World Mineral Production

2015–2019
 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WORLD MINERAL PRODUCTION

2015–19

Authors: T J Brown, N E Idoine, C E Wrighton, E R Raycraft, S F Hobbs, R A

Shaw, P Everett, E A Deady and C Kresse

Technical support: A C MacKenzie

Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2021

© UKRI 2021all rights reserved
First Published 2021

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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Bibliographical reference
Brown, T.J., Idoine, N.E., Wrighton, C.E., Raycraft, E.R.,
Hobbs, S.F., Shaw, R.A., Everett, P., Deady, E.A. and
Kresse, C. 2019. World Mineral Production 2015-19.
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham.

Cover image: Dredging ponds, Moma Titanium Minerals

Mine, Mozambique, operated by Kenmare Resources
plc. Copyright © 2021 Kenmare Resources plc.

ISBN 978-0-85272-790-4 (website version)

PREFACE

Welcome to the latest edition of World Mineral

Production, which includes global mineral production
data for 2019 and is a continuation of the dataset that some notable shifts in global production. Increases in
began in 1913. lithium production relative to 2018 from Chile (+ 16%)
and Bolivia (+ 74%) were offset by declines in
This publication is compiled from a comprehensive production relative to 2018 from Australia (– 18%) and
database, maintained by the British Geological Survey, Portugal (– 22%), and the cessation of output from
through which we aim to provide a reliable, Canada and Namibia. The overall decline in global
comprehensive and continuous set of data covering production of lithium between 2018 and 2019 has
most of the minerals that enter international trade. In this resulted from lower than expected demand, which has
volume we have set out the production figures by caused prices to decrease. However, as the world
country for more than 70 mineral commodities, over the transitions to a low-carbon economy, the use of cobalt
five-year period from 2015 to 2019. The objective of this and lithium for automotive electrification means that
series remains to present the latest production production of both metals will need to increase over the
information obtained from official bodies in individual next decade.
countries, although other sources are also used to
ensure completeness and accuracy. The cooperation During the past year, the BGS has provided advice to a
afforded to the British Geological Survey by numerous number of UK Government departments on issues
national and international organisations is gratefully related to security of supply of minerals. It has also
acknowledged. published a new series that provides an overview of the
geological potential in the UK for selected raw materials
Overall changes in the world production of most used in decarbonisation technologies. Further afield, a
minerals between 2018 and 2019 were again less than recent BGS-led study in collaboration with the geological
10 per cent. However, as we publish this edition, the surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden focussed on
world continues to struggle to control the COVID-19 assessing cobalt resources in Europe and the potential
pandemic. Consequently we anticipate significant for new discoveries. This study is the first harmonised
changes next year when we publish data for 2020 cobalt resource assessment for Europe and is based on
because of the impact this is having on the global 509 cobalt-bearing deposits and occurrences in 25
minerals industry. To support understanding of this countries.
issue, BGS-led research is utilising this long running
dataset to examine the impacts of extreme shocks on BGS is also involved with notable projects on graphite
raw material supply chains for manufacturing transport and lithium in eastern Africa, and a number of projects
systems. focussed on battery raw materials in South America,
including upscaling lithium brine supply in Bolivia and
World mineral production data for 2019 shows many developing a framework for a strategic environmental
interesting features and trends. Despite the Drakelands and social assessment (SESA) for Argentina, Bolivia,
tungsten mine in the UK closing in 2018, and small Chile and Peru. Furthermore, BGS is leading the NERC-
changes in production from other countries, total global funded Lithium for Future Technology (LiFT) project,
production of tungsten increased by nearly 12 per cent. which over the next 3 years will investigate the
This is largely due to a 16 per cent increase in tungsten geological cycles of lithium in a range of environments.
output from China, which means it accounted for 83 per
cent of total world mine production of tungsten in 2019, There is growing interest in the provision of minerals and
compared with 79 per cent in 2018. Production metals from secondary sources and their flows in a
concentration is one of the key parameters of supply risk circular economy. To address this, BGS is a partner in
used to determine the ‘criticality’ of a mineral raw two of the new UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy
material. Therefore, this change may increase supply Centres, for Technology Metals (TechMetCE) and
concerns about tungsten. Mineral-based Construction Materials (ICEC-MCM).

Other notable changes include a 13 per cent increase in As always, I would welcome any comments and
total world mine production of nickel. This was largely suggestions that you have relating to this volume, which
driven by Indonesia, which increased its output by 59 might help us to meet your ongoing needs.
per cent compared to 2018, with additional material
feeding into significant increases in stainless steel Karen Hanghøj
production. However, Indonesia’s output in 2020 is likely Director
to be lower due to new export restrictions on raw
materials. British Geological Survey
Keyworth
In contrast, there was a 21 per cent decrease in world Nottingham
mine production of cobalt. This principally resulted from
a 29 per cent decrease in output from the Democratic February 2021
Republic of Congo (DRC), due to declining cobalt prices,
caused by lower than expected demand and increased
inventories. World production of lithium (measured as Li
content) decreased by about 13 per cent because of

iii
CONTENTS EXPLANATORY NOTES

Commodity Index Coverage

Alumina 3 Magnesium 46 World Mineral Production covers the majority of

Aluminium 4 Manganese 47 economically important mineral commodities. For each
Antimony 5 Mercury 48 commodity constant efforts are made to ensure that as
Arsenic 5 Mica 48 many producing countries as possible are reported. For
Asbestos 6 Molybdenum 49 some commodities, where statistics on production are
Barytes 7 Natural gas 55 not publicly available, estimates are made. Users of this
Bauxite 2 Natural sodium carbonate 65 compilation are advised that more statistical information
Bentonite 8 Nepheline syenite 49 than can be included in a publication of this nature is
Beryl 10 Nickel 50 held in the British Geological Survey files and is
Bismuth 11 Niobium 71 available for consultation. Historical data (from 1913 for
Borates 11 Perlite 52 many commodities) can be obtained from the
Bromine 12 Petroleum 53 predecessors to this series entitled World Mineral
Cadmium 12 Phosphates 57 Statistics and the Statistical Summary of the Mineral
Chromium 13 Platinum 58 Industry. Copies of these publications are available in
Coal 13 Potash 59 the World Archive section of the website:
Cobalt 16 Pyrites 66 www.mineralsUK.com.
Copper 18 Rare earths 59
Diamond 21 Rhenium 60 Arrangement of countries
Diatomite 22 Salt 60
Feldspar 23 Selenium 63 Countries are ordered alphabetically in geographical
Ferro alloys 37 Silicon 37 groupings as follows:
Fluorspar 24 Sillimanite 63
Fuller’s earth 8 Silver 64 Europe
Gallium 25 Strontium 65 Africa
Germanium 25 Sulphur 66 North and Central America, including the Caribbean
Gold 26 Talc 69 South America
Graphite 29 Tantalum 71 Asia
Gypsum 30 Tellurium 72 Australasia, including the Pacific Islands
Helium 31 Tin 72
Indium 32 Titanium 73 Metals
Iodine 32 Tungsten 75
Mine production of many metals is expressed in terms of
Iron ore 33 Uranium 76
metal content. This is clearly indicated at the head of the
Iron and steel 34 Vanadium 76
table, adjacent to the unit used. For aluminium, cobalt,
Kaolin 40 Vermiculite 77
copper, iron, lead, nickel, tin and zinc, mine production
Lead 42 Wollastonite 77
and metal production are shown in separate tables.
Lithium 44 Zinc 78
Unless otherwise specified, metal production statistics
Magnesite 45 Zirconium 80
relate to metal recovered from both domestic and
imported materials, whether primary or secondary, but
exclude remelted material wherever possible.
APPENDIX
World totals
Appendix 1: Tables relating to Europe only
Aggregates 82 For certain minerals and metals no world total is shown
Cement 84 due to the non-availability of certain individual country
totals.
Appendix 2: Further acknowledgments
Exclusion of Warranty

Use by recipients of information provided by the BGS, is

at the recipients' own risk. BGS has taken care to
ensure that information provided is as free from error as
is reasonably practical. In view of the disparate sources
of information at BGS's disposal, including such material
donated to BGS, that BGS accepts in good faith as
being accurate, the UK Research and Innovation
(UKRI) and the Natural Environment Research Council
(NERC) give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to
the quality, accuracy, performance, and merchantability
of the information supplied, or to the information's
suitability for any use whether made known to BGS or
otherwise. UKRI/NERC/BGS accepts no liability
whatever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other
occurrence however caused.

iv
Compilation of this volume of mineral statistics has been Units
possible only by obtaining information from a very large
number of organisations throughout the world, chiefly The Statistics shown in this volume are expressed in
home and overseas government departments and metric units. The following factors are given for
specialist national or international authorities concerned converting to non-metric units:
with particular sectors of the minerals or metals
industries. To all these bodies the British Geological tonnes × 0.9842 = long tons
Survey expresses its grateful acknowledgement for the tonnes × 1.1023 = short tons
information made available, whether in published form kilograms × 2.2046 = pounds
or provided by direct correspondence. Particular kilograms × 32.1507 = troy ounces
acknowledgement is made to the Mines Departments cubic metres × 35.3147 = cubic feet
and other government agencies of many countries 1 tonne of crude petroleum equals on average 7 barrels
whose regular statements, yearbooks and other reports of crude petroleum.
are worthy of direct consultations by readers in search of 1 flask mercury = 34.5 kilograms
detail.
Symbols
Specialist commodity organisations which have kindly
allowed information to be reproduced include the ... figures not available
International Copper Study Group, the International 0 quantity less than half unit shown
Lead and Zinc Study Group, the International Nickel — nil
Study Group and the Barytes Association. In a few * estimated
instances, information on specific commodities has been BGS British Geological Survey
obtained directly from company sources. The co-
operation of other members of the International
Consultative Group on Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics is
also gratefully acknowledged.

Appendix 2 contains a fuller list of organisations to

whom acknowledgement is made.

v
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Production of bauxite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bosnia & Herzegovina 787 409 738 609 740 384 760 244 1 043 343
Croatia 11 900 9 780 12 215 11 780 14 342
France (a) * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000
Greece 1 831 000 1 880 000 1 927 000 1 607 000 1 492 000
Hungary 8 300 16 700 1 300 4 200 —
Montenegro 50 369 * 516 200 927 847 468 164 774 725
Russia 5 398 000 5 432 000 5 523 000 5 651 000 5 574 000
Turkey 518 550 989 156 1 719 144 678 138 * 700 000

Ghana 1 014 605 1 143 676 1 476 966 1 011 302 1 116 334
Guinea (b) 20 905 000 32 424 000 51 701 000 59 573 707 70 173 326
Mozambique 4 985 1 451 3 182 9 912 8 024
Sierra Leone 1 435 195 1 429 600 1 823 570 2 034 360 1 962 500
Tanzania 205 73 12 7 —

Dominican Republic 1 724 162 7 318 — — —

Jamaica 9 628 824 8 540 130 8 244 628 10 058 228 9 022 286
USA (c)(d) 483 695 272 908 352 096 399 712 154 870

Brazil 37 057 000 39 244 200 39 244 200 38 122 500 31 937 900
Colombia 861 693 2 400 13 666 13 533
Guyana 1 526 467 1 479 090 1 459 223 1 926 053 1 919 747
Suriname 1 865 148 — — — —
Venezuela 991 810 340 000 242 099 92 000 * 50 000

China 60 787 599 66 157 689 * 69 000 000 70 751 214 * 62 000 000
India (e) 28 123 789 24 745 487 22 786 106 23 687 721 22 073 398
Indonesia 611 000 * 1 485 000 * 4 200 000 13 243 197 16 592 739
Iran (f) 840 681 868 255 1 046 634 805 231 * 805 200
Kazakhstan 4 682 600 4 801 300 4 846 100 5 736 200 3 811 700
Malaysia (g)* 27 700 000 (g)* 6 670 000 (g)* 810 000 589 684 900 561
Pakistan (h) 24 689 57 024 75 375 145 189 93 308
Saudi Arabia 3 022 000 4 768 000 4 117 000 4 323 000 4 780 800
Vietnam * 1 100 000 * 1 400 000 * 2 800 000 3 569 700 * 3 200 000

Australia 80 909 261 83 517 148 89 420 589 95 947 593 105 543 787
Fiji 120 726 59 500 * 60 000 * 58 000 —
Solomon Islands * 262 000 * 234 000 * 1 524 000 * 1 646 000 * 1 234 000

World total 293 500 000 289 300 000 316 200 000 343 000 000 347 100 000

Note(s)
(1) This table includes production of refractory bauxite.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, some bauxite continues to be produced in Mexico but it is all used as construction aggregates and
figures are not reported.

