELECT Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName, Departments.DepartmentName


FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Departments ON Employees.DepartmentID =
Departments.DepartmentID;
• This query retrieves the first name, last name, and department name for each
employee by joining the Employees and Departments tables.

Summary:

• T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is an extension of SQL that allows you to use procedural


programming, error handling, and advanced logic.

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