Chapter 1

Non-isolated DC supply Circuits

(DC/DC Converters)

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Non-isolated DC supply circuits
• Low power supply circuits (<1kW)
• Very common to supply electronic device (computers, printers,
communication devices, medical instruments, lab equipment , etc)
• Non-isolated power supply circuits are low-cost circuits composed of
switch, diode, inductor and capacitor
• These converters used either as a variable voltage source or as a
regulator that stabilizes fluctuating voltage.

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 Buck Converter
Aims:

-Present the analysis of Buck Converter

-Outline the design methods to ensure continuous mode and
limit the voltage ripple

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 The Fully-Controlled Switches (review)
Fully controlled switches include :
GTO, BJT, MOSFET, MCT, IGBT,
IGCT, …

The most common presently are

the MOSFET and IGBTs

The control function has two

parameters Tsw and d ON OFF
d

𝑇𝑜𝑛 vGS/vGE
𝑑≡
𝑇𝑠𝑤

The reciprocal of Tsw is the dTsw (1-d)Tsw

switching frequency (fsw)
Tsw
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 DC Chopper
x1

Tsw
d1Tsw
vo

Vi

𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 = = 𝑑𝑉𝑖
𝑇𝑠𝑤
as d changes from 0 to 1:
0 < 𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 < 𝑉𝑖

switch ON switch OFF

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vo=Vi vo=0
Buck Converter:
The buck converter is one of the basic DC supply circuits, the circuit can perform step-down conversion that is the
output voltage is always less than the input voltage.

𝑉𝑠

Assumes the following:

• Constant capacitor voltage: assume that the capacitor is large enough to allow pure dc capacitor voltage.
• Continuous inductor current (iL). (𝑖𝐿 > 0)

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Switching signals and converter states

is = i L is = 0
10/4/2023 iD = 0 ..(1) Chapter 1-1 iD = iL ..(2) 7
 Inductor voltage and output voltage
Since the average inductor voltage is zero…
𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 1 − 𝑑 𝑇𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑜

𝑑𝑇
ต𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠 −𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑇
ต𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑜 −𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑜

𝑑𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜
The magnitude control ratio, M

𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐
𝑀≡
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑜
𝑀= =𝑑 …(3)
𝑉𝑠

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Inductor, input and diode currents

𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿,𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠 𝑑 1−𝑑
𝑅 ∆𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 =
𝐿 𝐿𝑓𝑠𝑤

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Continuous conduction condition

∆𝐼𝐿
< 𝐼𝑙,𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜
2
𝑉𝑜 (1−𝑑)𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑜 𝑑(1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠
> → =
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓𝑠𝑤 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓𝑠𝑤
1−𝑑 𝑅
𝐿𝑓𝑠𝑤 >
2
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 Capacitor current and capacitor voltage ripple

∆𝑸 𝟏 ∆𝑰𝑳 𝑻𝒔𝒘 𝟏
∆𝑽𝒐 = =
𝑪 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝑪
𝟏 𝒅(𝟏 − 𝒅)𝑽𝒔 𝟏 𝟏
∆𝑰𝑳 =
𝟐 𝟐𝑳 𝒇𝒔𝒘 𝟐𝒇𝒔𝒘 𝑪
𝟏 − 𝒅 𝑽𝒐
∆𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐
𝟖𝑪𝑳𝒇𝒔𝒘
∆𝑽𝒐 𝟏−𝒅
= 𝟐
𝑽𝒐 𝟖𝑪𝑳𝒇𝒔𝒘

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Example 1

Solution:
(a) the output voltage …
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑑𝑉𝑖 = 0.4 ∗ 50 = 𝟐𝟎𝑉
(b) the maximum and minimum inductor current…
𝑉𝑜 20
𝐼𝐿,𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 = = = 1𝐴
𝑅 20
𝑑(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 0.4(50 − 20) 12
∆𝐼𝐿 = = −6 3
= = 1.5𝐴
𝐿 𝑓𝑠𝑤 400 × 10 ∗ 20 × 10 8
∆𝐼 1.5 ∆𝐼 1.5
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑑𝑐 + 𝐿 = 1 + = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝑨 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑑𝑐 − 𝐿 = 1 − = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑨
2 2 2 2
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Example 1

Solution: (continued)
(c) the output voltage ripple
∆𝑽𝒐 𝟏−𝒅 0.6 −3
= 𝟐 = = 4.7 × 10
𝑽𝒐 𝟖𝑪𝑳𝒇 8 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 4 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 4 ∗ 108
𝒔𝒘
∆𝑉𝑜 = 4.7 × 10−3 × 20 = 0.094𝑉 (𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘)

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 Capacitor Resistance—The Effect on Ripple
Voltage
The ESR may have a significant effect on the output voltage ripple, often producing a ripple voltage greater than that of the ideal
capacitance.

The ripple due to the ESR can be approximated by first determining the current in the capacitor, assuming the capacitor to be ideal. For
the buck converter. The voltage variation across the capacitor resistance is

The ripple voltage due to the ESR can be much larger than the ripple due to the pure capacitance. In that case, the output
capacitor is chosen on the basis of the equivalent series resistance rather than capacitance only. Therefore, the ESR limit
is given by:

∆𝑉𝑜
𝑟𝐶 ≤
∆𝑖𝐶
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 Example 2
The buck dc-dc converter is supplied form a 50 V source, and operated with duty ratio, d, ranges between 0.3~0.7. The inverter
uses inductance of L =400H and capacitor the of (C =) 100 F. The load has a variable resistance, R, of 20Ω minimum and
100Ω maximum. Assuming all components are ideal. Answer the following.

(a) Find the maximum and minimum values of the output voltage.
(b) Determine the minimum switching frequency that assure continuous inductor current.
(c) With switching frequency of 20kHz, d=0.4, and R=20Ω; draw to a scale the following quantities. (i) the switching
signal, (ii) the inductor voltage, (iii) the inductor current. Use the same time scale, calculate and show all amplitudes at the
switching points.
(d) With switching frequency of 20kHz, calculate the maximum peak-to-peak output voltage ripple (Vo).
(e) Determine the maximum values of the Capacitor’s ESR to limit the voltage ripple to the level calculated in (d)

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