(a) For non-metallurgical uses

(b) No adjustment has been made for moisture content
(c) Data for Alabama only
(d) Years ended 30 September of that stated
(e) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(f) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(g) Conservative BGS estimate based on reported exports
(h) Years ended 30 June of that stated

2
Production of alumina tonnes (Al2O3 content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bosnia & Herzegovina 250 845 187 515 247 449 261 700 213 518
France 432 000 500 000 500 000 500 000 * 500 000
Germany * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000
Greece 674 420 693 460 695 400 677 000 672 400
Ireland, Republic of 1 897 616 1 898 054 1 880 057 1 818 065 1 860 970
Romania 404 825 467 031 472 606 571 772 460 911
Russia 2 593 000 2 682 000 2 822 000 2 763 000 2 755 000
Spain 1 633 000 1 579 000 1 588 000 1 589 000 1 595 000
Turkey * 200 000 * 260 000 * 260 000 * 260 000 * 260 000
Ukraine 1 481 000 1 510 000 1 676 000 1 715 000 1 690 000

Guinea — — — 182 000 368 000

Canada 1 560 932 1 566 467 1 570 000 1 568 000 1 522 000
Jamaica 1 864 645 1 865 278 1 782 373 2 483 572 2 172 972
USA 4 550 000 2 360 000 1 430 000 1 570 000 1 410 000

Brazil 10 451 500 10 885 500 11 060 600 8 258 000 9 170 800
Suriname 779 660 — — — —
Venezuela 459 488 * 300 000 * 200 000 — —

China 58 978 355 61 034 354 69 056 100 73 607 591 71 474 166
India (a) 5 572 293 6 075 839 6 119 449 6 446 370 6 706 500
Indonesia 69 869 * 495 000 917 099 842 536 1 148 422
Iran (b) 241 368 235 081 240 168 237 563 233 267
Japan * 19 000 * 17 000 * 19 000 * 21 000 * 25 000
Kazakhstan 1 448 280 1 500 013 1 508 240 1 493 072 1 403 647
Saudi Arabia 846 000 1 429 000 1 484 000 1 774 000 1 798 340
United Arab Emirates — — — — 1 100 000
Vietnam * 474 000 * 597 000 1 062 000 1 301 300 1 382 100

Australia 20 097 181 20 680 827 20 485 770 20 061 795 20 239 198

World total 118 000 000 119 800 000 128 100 000 131 000 000 131 200 000

Note(s)
(1) Where possible figures in this table show the alumina equivalent (Al2O3) of total hydrate produced, whether or not calcined.
(2) The figures in this table represent alumina produced from bauxite. Alumina-rich materials can also be derived from salt slags formed
during the production of secondary aluminium.

(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

(b) Years ended 20 March following that stated

3
Production of primary aluminium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Azerbaijan 53 303 36 811 28 500 44 710 32 693

Bosnia & Herzegovina 118 253 106 649 125 536 131 508 67 690
France 415 000 424 600 430 000 390 000 * 390 000
Germany 541 379 546 806 549 995 528 868 507 934
Greece 179 993 181 189 181 630 187 465 182 100
Iceland 724 704 700 080 763 618 733 523 689 995
Montenegro 42 499 38 915 39 379 40 163 36 522
Netherlands 27 700 36 300 29 300 41 300 81 100
Norway 1 224 000 1 247 000 1 253 000 1 295 000 * 1 300 000
Romania 271 356 272 507 282 074 282 810 280 326
Russia 3 529 000 3 561 000 3 584 000 3 627 000 3 637 000
Slovakia 171 328 173 600 173 500 173 700 174 794
Slovenia 83 800 84 365 84 424 80 544 68 255
Spain * 360 000 * 360 000 * 360 000 * 350 000 * 230 000
Sweden 116 000 124 000 123 000 125 000 120 000
Turkey 60 000 79 000 76 000 73 300 78 100
United Kingdom 47 000 46 000 48 000 44 400 39 400

Cameroon * 73 000 * 74 000 * 76 000 * 66 000 * 54 000

Egypt (a) 279 365 355 000 298 000 * 260 000 * 260 000
Ghana (b) 28 519 33 010 33 364 42 867 43 200
Mozambique (a) 558 386 571 125 577 495 571 125 569 002
South Africa 695 000 701 000 716 000 714 000 717 000

Canada 2 880 035 3 208 707 3 211 882 2 923 204 2 853 771
USA 1 586 500 818 430 740 884 898 652 1 126 032

Argentina 430 388 424 996 433 391 437 771 438 200
Brazil 772 200 793 000 801 700 659 000 650 200
Venezuela 125 537 147 000 136 000 64 700 * 10 000

Bahrain 960 643 971 420 981 016 1 011 101 1 365 005
China 31 518 147 32 698 082 35 189 100 36 447 290 35 043 604
India (c) 2 354 949 2 896 629 3 400 618 3 696 181 3 628 834
Indonesia 257 149 245 483 218 816 242 043 250 393
Iran (d) 353 232 341 207 337 608 301 033 275 717
Kazakhstan 219 192 240 171 255 090 258 400 264 900
Malaysia 440 000 620 000 760 000 760 000 * 760 000
Oman 377 000 386 000 253 000 380 000 391 000
Qatar 638 155 643 514 650 000 616 000 645 000
Saudi Arabia 839 000 871 000 916 000 932 000 967 000
Tajikistan 139 123 129 300 103 100 95 796 100 800
United Arab Emirates 2 397 000 2 471 000 2 600 000 2 640 000 2 600 000

Australia 1 645 963 1 633 904 1 487 555 1 574 240 1 569 591
New Zealand 333 000 339 000 337 000 341 000 351 000

World total 57 900 000 59 600 000 62 600 000 64 100 000 62 900 000

Note(s)
(1) The figures in this table are for primary aluminium only. Aluminium can also be produced from secondary sources and may be
recovered from salt slags.

(a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

(b) Exports
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ended 20 March following that stated

4
Mine production of antimony tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 7 420 11 900 14 400 30 828 21 671

Turkey 1 917 2 700 4 750 3 500 * 3 500

South Africa 302 350 — — —

Canada 1 0 1 6 6
Guatemala — 25 — — * 160
Honduras 14 *6 4 20 * 10
Mexico 90 166 240 299 290

Bolivia 3 843 2 669 2 881 3 110 2 747

Ecuador — — 261 — —

Burma * 5 300 * 5 000 * 7 000 * 5 400 * 5 000

China 120 732 107 535 97 683 95 286 60 229
Iran (a) 1 020 1 765 2 489 2 551 * 2 500
Kazakhstan * 700 * 900 * 200 * 100 *—
Kyrgyzstan * 1 200 * 1 880 * 1 100 * 620 * 14
Laos 1 166 242 320 — 70
Pakistan (b) 114 21 15 — —
Tajikistan 13 460 26 970 26 450 28 881 29 898
Thailand * 700 32 — — —
Vietnam 219 229 230 244 306

Australia (b) 3 926 5 004 4 294 2 866 2 170

World total 162 000 167 000 162 000 174 000 129 000

Note(s)
(1) This table includes antimony content of antimonial lead alloys.

(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of white arsenic tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belgium * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000

Russia * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500

Morocco 7 567 6 122 6 879 5 578 6 000

Namibia 1 960 * 1 900 * 700 — —

Bolivia 38 38 20 238 * 130

Peru *— 23 252 22 319 20 408 24 915

China * 25 000 * 25 000 * 24 000 * 24 000 * 24 000

Japan * 45 * 45 * 45 * 45 * 40

Note(s)
(1) This table includes calculated trioxide equivalent of arsenic metal produced except where this would involve double counting.

5
Production of asbestos tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 650 375 691 712 714 105 752 917 790 000

Brazil 232 052 117 677 129 000 101 000 * 100 000
Colombia 13 240 10 465 4 423 3 550 —

China 227 073 191 632 124 723 * 125 000 * 125 000
Kazakhstan 179 800 192 500 192 700 202 700 210 900

World total 1 300 000 1 200 000 1 200 000 1 200 000 1 200 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, asbestos may also be produced in Afghanistan, North Korea, Romania and Slovakia.

6
Production of barytes tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria 60 000 50 000 65 000 * 65 000 * 65 000

Georgia 500 400 400 — —
Germany 45 311 49 373 34 177 39 218 30 000
Italy * 3 500 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000
Russia 361 000 434 000 178 000 163 000 163 000
Slovakia 20 000 25 000 15 690 9 500 5 770
Spain 3 000 3 000 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000
Turkey 655 943 321 239 292 447 465 138 * 465 000
United Kingdom * 50 000 * 56 000 * 55 000 * 55 000 * 50 000

Algeria 44 000 52 000 * 52 000 * 52 000 * 52 000

Egypt (a) 3 811 4 000 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000
Morocco 1 212 130 676 940 818 016 899 365 * 1 100 000
Nigeria * 3 323 540 717 387 370
Tunisia 10 000 10 000 — *— *—
Zimbabwe 500 200 200 * 200 * 200

Canada 32 000 32 000 32 000 * 32 000 * 32 000

Guatemala 544 500 43 63 * 60
Mexico 265 700 156 854 359 912 366 234 378 295
USA (b) 433 000 232 000 334 000 366 000 390 000

Argentina 12 917 12 389 5 977 7 225 3 898

Bolivia 46 732 16 632 29 114 53 163 * 46 000
Brazil 173 284 105 176 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Colombia 4 003 3 068 2 028 2 586 2 270
Peru 28 407 7 953 9 182 15 621 16 373

Afghanistan * 500 * 500 * 500 * 500 * 500

Burma 4 535 2 627 3 206 2 935 12 439
China 3 500 000 3 200 000 * 3 100 000 * 2 900 000 * 2 900 000
India (c) 1 252 262 1 246 371 2 038 915 * 2 000 000 * 2 000 000
Iran (d) 340 318 399 750 239 132 201 721 * 202 000
Kazakhstan 210 000 190 000 160 000 420 000 530 600
Laos 92 000 82 000 77 000 35 000 486 009
Malaysia 16 600 16 600 16 600 * 16 600 * 16 600
Pakistan (a) 118 773 157 858 91 711 88 847 116 480
Saudi Arabia 43 000 — — — —
Thailand 170 621 211 920 147 954 67 490 33 644
Vietnam 80 000 30 000 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000

Australia 6 016 7 139 8 957 6 534 1 982

World total 9 300 000 7 800 000 8 300 000 8 500 000 9 200 000

Note(s)
(1) This table may include small quantities of witherite.

(a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

(b) Sold or used by producers
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ended 20 March following that stated

7
Production of bentonite and fuller's earth tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia
Bentonite 1 592 5 543 11 724 21 029 32 424
Azerbaijan
Bentonite 56 825 49 328 225 288 212 336 222 519
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Bentonite (a) 67 261 102 858 92 344 87 358 94 601
Bulgaria
Bentonite 61 600 37 100 54 100 * 54 000 * 54 000
Cyprus
Bentonite 127 036 117 184 95 593 98 800 83 113
Czech Republic
Bentonite 369 000 374 000 254 000 277 000 357 000
Denmark
Bentonite 54 272 66 278 69 594 56 173 48 197
France
Bentonite (b) 36 404 42 567 (b) 24 497 (b) 35 696 * 30 000
Georgia
Bentonite * 20 000 * 20 000 * 21 000 25 894 * 26 000
Germany
Bentonite 393 000 393 000 416 000 379 000 366 000
Greece
Bentonite 1 123 320 883 220 1 087 800 1 355 000 1 300 000
Attapulgite 108 000 44 500 54 280 53 300 36 700
Hungary
Bentonite 11 290 16 006 9 852 35 156 * 35 000
Italy
Bentonite 12 840 45 978 86 106 100 067 82 720
North Macedonia
Bentonite 9 012 1 968 912 2 945 682
Poland
Bentonite 450 1 000 — 560 500
Romania
Bentonite 19 355 26 758 33 777 34 809 41 964
Russia
Bentonite 497 900 589 000 91 000 50 100 * 50 000
Slovakia
Bentonite 205 000 158 000 226 082 270 000 251 000
Slovenia
Bentonite 232 182 147 113 99
Spain
Bentonite 100 604 155 038 177 565 178 463 160 477
Attapulgite 26 188 28 809 58 952 28 021 30 348
Sepiolite 524 915 518 699 482 550 698 058 595 448
Turkey
Bentonite 3 134 911 1 744 912 1 481 617 1 331 955 * 1 332 000
Sepiolite 28 804 56 038 15 624 26 300 * 26 000
Ukraine
Bentonite * 210 000 * 210 000 113 000 178 000 * 110 000

Algeria
Bentonite 34 100 37 200 35 600 36 000 36 700
Angola
Fuller's earth * 98 000 * 98 000 * 98 000 * 98 000 * 98 000
Egypt
Bentonite (c) * 2 000 * 1 900 * 4 600 * 9 600 * 6 900
Kenya
Bentonite * 110 * 110 * 110 * 110 * 110
Morocco
Bentonite 92 290 103 266 174 546 172 749 * 173 000
Fuller's earth (d) * 84 570 * 85 000 * 85 000 * 85 000 * 85 000
Mozambique
Bentonite 354 322 284 * 290 * 290
Senegal
Attapulgite 188 400 172 300 165 900 177 900 117 000
South Africa
Bentonite 163 696 148 742 165 141 173 486 105 084
Attapulgite 18 280 16 374 18 333 17 121 11 422

8
Production of bentonite and fuller's earth tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Canada
Bentonite (b) 583 468 *— *— *—
Cuba
Bentonite 500 389 589 630 504
Guatemala
Bentonite 31 582 18 081 20 562 16 953 * 17 000
Mexico
Bentonite 294 236 109 176 148 475 264 800 * 265 000
Fuller's earth 108 215 111 713 110 860 — *—
USA
Bentonite (e) 4 050 000 3 600 000 4 430 000 4 670 000 * 4 700 000
Fuller's earth (e) 1 960 000 1 860 000 1 840 000 1 880 000 * 2 000 000

Argentina
Bentonite 229 715 145 723 121 735 184 969 * 185 000
Bolivia
Bentonite 1 023 525 68 2 *—
Brazil
Bentonite 401 844 352 920 * 350 000 * 350 000 * 350 000
Chile
Bentonite 1 434 1 288 1 584 525 395
Colombia
Bentonite * 9 000 * 9 000 * 9 000 * 9 000 * 9 000
Peru
Bentonite 21 341 19 410 756 2 384 46 887
Uruguay
Bentonite 4 250 6 650 6 640 7 760 6 726

Burma
Bentonite (f) 700 600 600 — * 500
China
Bentonite * 5 600 000 * 5 600 000 * 5 600 000 * 5 600 000 * 5 600 000
India
Bentonite (f) * 1 457 000 2 837 896 3 313 358 3 385 450 * 3 400 000
Fuller's earth (f) 473 998 478 204 797 684 553 294 * 550 000
Indonesia
Bentonite * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000
Iran
Bentonite (g) 418 840 842 421 723 718 731 908 * 732 000
Iraq
Bentonite * 6 300 * 6 300 * 6 300 * 6 300 * 6 300
Japan
Bentonite * 420 000 * 420 000 * 420 000 * 420 000 * 420 000
Korea (Rep. of)
Bentonite 78 439 63 834 47 306 31 824 43 886
Fuller's earth 87 094 81 688 115 568 118 177 185 718
Pakistan
Bentonite (c) 23 283 42 038 42 770 74 268 47 525
Fuller's earth (c) 8 005 13 740 18 185 9 188 12 529
Philippines
Bentonite 3 477 3 361 1 249 658 * 650
Uzbekistan
Bentonite * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000

Australia
Bentonite (c) 70 072 90 917 116 762 87 330 56 215
Fuller's earth 16 216 12 200 11 871 * 10 000 * 8 000
New Zealand
Bentonite * 750 * 750 * 750 * 750 * 750

World total bentonite 20 000 000 19 500 000 20 400 000 21 100 000 20 900 000
World total fullers earth (a) 3 700 000 3 600 000 3 900 000 3 800 000 3 800 000

See note on the following page

9
Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
Note(s)
(1) Bentonites consist of montmorillonite (one of the smectite group of clay minerals) and occur in two main varieties, calcium bentonite,
the most commonly occurring, and sodium bentonite, industrially the more important.
(2) Calcium bentonite can be converted to sodium bentonite by a sodium-exchange process.
(3) In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, calcium bentonite is known as fuller's earth, a term which is also used to refer
attapulgite, a mineralogically distinct clay mineral but exhibiting similar properties.
(4) In addition to the countries listed, Vietnam may produce bentonite and Algeria, France, Iran and Japan may produce fuller’s earth.

(a) Including attapulgite and sepiolite

(b) Sales
(c) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(d) Smectite
(e) Sold or used by producers
(f) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(g) Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of beryl tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Madagascar (a) * 140 * 140 * 140 * 140 * 140

Mozambique 312 181 53 416 * 420
Zambia 7 5 3 5 6

USA (b) 5 100 3 870 3 760 4 130 * 4 200

China * 1 200 * 1 200 * 1 200 * 1 200 * 1 800

Note(s)
(a) Includes ornamental and industrial products
(b) Includes bertrandite ore, calculated as equivalent to beryl containing 11% beryllium oxide

10
Mine production of bismuth tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia *4 *4 *4 *4 *4
Russia * 45 * 45 * 45 * 45 * 45

Canada 2 2 5 5 6
Mexico 601 539 513 333 251

Bolivia — 15 — 19 * 20
Peru (a) *— 188 124 145 73

China 1 587 1 672 1 748 1 804 * 1 650

Japan (a) 568 409 489 547 * 540
Kazakhstan * 20 * 270 * 240 * 290 *7
Vietnam 1 510 * 1 700 2 743 3 099 1 062

World total 4 300 4 800 5 900 6 300 3 700

Note(s)
(1) The figures in this table are in some instances derived from reported bismuth content of refined and impure metal plus recoverable in
ores and concentrates exported.
(2) Production for some countries may include bismuth produced from imported ores but it is thought that any resulting duplication is
insignificant in the countries shown.
(3) In addition to the countries listed, the Republic of Korea may produce bismuth but data are confidential.

(a) Metal production

Production of borates tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia * 80 000 * 80 000 * 75 000 * 80 000 * 80 000

Turkey 2 180 976 2 070 257 2 494 627 3 970 486 * 4 000 000

USA (a) * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000

Argentina 248 683 148 390 129 918 71 212 * 80 000

Bolivia 166 451 199 924 223 515 232 268 * 214 500
Chile 517 584 558 854 607 076 398 411 352 255
Peru 662 709 33 792 — 100 552 111 108

China (b) * 90 000 * 80 000 * 70 000 * 75 000 * 250 000

Iran (c) 675 — 1 150 1 200 * 1 200
Kazakhstan * 500 000 * 510 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000

Note(s)
(a) Sold or used by producers
(b) B2O3 equivalent
(c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

11
Production of bromine kilograms

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000
Ukraine 4 060 000 4 866 000 * 4 500 000 * 4 500 000 * 4 500 000

USA (a) * 225 000 000 * 225 000 000 * 225 000 000 * 225 000 000 * 225 000 000

China * 60 000 000 * 57 600 000 * 60 000 000 * 60 000 000 * 60 000 000
India (b) 2 439 390 2 717 210 2 266 000 2 813 000 * 2 800 000
Israel 115 583 000 161 986 000 180 000 000 175 000 000 180 000 000
Japan * 20 000 000 * 20 000 000 * 20 000 000 * 20 000 000 * 20 000 000
Jordan * 100 000 000 * 100 000 000 * 100 000 000 * 100 000 000 * 100 000 000
Turkmenistan * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Russia may produce some bromine.

(a) Elemental bromine sold as such or used in the preparation of bromine compounds by primary producers
(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of cadmium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria 344 362 333 313 315

Germany * 400 * 400 * 500 * 500 * 500
Netherlands * 620 * 620 * 620 * 1 100 * 1 100
Norway * 310 * 355 * 416 * 400 * 340
Poland 383 319 309 305 199
Russia * 1 300 * 1 500 * 1 700 * 1 800 * 1 800

Canada (a) 1 159 2 305 1 802 1 857 1 803

Mexico 1 283 1 244 1 142 1 307 952
USA (a) * 500 * 400 * 550 * 550 * 550

Argentina 107 91 96 74 45
Brazil * 200 * 200 * 200 * 300 * 450
Peru 757 820 797 765 772

China 8 162 8 222 8 411 10 349 * 10 300

India (b) — 35 47 — —
Japan 2 188 1 989 2 310 2 108 * 1 900
Kazakhstan 1 475 2 682 * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 400
Korea (Rep. of) * 5 600 4 000 4 000 4 905 * 4 900
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200

World total 25 000 25 700 24 900 28 300 27 500

Note(s)
(1) Data in this table excludes secondary metal unless otherwise stated.

(a) Including cadmium sponge and/or secondary metal

(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

12
Production of chromium ores and concentrates tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 639 909 726 671 808 016 1 142 719 * 1 200 000
Finland (a) 946 188 1 070 281 972 028 1 099 438 1 183 862
Russia 503 000 485 000 434 000 469 000 698 000
Turkey 2 515 188 2 024 821 2 554 222 2 896 651 3 363 791

Madagascar 88 560 71 043 64 200 35 381 * 35 000

South Africa 15 684 481 14 705 180 16 586 863 17 829 038 17 664 239
Sudan 15 143 45 000 32 000 27 000 * 34 000
Zimbabwe 208 328 112 026 688 838 894 660 1 550 064

Brazil 527 000 * 500 000 542 989 567 300 511 100
Colombia 30 — — — —

Afghanistan 5 682 4 545 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500

China 22 700 25 444 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000
India (b) 2 915 584 3 727 780 3 480 941 3 970 688 3 836 530
Iran (c)(d) 276 570 342 332 301 119 259 918 * 260 000
Kazakhstan 5 382 800 5 542 900 6 313 300 6 888 800 7 019 000
Oman 442 600 450 800 631 600 884 900 607 700
Pakistan * 330 000 * 230 000 * 350 000 * 324 700 * 467 400
Philippines (c) 15 502 25 745 20 849 45 011 31 743

Papua New Guinea (e) — — 90 121 92 139 112 749

World total 30 500 000 30 100 000 33 900 000 37 500 000 38 600 000

Note(s)
(a) Concentrates
(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(c) Including foundry sand and/or lumpy ore
(d) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(e) Exports

Production of coal tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania
Lignite 69 000 4 000 46 000 98 000 31 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Brown coal & lignite 12 111 830 13 488 147 14 033 504 14 378 767 13 376 548
Bulgaria
Anthracite & Bituminous — 10 — *— *—
Lignite 33 773 000 29 294 200 32 136 500 * 29 000 000 * 29 000 000
Brown coal 2 165 100 2 140 000 2 451 500 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000
Czech Republic
Bituminous 7 640 000 6 074 000 4 870 000 4 110 000 3 150 000
Brown coal 38 251 000 38 646 000 39 310 000 39 187 000 37 465 000
Georgia 305 870 296 500 268 113 137 912 15 900
Germany
Anthracite & Bituminous 6 650 000 4 079 000 3 840 000 2 762 000 —
Brown coal 178 065 353 171 546 550 171 286 000 166 258 371 131 314 116
Greece
Lignite 46 308 120 32 674 790 37 802 600 36 574 360 26 000 000
Hungary
Bituminous 5 687 748 789 2 083 6 095
Lignite 9 095 000 9 164 000 7 890 000 7 843 000 6 790 000
Brown coal 162 490 68 061 83 341 53 606 50 742
Kosovo
Lignite 8 240 694 8 800 848 7 574 697 7 169 767 8 063 051

13
Production of coal tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Montenegro
Lignite 1 752 758 1 349 729 1 419 655 1 539 118 1 561 712
Brown coal 17 900 47 800 55 200 56 758 43 477
North Macedonia
Lignite 5 927 749 5 130 055 5 056 918 4 946 486 5 066 083
Norway
Bituminous (a) 1 203 000 962 000 134 000 142 500 108 000
Poland
Coking coal 12 985 000 13 204 000 12 482 000 12 047 000 12 071 000
Other bituminous coal 59 701 000 57 580 000 53 493 000 51 767 000 50 031 000
Lignite 63 135 000 60 273 000 63 060 000 61 144 000 52 855 000
Romania
Anthracite & Bituminous 1 418 596 1 068 507 784 433 538 092 174 021
Lignite 25 424 709 22 156 556 25 232 160 23 319 839 21 653 000
Russia 372 000 000 386 000 000 410 000 000 439 000 000 439 000 000
Serbia
Bituminous 123 000 105 000 79 000 101 000 108 000
Lignite (b) 37 308 043 37 934 000 39 353 000 37 253 000 38 420 000
Brown coal 351 116 355 000 342 000 277 000 350 000
Slovakia
Lignite 97 000 195 000 56 000 169 000 270 000
Brown coal 1 636 000 1 622 000 1 619 000 1 257 000 1 157 000
Slovenia
Lignite 3 168 001 3 348 889 3 355 664 3 216 735 3 218 696
Spain
Anthracite 1 113 336 736 035 370 445 292 898 —
Bituminous 610 395 365 872 791 303 483 159 —
Sub-bituminous 1 318 625 730 470 1 833 357 1 630 088 —
Turkey
Anthracite 2 074 049 1 881 664 1 764 028 1 620 682 * 1 620 000
Lignite 58 730 170 77 896 048 84 303 492 99 017 695 * 99 018 000
Ukraine
Bituminous (c) 29 917 000 31 630 000 24 167 000 26 254 000 25 530 400
United Kingdom
Bituminous (d) 8 598 000 4 178 000 3 041 000 2 580 000 2 166 000

Botswana 2 065 778 1 873 547 2 215 782 2 482 313 2 110 891
Congo, Democratic Republic
Bituminous 6 900 8 200 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000
Eswatini (Swaziland)
Anthracite 141 733 158 418 202 277 144 375 109 936
Ethiopia
Lignite 34 131 14 582 35 000 2 767 * 2 800
Malawi 58 774 43 338 45 230 49 753 54 728
Mozambique
Bituminous * 8 600 000 5 500 000 11 260 000 12 926 416 * 10 000 000
Niger 221 024 246 631 233 792 221 580 225 920
Nigeria
Sub-bituminous 47 000 46 000 * 47 000 * 48 000 * 48 000
South Africa
Anthracite 3 395 505 2 612 215 2 886 078 3 316 837 3 077 839
Bituminous 248 680 484 248 399 455 249 456 924 249 939 594 251 332 874
Tanzania
Bituminous 257 321 276 030 558 553 627 652 712 136
Zambia
Bituminous 103 439 129 470 208 608 361 871 335 042
Zimbabwe
Bituminous 4 336 100 1 635 800 2 928 000 3 347 500 2 729 922

Canada 61 931 000 61 461 000 60 866 000 54 600 000 51 801 000
Mexico
Bituminous 15 716 400 13 676 593 12 748 000 * 12 700 000 * 12 700 000
USA
Anthracite 1 942 591 1 509 856 1 734 636 1 719 706 2 368 120
Bituminous 366 166 474 293 286 820 320 642 381 326 777 482 307 431 973
Sub-bituminous 380 500 043 299 530 054 318 812 663 305 613 307 282 577 367
Lignite 64 915 983 66 299 871 61 381 007 51 733 060 48 245 042

14
Production of coal tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Argentina
Bituminous 22 000 25 000 13 000 16 000 * 13 000
Brazil
Bituminous & lignite 8 028 585 7 005 281 4 818 058 5 017 000 * 5 000 000
Chile
Bituminous 157 017 114 887 70 281 38 021 41 385
Lignite 3 004 709 2 410 284 2 425 109 2 256 656 1 565 169
Colombia
Anthracite (e) 7 133 29 721 25 051 * 26 000 * 25 400
Coking coal 4 823 869 4 411 104 5 981 970 * 4 900 000 * 4 860 000
Other bituminous coal 81 723 769 86 582 319 84 542 025 * 81 000 000 * 79 860 000
Peru
Anthracite & Bituminous 251 788 266 208 301 050 216 581 181 010
Venezuela
Bituminous 801 697 900 000 500 000 200 000 300 000

Afghanistan (f) 1 364 800 1 698 200 2 191 400 2 444 600 2 139 200
Bangladesh (g) 675 776 1 021 638 1 160 658 923 276 805 696
Bhutan 85 164 117 783 161 527 186 824 184 785
Burma 373 596 506 262 677 774 1 200 619 1 941 558
China 3 747 000 000 3 411 000 000 3 524 000 000 3 698 000 000 3 846 000 000
India
Bituminous (h) 639 230 000 657 868 000 675 400 000 728 718 000 690 814 000
Lignite (h) 43 842 000 45 230 000 46 644 000 44 283 000 41 488 000
Indonesia
Anthracite & Bituminous 461 566 080 456 197 775 461 248 184 557 772 940 616 159 594
Iran
Bituminous (f) 1 339 000 1 340 000 1 496 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000
Kazakhstan
Bituminous 101 792 500 97 308 600 101 797 300 107 576 600 105 305 000
Lignite 5 525 700 5 750 400 6 094 500 6 560 800 5 778 200
Korea (Rep. of)
Anthracite 1 764 000 1 727 000 1 485 000 1 201 920 1 084 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 31 115 000 35 741 000 21 738 000 * 18 000 000 * 18 000 000
Kyrgyzstan 1 928 700 1 851 300 1 870 400 2 395 200 2 532 700
Laos
Anthracite 106 028 138 809 133 284 142 994 161 494
Lignite 4 464 068 13 097 121 13 439 492 15 903 277 15 263 562
Malaysia 2 559 444 2 414 765 2 988 212 2 652 813 3 459 122
Mongolia 23 979 000 35 096 500 49 480 200 50 009 300 50 833 700
Nepal
Sub-bituminous (i) 6 754 1 722 7 270 11 522 7 184
Pakistan (c)(g) 3 407 659 3 749 312 3 953 992 4 470 000 5 371 865
Philippines
Bituminous 7 377 639 11 211 254 11 932 328 11 755 360 13 751 291
Tajikistan 1 041 900 1 361 400 1 759 700 1 903 015 2 024 789
Thailand
Lignite 15 150 549 17 069 712 16 258 637 14 851 950 14 071 710
Uzbekistan
Bituminous 125 000 160 000 124 000 127 000 * 130 000
Lignite 3 361 000 3 707 000 3 915 000 4 013 000 * 4 000 000
Vietnam
Anthracite 41 664 000 38 735 000 38 409 000 42 384 000 46 387 000

Australia
Bituminous (j) 439 979 000 443 449 000 435 889 000 457 325 000 462 994 000
Brown coal (g) 60 957 000 59 757 000 56 095 000 45 062 000 42 256 000
New Zealand
Bituminous 1 400 886 1 205 388 1 212 126 1 326 767 1 296 440
Sub-bituminous 1 665 676 1 348 199 1 386 950 1 604 454 1 450 815
Lignite 324 086 313 035 319 487 307 378 287 830

World total 7 935 000 000 7 474 000 000 7 683 000 000 8 022 000 000 8 076 000 000

See notes on the following page

15
Production of coal
Note(s)
(1) There is no international agreement as to the separate definition of lignite and brown coal. In some cases they are distinguished.
Elsewhere both may be aggregated under one or other term.
(2) Data for coking coal is not always distinguished from other types of bituminous coal. The term "bituminous" in this table may include
coking coal where the latter is not separately shown.
(3) Where no sub-commodity is shown the figures relate to all ranks of coal.

(a) Spitzbergen: not including production from mines controlled by Russia

(b) Excluding production in Kosovo
(c) Including lignite
(d) Including anthracite
(e) May also include other types of coal
(f) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(g) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(h) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(i) Years ended 15 July of that shown
(j) Including sub-bituminous

Mine production of cobalt tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland 2 119 2 260 * 1 900 1 377 1 454

Russia 5 800 5 600 4 900 5 450 5 500

Botswana 316 248 — — —

Congo, Democratic Republic 83 529 68 822 82 461 109 402 77 964
Madagascar 3 920 3 660 3 090 2 890 2 930
Morocco (a) 1 722 2 081 1 924 1 806 2 397
South Africa (a) 1 362 1 101 1 062 1 007 1 027
Zambia (a) 2 979 5 276 2 649 1 766 1 271
Zimbabwe 355 409 445 403 400

Canada 7 489 7 148 6 058 5 608 5 132

Cuba 4 729 5 514 5 407 * 5 300 * 5 200
USA 760 690 640 590 * 500

Brazil 2 771 852 185 8 —

China 10 093 9 293 10 237 2 241 * 2 000

Indonesia * 350 * 350 * 350 * 350 * 350
Philippines 4 140 4 400 3 700 5 400 6 700
Vietnam 277 134 — — —

Australia (b) 6 777 6 020 5 221 5 616 5 693

New Caledonia 2 391 3 188 2 780 2 104 1 703
Papua New Guinea 2 505 2 191 3 308 3 275 2 915

World total 144 000 129 00 136 000 155 000 123 000

Note(s)
(1) There is frequently a considerable disparity between the cobalt content of ore raised and cobalt actually recovered.
(2) In many countries it is not clear whether cobalt that is known to be present in the extracted ore is subsequently recovered, nor whether
the reported figure is contained or recovered cobalt.
(3) Consequently, the figures in this table may relate either to cobalt recovered or to cobalt contained in ore raised.
(4) In addition to the countries listed, cobalt is contained within copper ores in Poland but this is not currently recovered.

(a) Metal and/or refined

(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

16
Production of refined cobalt tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belgium (a) 6 306 6 329 6 987 6 360 * 6 500

Finland 9 615 12 393 12 222 12 874 12 526
France 133 119 277 48 —
Norway 3 117 3 541 3 473 4 166 4 354
Russia 2 040 3 092 2 077 * 1 800 * 2 000

Congo, Democratic Republic (b) 3 195 82 120 68 —

Madagascar 3 464 3 273 3 053 2 850 2 900
Morocco 1 982 2 081 1 924 1 806 2 397
South Africa (c) 1 362 1 101 1 062 1 007 1 027
Zambia 2 979 5 276 2 649 1 766 1 271

Canada (d) 6 126 6 302 5 152 6 349 6 075

Brazil 1 300 400 185 8 —

China (a) 48 719 45 046 69 600 78 360 * 86 000

India * 150 * 100 * 100 — —
Japan 4 259 4 305 4 159 3 669 5 900

Australia 5 150 3 200 3 042 3 244 3 700

New Caledonia (e) 1 568 2 531 2 302 1 662 1 240

Note(s)
(1) Refined cobalt can be in the form of metal, oxides, carbonates, sulphates and many other compounds. Efforts are made to avoid
double-counting but it is not always possible to be certain.

(a) Some refined cobalt production in China is recorded in Belgium

(b) Excludes white alloy and matte which are believed to be further processed in Belgium and elsewhere
(c) Includes metal and cobalt contained in sulphate
(d) Including oxides
(e) Carbonate

17
Mine production of copper tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 2 106 218 — 2 601 * 3 000

Armenia 71 957 88 586 97 705 72 357 91 198
Azerbaijan 969 1 941 1 991 1 645 2 210
Bulgaria 71 748 70 573 73 003 69 841 70 927
Cyprus 2 121 1 754 1 293 908 703
Finland 41 085 47 488 53 144 46 755 32 592
Georgia * 13 000 * 14 000 * 15 000 15 704 * 900
North Macedonia 11 400 10 200 9 000 8 000 7 100
Poland 426 196 424 000 419 000 401 300 449 000
Portugal 83 081 74 453 63 812 49 064 41 553
Romania 3 600 7 300 7 400 8 722 9 200
Russia 711 400 702 300 762 300 871 700 813 600
Serbia 29 827 41 300 44 800 44 100 44 000
Slovakia 58 39 32 21 17
Spain 112 690 167 736 198 353 187 714 170 556
Sweden 75 125 78 992 104 450 106 142 99 332
Turkey 108 000 * 100 000 83 000 79 600 * 73 500

Botswana 9 162 12 415 1 239 1 462 —

Congo, Democratic Republic 1 039 007 1 023 687 1 094 638 1 225 227 1 420 386
Eritrea 61 600 25 300 7 900 17 300 16 008
Mauritania 45 001 32 820 28 791 28 138 29 620
Morocco 26 900 31 800 35 400 32 400 * 34 000
Namibia 14 010 16 653 15 534 15 177 16 108
South Africa 77 360 65 257 65 503 46 900 52 501
Tanzania * 16 800 * 17 400 * 11 500 * 10 000 * 10 000
Zambia 710 860 725 359 786 731 851 089 797 518
Zimbabwe 8 218 9 101 8 839 9 077 8 700

Canada 714 647 693 059 597 194 548 011 560 781
Dominican Republic 7 324 9 725 9 618 8 588 6 047
Mexico 594 451 766 129 742 246 696 580 768 542
Panama — — — — 147 480
USA 1 380 000 1 430 000 1 260 000 1 220 000 1 260 000

Argentina 61 800 81 900 33 300 17 400 —

Bolivia 9 479 8 718 7 219 5 216 4 478
Brazil 359 463 337 600 384 542 385 800 363 300
Chile 5 772 100 5 552 600 5 503 500 5 831 600 5 787 400
Colombia 5 463 8 493 9 355 9 918 7 641
Ecuador * 1 800 * 1 000 * 8 200 * 8 000 6 100
Peru 1 700 817 2 353 859 2 445 585 2 437 035 2 455 440

Burma * 71 000 * 95 000 * 116 000 * 180 000 * 219 000

China 1 712 065 1 900 188 1 706 400 1 615 234 1 683 700
India (a) 32 493 31 999 33 708 36 900 30 466
Indonesia 578 600 728 000 622 030 651 136 351 000
Iran 257 000 282 000 295 621 310 000 310 000
Kazakhstan 473 600 474 800 557 800 635 500 608 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 8 600 12 600 1 800 *— * 2 000
Kyrgyzstan 3 100 8 200 7 500 7 200 7 000
Laos 167 702 177 939 153 304 154 948 140 935
Mongolia 318 300 335 700 310 700 308 400 297 500
Oman 7 828 — — — —
Pakistan * 16 000 * 14 000 10 052 12 538 13 049
Philippines 83 835 83 649 68 156 69 933 71 892
Saudi Arabia 11 563 27 500 36 279 57 300 67 300
Tajikistan 1 400 2 500 6 100 8 500 * 8 500
Uzbekistan * 103 000 * 135 000 * 140 100 * 141 200 * 141 000
Vietnam 22 524 22 636 21 451 26 235 30 551

Australia 995 881 947 555 849 121 910 896 934 055
Papua New Guinea 45 185 80 022 105 419 96 287 99 398

World total 19 300 000 20 400 000 20 000 000 20 600 000 20 700 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated
18
Smelter production of copper tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 11 601 12 920 12 051 8 831 —

Bulgaria 292 200 245 000 322 700 316 900 255 200
Finland 141 474 145 189 133 197 139 087 120 369
Germany 338 300 342 800 332 600 311 200 288 600
Norway 35 477 28 123 22 695 20 590 21 962
Poland 514 774 446 902 457 549 461 865 489 242
Russia 661 000 665 000 730 000 789 000 790 500
Serbia 43 000 61 000 68 200 66 200 82 400
Spain 286 300 292 300 272 000 284 800 245 800
Sweden 137 400 131 500 150 000 150 000 135 900
Turkey * 45 400 * 46 200 * 46 000 * 46 000 * 46 000

Congo, Democratic Republic — — — — * 2 000

Namibia 44 504 40 181 40 476 48 971 45 953
South Africa 60 900 51 000 52 600 33 300 26 000
Tanzania * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Zambia (a) 648 800 698 100 787 900 828 700 638 500

Canada 281 416 304 349 289 400 290 100 290 000
Mexico 256 252 267 843 270 213 286 242 277 654
USA 527 000 563 000 470 000 536 000 466 000

Brazil 157 800 188 500 262 400 132 200 110 900
Chile 1 382 000 1 365 300 1 264 600 1 246 100 1 011 200
Peru 327 909 309 469 316 882 327 821 294 315

China 5 504 817 6 115 035 6 424 200 6 575 016 7 082 700
India 792 600 769 800 813 100 481 500 342 300
Indonesia 199 700 255 700 245 800 258 800 246 100
Iran 153 500 153 400 114 200 204 100 201 100
Japan 1 243 813 1 289 885 1 192 179 1 263 456 1 169 664
Kazakhstan 283 000 294 100 296 300 295 000 295 000
Korea (Rep. of) 511 200 510 000 510 000 530 000 520 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 4 000 *— *— *— *—
Oman 1 300 3 481 264 — —
Pakistan * 15 000 * 14 000 10 052 12 538 13 049
Philippines 189 200 215 000 240 000 170 900 217 800
Uzbekistan * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 117 000 147 300
Vietnam 11 300 11 600 11 500 * 11 500 * 19 200

Australia 432 843 445 202 359 832 360 993 401 277

World total 15 600 000 16 400 000 16 600 000 16 600 000 16 300 000

Note(s)
(1) This table shows primary metal in the form of blister and anode produced from concentrates, and may include copper produced from
scrap but this is excluded when it can be separately identified.

(a) Including leach cathodes

19
Production of refined copper tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 102 900 103 215 109 800 107 200 128 200
Belgium 378 600 366 700 398 900 390 200 356 600
Bulgaria 229 723 216 428 228 457 224 098 207 196
Cyprus 2 121 1 754 1 293 908 703
Finland 141 474 145 189 133 197 18 281 13 009
Germany 678 100 671 400 694 400 672 400 629 700
Italy 7 300 6 600 8 700 7 500 9 800
North Macedonia 2 268 1 396 958 768 719
Norway 35 477 28 123 22 695 20 590 21 962
Poland 574 310 535 597 522 022 501 817 565 588
Russia 874 300 860 100 949 000 1 016 000 * 1 028 000
Serbia 44 000 61 309 67 179 72 087 74 000
Spain 419 900 429 400 415 200 423 800 386 700
Sweden 206 059 207 220 219 462 224 487 201 345
Turkey 84 000 52 400 95 000 126 300 116 000
Ukraine 18 500 27 100 25 186 24 901 20 409

Congo, Democratic Republic 891 369 818 925 825 346 999 513 1 160 223
Egypt * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000
Namibia 10 659 16 391 15 466 15 177 15 743
South Africa 64 400 53 900 66 200 43 900 35 600
Zambia 495 600 426 400 466 200 458 200 264 500
Zimbabwe *— — — 100 —

Canada 330 902 314 183 330 386 291 250 281 176
Mexico 434 100 462 300 446 000 436 900 * 428 000
USA 1 139 000 1 226 000 1 080 000 1 110 000 1 030 000

Argentina * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000

Bolivia 1 789 2 199 2 269 3 300 3 100
Brazil 241 469 225 558 143 000 147 000 174 000
Chile 2 688 400 2 612 500 2 429 500 2 461 200 2 269 100
Peru 352 960 331 324 335 329 336 798 307 862

Burma 65 041 92 560 * 115 100 179 000 218 000

China 7 968 946 8 420 611 8 915 100 9 023 965 9 784 238
India (a) 790 372 787 657 830 524 454 337 407 243
Indonesia 199 626 253 460 270 769 274 641 257 977
Iran (b) 190 685 193 028 160 128 247 384 250 130
Japan 1 483 131 1 553 133 1 488 080 1 594 517 1 495 359
Kazakhstan 394 641 408 435 426 191 438 115 477 011
Korea (Rep. of) 644 603 644 788 663 327 673 364 659 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 4 000 *— *— *— *—
Laos 89 253 78 714 62 941 71 268 71 651
Mongolia 14 990 15 010 14 689 14 175 11 760
Oman (c) 1 300 3 481 264 — —
Philippines 153 000 185 100 205 000 170 800 217 300
Thailand 187 — — — —
Uzbekistan * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Vietnam 11 300 11 600 11 500 * 11 500 * 19 200

Australia 474 963 474 954 386 249 377 036 425 679

World total 23 100 000 23 400 000 23 700 000 23 800 000 24 100 000

Note(s)
(1) Figures relate to both primary and secondary refined copper, whether electrolytic or fire refined. Metal recovered from secondary
materials by remelting alone is excluded.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, Albania and Colombia produce refined copper

(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

(b) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(c) Sales

20
Production of diamond Carats

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 41 912 390 40 322 030 42 614 780 43 161 058 45 271 212

Angola 9 018 942 9 021 767 9 438 802 8 408 688 9 149 746
Botswana 20 824 000 20 954 000 22 900 000 27 373 000 23 278 000
Cameroon (a) * 4 500 * 3 000 * 3 500 * 3 600 * 3 500
Central African Republic (b) ... 10 654 47 637 13 572 23 603
Congo 40 057 12 107 46 758 47 579 2 963
Congo, Democratic Republic 14 284 000 15 523 000 18 891 800 15 131 210 13 469 699
Ghana 174 364 143 005 86 925 57 531 33 789
Guinea 166 880 112 796 181 450 292 707 229 180
Ivory Coast 14 925 20 235 7 361 5 678 3 990
Lesotho 304 232 342 014 1 126 409 1 294 283 1 113 526
Liberia 65 996 60 367 60 636 75 554 58 642
Namibia 1 774 509 1 584 168 1 815 709 2 091 781 1 745 281
Sierra Leone 1 000 089 549 502 288 260 739 600 824 430
South Africa 8 232 627 8 450 758 9 685 235 9 911 460 7 177 435
Tanzania 216 491 216 032 304 456 381 302 416 750
Togo 46 — 2 — 16
Zimbabwe 3 490 881 2 102 873 2 507 862 3 252 418 2 119 189

Canada 11 677 472 11 103 500 23 198 761 22 789 001 18 491 388

Brazil 31 826 183 500 254 896 250 940 165 992
Guyana 118 451 139 890 52 161 62 111 54 993

China *— * 127 * 230 * 99 * 51

India (c) 36 044 36 491 39 699 38 437 27 931

Australia 13 560 795 13 958 000 17 135 000 14 008 054 12 154 544

World total 126 900 000 124 800 000 150 700 000 149 400 000 135 800 000

Note(s)
(1) This table does not show production of synthetic diamond.
(2) So far as possible the amounts shown include estimates for artisanal and/or illegal production.

(a) Including artisanal production

(b) Under temporary suspension by the Kimberley Process and not trading in rough diamonds; however it is unclear whether production
was actually zero in these years
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated

21
Production of diatomite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 18 915 25 486 23 465 * 20 000 * 20 000

Czech Republic 15 000 26 000 34 000 31 000 43 000
Denmark
Moler (a) 127 500 114 375 110 000 99 375 108 750
France * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000
Germany 52 784 54 764 56 721 58 340 53 802
Hungary 1 092 738 1 173 853 * 850
Poland 600 500 500 580 680
Russia 66 200 47 300 52 000 50 600 * 51 000
Spain (b) 47 706 48 231 70 550 61 056 62 741
Turkey 86 656 61 722 169 584 242 789 * 243 000

Algeria 2 400 2 500 2 439 2 468 2 437

Ethiopia (c) * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000
Kenya 1 090 1 238 1 406 1 548 921
Mozambique 844 728 179 66 429 * 66 000

Costa Rica * 3 000 1 953 1 953 1 839 1 546

Mexico 89 810 96 686 96 374 92 700 92 635
USA (d) 832 000 686 000 768 000 957 000 * 980 000

Argentina 60 951 57 113 70 419 72 436 * 72 400

Brazil 5 530 16 408 * 16 000 * 16 000 * 16 000
Chile 26 186 26 937 27 557 24 736 21 328
Peru 120 672 107 265 96 590 96 532 91 103

China * 350 000 * 420 000 * 420 000 * 420 000 * 420 000
Iran (e) — 15 000 2 660 3 000 * 3 000
Japan * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 40 000 * 40 000
Korea (Rep. of) 15 310 20 564 133 741 25 902 40 910

Australia (f) 5 289 1 033 1 081 7 3

New Zealand * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000

World total 2 200 000 2 100 000 2 400 000 2 500 000 2 600 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Georgia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam may produce diatomite.

(a) Moler is an impure diatomite containing a large proportion of clay

(b) Including the mineral Tripoli
(c) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(d) Sold or used by producers
(e) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(f) Years ended 30 June of that stated

22
Production of feldspar tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 35 000 35 000 35 000 35 000 * 35 000

Czech Republic 433 000 454 000 368 000 449 000 460 000
Finland 38 026 18 549 14 926 17 469 17 997
France * 550 000 * 550 000 * 550 000 * 500 000 * 500 000
Germany 253 411 284 569 276 747 252 693 235 000
Greenland — — — — 19 456
Italy 4 700 000 4 000 000 3 500 000 4 000 000 * 4 000 000
North Macedonia 20 289 19 919 21 237 30 813 29 519
Norway 76 70 015 87 894 * 88 000 * 88 000
Poland 537 520 510 900 568 600 593 100 593 004
Portugal (a) 178 622 249 996 228 491 227 367 179 584
Romania 13 244 4 501 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500
Russia 232 995 278 142 281 236 294 411 * 294 000
Serbia * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Slovakia 4 000 8 000 15 800 17 000 19 100
Spain 558 273 634 519 819 218 616 229 649 580
Sweden 29 000 22 000 22 000 28 000 * 28 000
Turkey 10 422 766 11 033 578 10 273 573 11 474 040 * 11 474 000
Ukraine (b) 44 460 33 627 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000

Algeria 154 400 168 400 * 170 000 * 170 000 * 170 000
Burkina Faso 988 — — — —
Egypt 420 508 * 230 000 * 230 000 * 230 000 * 200 000
Ethiopia (c) * 600 * 600 * 600 * 600 * 600
Morocco * 45 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000
Nigeria 47 000 34 144 27 660 41 355 33 226
South Africa 126 542 131 023 116 400 76 803 76 255
Sudan 28 238 49 000 29 000 36 000 * 36 000

Cuba 3 300 3 900 3 600 3 000 2 100

Guatemala 10 340 30 428 29 000 30 257 28 771
Mexico 159 372 127 213 233 050 209 770 304 084
USA 520 000 470 000 440 000 550 000 * 470 000

Argentina 186 974 155 217 88 465 56 500 * 56 500

Brazil 517 597 486 684 400 000 400 000 * 400 000
Chile 6 577 6 352 4 421 2 789 55
Colombia 159 740 151 759 150 334 141 794 161 518
Ecuador 253 253 148 506 92 871 43 197 * 40 000
Peru 16 979 16 630 14 930 31 588 29 134
Uruguay 200 460 370 380 —
Venezuela 75 527 * 75 000 36 313 * 30 000 * 30 000
China * 2 060 000 * 2 684 000 * 1 618 000 * 2 000 000 * 2 000 000
India (d) 3 343 773 6 434 788 4 270 245 * 4 300 000 * 4 300 000
Indonesia * 18 000 * 18 000 * 39 000 * 11 000 * 11 000
Iran (e) 736 149 784 412 1 339 453 2 057 640 * 2 100 000
Japan (f) * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Korea (Rep. of) 601 030 654 398 717 177 617 166 396 896
Malaysia 442 980 441 857 412 004 414 441 206 798
Pakistan (g) 141 582 316 289 273 468 151 743 346 236
Philippines 38 067 46 630 * 46 600 * 46 600 * 46 600
Saudi Arabia 176 000 188 000 197 000 206 000 * 206 000
Sri Lanka 22 683 25 211 26 137 * 26 000 * 26 000
Taiwan 1 0 — 0 —
Thailand 1 329 816 1 232 532 1 385 925 1 117 803 1 251 143
Uzbekistan * 4 300 * 4 300 * 4 300 * 4 300 * 4 300
Vietnam * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000

Australia (g) * 45 000 * 36 000 * 5 000 * 5 100 * 5 800

World total 29 963 000 33 619 000 29 759 000 31 929 000 31 856 000

See notes on the following page.

23
Production of feldspar
Note(s)
(a) Includes feldspathic sand
(b) Figures do not include production from Crimea or Sevastopol
(c) Years ended 6 July of that stated
(d) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(e) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(f) Including weathered granite feldspar
(g) Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of fluorspar tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria 146 500 4 400 — — —

Germany 49 801 52 552 45 375 49 197 80 000
Russia 2 000 3 000 2 700 6 000 4 000
Spain 157 486 162 989 154 931 176 188 144 167
Turkey 6 238 10 339 20 150 6 200 * 6 200
United Kingdom * 12 000 * 12 000 * 11 000 * 11 000 * 12 000

Egypt (a) 25 902 26 000 * 26 000 * 26 000 * 26 000

Kenya 70 096 42 656 6 945 — —
Morocco 80 890 73 920 75 500 87 874 * 100 000
Namibia — 1 495 — — —
South Africa * 135 000 * 165 000 * 257 000 * 242 000 * 240 000

Mexico 624 574 655 555 741 678 1 182 058 1 231 465

Argentina 58 556 14 222 13 696 7 924 * 7 900

Brazil 23 623 18 260 24 000 26 000 * 18 000
Colombia 47 75 57 46 —

Afghanistan 4 108 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000

China * 3 820 000 * 3 470 000 * 3 700 000 * 4 000 000 * 4 000 000
India (b) 2 333 1 175 1 314 1 079 1 251
Iran (c) 57 232 122 427 36 511 89 102 * 89 000
Kazakhstan * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 87 800
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 3 000 * 5 000 * 7 000 * 7 000 * 7 000
Kyrgyzstan * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000
Mongolia 183 500 167 700 108 900 101 200 156 100
Pakistan (a) 5 962 9 494 2 263 2 777 4 208
Thailand 15 095 31 948 5 500 16 700 17 747
Vietnam 193 164 * 217 900 234 905 238 702 238 003

World total 5 800 000 5 400 000 5 600 000 6 400 000 6 500 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition, the USA produced the following amounts of fluorspar equivalent in fluorosilicic acid derived from processing phosphate
rock ('000 t): 2015:114; 2016: 105; 2017: 72; 2018: 64; 2019: 27.

(a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

24
Production of primary gallium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 11 23 — — —
Russia * 13 * 13 * 13 * 13 * 13
Ukraine *9 *9 *4 *4 *4

China 284 171 319 404 357

Japan 6 3 3 3 *3
Korea (Rep. of) (a) *3 *3 *3 *3 *3

Note(s)
(1) Accurate data for gallium is difficult to obtain because it is produced only as a by-product of bauxite or zinc processing using
proprietary techniques. As a consequence, this table may not be complete.
(2) Lower grade production is often subsequently refined to higher grade material which complicates the collection of data as double
counting is a significant risk.
(3) In addition to the above primary production, there is also believed to be significant production of refined gallium from scrap recycling.

(a) Primary production only

Production of germanium metal tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland 13 0 — — —
Russia *5 *6 *6 *6 *6

USA (a) *3 *2 *3 *3 *3

China 94 82 79 95 86

Note(s)
(1) Germanium is also believed to be recovered from imported or domestic material in Belgium, Canada, Germany, Japan.

(a) Including production of secondary metal

25
Mine production of gold
In addition to ‘industrial scale’ gold mines around the World total, a significant quantity of gold is mined by small scale or artisanal
producers, both on a legal and illegal basis. In some countries the quantities involved with artisanal mining can be relatively large. The
compilation of reliable data for the quantity produced by artisanal mining in each country is difficult, particularly where the actions are
illegal. Artisanal mining can be seasonal, temporary and highly variable, on both geographical and temporal scales.

Where possible, the table attempts to include estimates for artisanal mining of gold in order that the calculated World total totals are as
complete as possible. However, the difficulties noted above mean that these totals cannot be completely accurate and they are
consequently rounded to a greater degree than the individual country figures may suggest is appropriate. This is an attempt to convey the
level of uncertainty associated with these total figures.

For clarity, additional comments on specific countries are shown below (there may be other countries where artisanal mining also occurs;
these comments are not intended to be exhaustive):-

Benin – artisanal gold mining is known to take place but no reliable estimates are available. It has been estimated to be in the region of
20–30 kg per year, but it could be larger in some years.
Burkina Faso – official figures include 259 kg for artisanal mining in 2019; 306 kg in 2018; 150 kg in 2017; 235 kg in 2016; and 302 kg in
2015. It is believed the actual artisanal production is likely to be higher.
Burma – the figures shown in the table are reported and are believed to include artisanal mining.
Cameroon – all gold mining is currently small scale or artisanal. Available estimates vary widely, from as low as 500 kg per year to
something in the order of 1500 kg or 2000 kg per year.
Central African Republic – artisanal gold mining is known to take place. No reliable estimates are available but it could be in the region of
50-80 kg per year. The figures shown are reported and it is assumed these are artisanal but they may not be fully inclusive in every year.
Colombia – Artisanal and small-scale mining, both legal and illegal, is extensive within Colombia. Although the government is taking steps
to improve the licencing of legal artisanal mining and also to crack down on illegal activities, during the last decade it is believed that illegal
mining has grown to the extent that it has become more widespread than legal mining. Some illegal mining and trade is thought to be
coordinated by organised crime groups. It is possible that illegally mined material is brought into or out of the country without being
recorded. It can therefore be assumed that the total mine production of gold significantly exceeds the reported figure, however it has not
been possible to make a reliable estimate for this additional material.
Congo – all gold mining is believed to be small scale or artisanal and it is believed there are more than 200 locations where this occurs. A
nominal estimate of 150 kg per year is shown in the table.
Costa Rica – all gold mining is currently artisanal. The figures in the table are reported by an official source.
Democratic Republic of Congo – artisanal mining is quite extensive, the figures shown include estimates for artisanal mining ranging from
4000 to 11000 kg per year.
Equatorial Guinea – artisanal gold mining is very likely to be taking place but no accurate information is available. A nominal estimate of
200 kg per year is included in the table but it could be more or less than this.
Ethiopia – small scale and artisanal gold mining is significant, but not all of it is illegal because some artisanal miners operate under a
formal license. A proportion of the gold mined from artisanal sources is sold to the national bank but illicit sales to non-licensed buyers
remains widespread. National bank purchases of gold from artisanal sources in fiscal year 2014/15 amounted to 5473 kg; in 2015/16 to
4145 kg and in 2016/17 to 1920 kg. Actual artisanal production could be higher.
France (French Guiana) – the table includes an estimate of 5000 kg to 9000 kg per year for artisanal mining which is not included in the
official reported figures.
Gabon – attempts to regulate artisanal gold mining are being undertaken with gold from artisanal miners being purchased by a
government agency from 2013. The figures in the table include 55 kg for artisanal mining in 2015; 50 kg in 2016 and 40 kg in 2017. Data
from 2018 is all artisanal.
Germany – legal artisanal mining is known to occur along the Rhine Valley but the amounts recovered are unknown. A nominal estimate
has been included.
Ghana – gold produced by artisanal mining is purchased by a state-owned marketing organisation but official figures of the quantity vary
depending on the source. They are also reported in publications produced by under the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI).
In the table below the following figures are included for artisanal production: 32 073 kg in 2015; 35 292 kg in 2016; 45 992 kg in 2017;
61 720 kg in 2018; and 49 398 kg in 2019.
Guinea – the figures in the table include reported figures for artisanal mining. However, actual artisanal production may be higher than
those reported because it is difficult to distinguish the material derived from artisanal mining within Guinea from that moved across the
border from Mali or other countries.
Ivory Coast – efforts are being made within Ivory Coast to rationalise artisanal mining as part of the EITI process. Reports suggest that it
varies considerably from year to year and may range between 1000 kg and 10 000 kg per year. A conservative estimate of 3000 kg has
been added to reported industrial scale mine output in 2015 and 4500 kg per year for 2016 to 2019.
Kenya – The reported figures shown are believed to include artisanal mining but in reality it could be much higher.
Liberia – official figures are believed to include both the industrial mine and artisanal production.
Madagascar – estimates of artisanal mining are in the order of 100 kg to 3000 kg per year.
Mali – the figures include an estimate of 5000 kg per year for artisanal mining for 2014 and 2015 and 6000 kg per year thereafter, but it is
likely the real figure varies more than this from year to year.
Nigeria – Official reporting of artisanal gold production by the Ministry is low (160 kilograms in 2019). However imports of gold to other
countries from Nigeria are reported to be much larger, which suggests the quantity of production may be higher and the estimates in the
table reflect this. The EITI reports plans for formalising the artisanal mining sector and for the support of 10 000 artisanal miners in five
regions of the federation.
Panama – artisanal mining is known to occur but no reliable estimates are available. A nominal estimate of 100 kg per year has been
included.
Papua New Guinea – official estimates of “alluvial and small scale” mining are approximately 3500 to 4000 kg per year.
Rwanda – it is believed that the reported and estimated figures are actually gold that originated in Nigeria or other countries in the region
but is not recorded in those countries.

26
Senegal – an estimate of 2100 kg has been added to each year for artisanal mining.
South Sudan – artisanal mining is known to occur but reliable estimates are difficult to obtain. It has been estimated as approximately
200 kg per year.
Tanzania – Artisanal mining is known to occur and in 2015 and 2016 was reported as approximately 30 kg per year.
Togo – the reported figures are exports of gold which is transiting through the country. It is believed the majority of this originates in
Burkina Faso from artisanal mining but it is not recorded within the production figures for that country. Consequently it is recorded here for
completeness. Some artisanal mining is also believed to occur in Togo.
Venezuela – artisanal mining is believed to be quite extensive and increasing. Estimates of quantities vary widely from less than 1000 kg
up to 9000 kg per year. The Central Bank aims to purchase all the artisanally mined gold, however, actual output is believed to be larger
than the reported figures and therefore higher estimates have been used.
Vietnam – artisanal mining is believed to be taking place at the site of a former industrial mine. No information is available to indicate likely
scale.

Mine production of gold kilograms

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 2 805 * 3 730 * 4 270 4 908 5 825

Azerbaijan 2 229 1 895 3 667 3 476 3 712
Bulgaria 7 914 7 918 8 682 8 995 7 982
Cyprus — — 48 47 33
Finland 8 342 8 865 9 102 8 732 7 927
Georgia * 3 100 * 3 600 * 3 000 4 299 * 4 000
Germany — — — — * 10
Greece 510 86 1 324 1 454 1 164
North Macedonia 494 664 972 767 593
Poland 431 402 572 523 674
Romania * 500 * 500 * 500 * 500 * 500
Russia 256 500 253 200 270 300 279 900 305 100
Serbia (a) 1 186 805 1 199 839 * 850
Slovakia 603 466 447 515 346
Spain 2 128 1 291 1 605 1 991 1 913
Sweden 6 028 6 463 7 858 7 866 7 972
Turkey 27 800 24 030 23 090 28 000 38 000
United Kingdom — (b) 6 — — * 50

Algeria 106 102 137 286 * 250

Benin *6 *7 *5 *5 *5
Botswana 757 833 913 1 105 942
Burkina Faso 36 540 38 520 46 436 52 898 51 500
Burundi 549 396 953 616 567
Cameroon 795 542 713 * 448 * 450
Central African Republic 15 33 118 142 162
Chad * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10
Congo * 150 * 150 * 150 * 150 * 150
Congo, Democratic Republic * 38 000 * 37 100 * 37 100 * 43 800 * 43 000
Egypt 13 657 17 139 16 941 14 694 14 946
Equatorial Guinea * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200
Eritrea 753 * 1 400 * 2 700 * 3 700 * 3 700
Eswatini (Swaziland) — — — 12 6
Ethiopia (c) 9 370 8 573 5 390 3 495 * 2 800
Gabon * 1 356 * 1 070 * 600 * 100 * 100
Ghana 112 402 114 488 133 303 149 067 142 380
Guinea 21 464 29 192 46 845 25 823 27 708
Ivory Coast * 23 200 * 25 100 * 25 200 * 24 500 * 29 600
Kenya 300 200 503 472 395
Liberia 828 4 704 6 071 7 289 4 903
Madagascar * 300 586 2 833 (d) 3 000 (d) 2 100
Mali * 46 500 * 48 200 * 51 500 * 61 000 * 63 000
Mauritania 8 802 7 126 9 096 9 235 13 554
Morocco (a) 448 352 220 386 * 360
Mozambique 242 201 166 507 430
Namibia 6 285 6 756 7 469 6 632 7 016
Niger 1 220 999 914 6 207 1 200
Nigeria (d) * 15 000 * 21 000 * 19 000 * 18 000 * 9 000
Rwanda (d) * 2 000 * 4 900 * 8 800 * 18 100 * 11 400
Senegal 7 800 9 700 11 700 14 900 16 700
Sierra Leone 106 188 142 464 75
South Africa 144 515 142 077 136 833 117 150 105 185
South Sudan * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200

27
Mine production of gold kilograms

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Sudan 82 400 93 400 107 300 93 600 * 93 600

Tanzania 43 293 45 155 43 489 39 304 48 408
Togo (d) 15 568 * 14 000 * 20 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Uganda 13 11 4 12 *5
Zambia (e) 4 238 4 610 4 373 4 044 4 522
Zimbabwe 20 023 22 747 23 929 35 054 29 428

Canada 162 504 163 888 171 111 194 155 182 783
Costa Rica 950 750 4 255 3 699 4 500
Dominican Republic 31 134 37 932 35 242 31 633 31 801
Guatemala 5 610 3 910 1 647 — —
Honduras 2 736 2 607 2 596 2 148 1 760
Mexico 134 759 132 413 126 820 141 143 108 985
Nicaragua 7 612 8 391 7 367 7 703 9 190
Panama * 100 * 100 * 100 * 100 1 869
USA 213 826 232 230 236 986 225 528 200 370

Argentina 60 960 56 648 60 956 58 397 53 092

Bolivia 22 208 21 876 28 726 31 599 42 040
Brazil 83 124 93 921 79 717 85 198 89 988
Chile 42 501 46 333 37 911 37 066 38 455
Colombia 59 638 63 157 43 158 35 905 37 476
Ecuador 7 723 6 761 6 368 8 212 * 8 000
France (French Guiana) * 6 460 * 6 100 * 8 000 * 10 000 * 11 000
Guyana 14 029 22 167 20 334 19 069 19 963
Peru 146 823 153 006 151 964 140 211 128 413
Suriname 9 396 12 926 25 844 26 002 24 516
Uruguay (f) 1 480 993 1 062 465 —
Venezuela * 5 000 * 5 000 * 8 100 * 9 100 * 9 000

Burma (g) 1 692 1 446 1 620 70 * 230

China (a) 450 053 453 490 426 142 401 119 380 230
India (g) 1 323 1 595 1 651 1 664 1 715
Indonesia 92 171 80 868 99 030 111 858 108 690
Iran (h) 2 358 4 537 7 100 * 7 000 * 7 000
Japan 7 699 6 455 6 369 6 453 6 312
Kazakhstan 63 614 74 737 85 339 100 299 103 063
Korea (Rep. of) 258 205 283 239 181
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Kyrgyzstan 17 600 21 000 29 100 27 700 31 000
Laos 6 893 6 729 5 988 5 579 5 207
Malaysia 4 732 2 249 2 124 2 978 3 151
Mongolia 20 828 9 331 19 849 20 655 16 251
Philippines 21 314 23 053 22 749 20 765 20 646
Saudi Arabia 5 089 7 010 10 333 11 831 12 258
Taiwan 2 — 4 4 6
Tajikistan * 4 400 * 5 000 * 5 500 6 432 8 100
Thailand 3 305 4 250 — — —
Uzbekistan * 88 000 * 89 000 * 89 900 92 716 * 93 000
Vietnam 579 604 557 * 600 * 600

Australia 277 372 290 767 292 022 313 028 325 711
Fiji 1 368 1 500 1 425 1 281 1 106
New Zealand 12 687 9 866 10 288 10 045 8 217
Papua New Guinea 57 640 61 952 65 246 135 124 74 386

World total 3 150 000 3 250 000 3 360 000 3 470 000 3 350 000

See notes on the following page.

28
Mine production of gold
Note(s)
(1) In several countries substantial amounts of gold produced in small and/or artisanal operations are not recorded in the official statistics.
Estimates have been added where possible but these have varying degrees of uncertainty.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, Cambodia, El Salvador, Haiti, Malawi, Pakistan, Paraguay and Portugal may produce gold.

(a) Metal production

(b) Sales
(c) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(d) Exports
(e) Contained in blister copper, refinery muds and electrolytic copper
(f) Year ended 30 November of the year stated
(g) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(h) Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of graphite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria (a)(b) 21 840 23 200 24 400 25 000 20 000

Germany 398 502 422 222 207
Norway 9 185 9 600 * 9 600 * 9 600 * 9 600
Russia 15 900 19 400 25 200 17 800 16 600
Sweden 113 — — — —
Turkey — — — 16 752 * 16 800
Ukraine 14 500 14 630 14 855 * 15 000 * 15 000

Madagascar 3 607 5 419 12 852 54 587 53 400

Mozambique 580 580 802 106 773 113 803
Namibia — — 2 216 3 456 —
Zimbabwe 6 362 5 622 1 577 174 * 100

Canada * 18 000 * 16 000 14 000 11 000 11 000

Mexico 6 524 14 200 10 310 4 198 3 182

Brazil (c) 75 100 61 687 90 000 95 000 96 000

China (d) * 725 000 * 625 000 * 625 000 * 693 000 * 700 000
India (a)(e) 135 528 122 438 33 649 39 370 32 936
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 80 000 * 50 000 * 140 000 * 40 000 * 40 000
Pakistan (f) 2 864 360 — 1 840 —
Sri Lanka 3 479 3 908 3 769 * 3 700 * 3 700

World total 1 100 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 1 100 000 1 100 000

Note(s)
(1) This table includes all forms of amorphous and crystalline graphite but excludes synthetic material.

(a) Crude
(b) Sales
(c) Including beneficiated and directly shipped material
(d) Including flake graphite
(e) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(f) Years ended 30 June of that stated

29
Production of gypsum tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 86 163 131 925 104 120 102 016 * 100 000
Armenia 19 400 14 800 14 300 20 400 22 900
Austria (a) 715 195 674 346 712 469 836 862 * 840 000
Azerbaijan 196 463 110 501 33 037 12 043 14 535
Bosnia & Herzegovina (a) 58 800 61 231 99 001 122 421 130 778
Bulgaria 108 600 60 900 88 000 * 88 000 * 88 000
Croatia 138 088 170 107 200 932 267 155 279 719
Cyprus 471 885 682 024 703 079 625 721 623 545
Czech Republic 11 000 10 000 7 000 8 000 10 000
France (a)(b) 1 807 978 1 734 975 1 873 581 2 836 329 2 054 084
Georgia 40 078 46 670 85 468 91 699 61 706
Germany (a) 4 200 000 3 970 000 4 450 000 4 550 000 4 850 000
Greece (a) 649 280 777 990 855 000 827 300 840 000
Hungary — — 1 564 1 280 * 1 200
Ireland, Republic of * 250 000 * 250 000 * 200 000 * 200 000 * 200 000
Italy (a) 571 731 617 188 469 044 188 618 298 242
Latvia (a) 225 370 224 000 * 225 000 * 225 000 * 225 000
Moldova (c) * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000
North Macedonia (a) 172 525 202 582 217 491 230 029 267 181
Norway (a)(b) 77 403 82 386 87 891 89 655 102 100
Poland (a) 1 099 081 1 118 484 1 108 000 1 120 344 1 150 000
Portugal 309 966 255 026 152 059 232 921 209 076
Romania 888 746 754 009 813 520 799 810 878 546
Russia * 4 400 000 * 4 400 000 * 4 000 000 * 3 800 000 * 3 800 000
Slovakia (a) 67 000 53 000 45 700 55 000 50 000
Spain 7 403 767 8 936 364 9 545 228 10 593 056 11 300 190
Switzerland * 320 000 * 340 000 * 330 000 * 330 000 * 330 000
Turkey 8 638 715 10 124 221 10 223 112 10 896 475 * 10 896 000
Ukraine (a) 1 254 900 1 303 000 1 528 900 1 386 400 1 409 400
United Kingdom * 1 800 000 * 1 600 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 400 000 * 1 600 000

Algeria 2 130 000 2 130 000 2 200 000 2 500 000 * 2 500 000
Angola 127 910 * 10 000 * 32 000 * 32 000 * 32 000
Egypt (a)(d) 744 160 686 610 * 650 000 * 650 000 * 650 000
Eritrea * 17 000 * 17 000 * 18 000 * 18 000 * 18 000
Ethiopia (e) 115 623 89 520 85 236 253 164 * 250 000
Guinea 18 677 273 245 * 200 000 * 200 000 * 200 000
Kenya (a) 5 800 5 760 * 5 800 * 5 800 * 5 800
Libya 275 000 212 000 328 000 310 000 * 310 000
Madagascar * 130 * 130 * 130 * 130 * 130
Mauritania * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000
Morocco * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000
Niger 253 — 3 395 507 6 211
Nigeria * 34 000 * 35 000 * 35 000 39 052 22 300
South Africa 232 878 266 811 317 990 313 909 277 102
Sudan 24 136 349 236 333 000 226 000 * 226 000
Tanzania 239 302 213 744 123 645 241 259 256 529
Tunisia 690 000 902 394 944 245 984 031 946 892
Uganda — — 60 *— *—

Canada (a) 2 682 000 1 704 000 3 010 000 3 246 000 2 446 000
Cuba 90 900 73 900 85 400 99 900 66 300
Dominican Republic 204 687 123 553 94 595 82 896 137 143
Guatemala 111 351 130 616 135 154 132 897 140 901
Honduras 50 370 41 750 * 70 500 * 62 200 * 60 000
Jamaica 42 883 49 703 * 49 000 47 350 55 391
Mexico 7 101 612 7 682 807 7 609 704 8 546 723 * 8 500 000
Nicaragua 50 400 41 800 66 800 70 300 39 925
USA 18 800 000 19 800 000 20 700 000 21 600 000 21 500 000

Argentina 1 314 655 1 558 390 1 275 608 897 217 * 900 000
Bolivia 650 1 181 * 1 100 * 1 100 * 1 100
Brazil 3 161 856 3 471 328 3 400 000 3 200 000 * 3 200 000
Chile 860 075 934 033 1 157 466 909 191 977 397
Colombia 448 543 471 306 406 623 394 182 293 143
Paraguay * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500
Peru 438 025 257 423 286 657 458 479 254 382

30
Production of gypsum tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000

Bhutan 389 365 317 597 328 128 461 128 490 596
Burma 94 395 245 789 361 015 309 343 299 316
China * 16 300 000 * 15 500 000 * 15 500 000 * 15 500 000 * 16 000 000
India (f)(g) 2 141 917 1 821 309 2 048 596 * 2 000 000 * 2 000 000
Iran (h) 12 292 267 16 376 605 13 476 148 13 852 269 * 13 852 000
Iraq * 10 460 000 * 10 460 000 * 10 460 000 * 10 460 000 * 10 460 000
Israel 159 299 147 000 116 000 75 800 72 000
Japan 4 670 000 * 4 670 000 * 4 700 000 * 4 700 000 * 4 700 000
Jordan * 880 000 * 880 000 * 880 000 * 880 000 * 880 000
Kazakhstan 113 400 137 400 133 200 121 100 81 200
Laos 989 516 469 436 463 039 618 783 606 387
Mongolia 67 300 56 000 * 56 000 * 56 000 * 56 000
Oman 6 049 400 5 482 900 8 664 700 9 666 700 10 663 200
Pakistan (d) 1 417 007 1 871 716 2 079 629 2 489 000 2 265 131
Saudi Arabia 2 780 000 3 000 000 3 150 000 3 307 000 * 3 300 000
Sri Lanka 1 120 1 996 2 213 * 2 200 * 2 200
Syria * 25 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Tajikistan 8 500 8 814 48 800 9 613 10 031
Thailand
Gypsum 11 267 144 10 718 622 9 253 951 9 680 429 8 367 700
Anhydrite 876 024 1 240 724 1 392 693 1 517 228 1 419 587
Uzbekistan * 80 000 * 80 000 * 80 000 * 80 000 * 80 000
Yemen, Republic of * 30 000 * 12 000 * 15 000 * 17 000 * 22 000

Australia (d) 3 824 801 3 972 295 3 832 559 4 356 446 4 473 102

World total 151 900 000 158 700 000 161 100 000 168 600 000 168 000 000

Note(s)
(1) Some countries produce large quantities of synthetic gypsum. Where possible, this output is excluded from the table.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, Indonesia, Japan and Vietnam may also produce gypsum.

(a) Including anhydrite

(b) Sales
(c) Excluding output from the region east of the River Nistru and the Municipality of Bender
(d) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(e) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(f) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(g) Including selenite
(h) Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of helium million cubic metres

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Poland 4 4 4 4 4
Russia 5 5 5 5 5

Algeria 10 10 14 14 * 14

USA 71 66 63 * 64 * 68

Qatar * 49 * 50 * 45 * 45 * 51

Australia *4 *4 *4 *4 *4

31
Refinery production of indium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belgium * 25 * 20 * 20 * 22 * 20
France 41 — 30 43 * 40
Italy *5 *5 *5 *5 *5
Russia *7 *7 *7 *7 *7

Canada * 70 * 71 * 67 * 58 * 60

Brazil *5 *5 *5 *5 *5
Peru 9 10 10 11 * 10

China * 520 * 510 478 483 534

Japan 70 70 70 70 * 70
Korea (Rep. of) * 100 * 100 * 100 * 100 * 100

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Kazakhstan is believed to produce small quantities of indium.

Production of iodine kilograms

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Azerbaijan 246 700 207 600 198 400 185 100 190 300
Russia 13 987 2 952 7 844 7 895 3 112

USA * 1 350 000 * 1 250 000 * 1 150 000 * 1 150 000 * 1 150 000

Chile 21 179 000 18 444 000 17 976 000 20 216 000 20 826 000

China * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000 * 600 000
Indonesia * 45 000 * 35 000 * 34 000 * 38 000 * 40 000
Iran (a) 301 000 348 000 400 000 368 000 * 368 000
Japan 10 610 000 9 993 000 8 839 000 9 136 000 9 122 000
Turkmenistan * 510 000 * 510 000 544 000 * 540 000 * 600 000
Uzbekistan * 2 000 * 2 000 * 2 000 * 2 000 * 2 000

World total 34 900 000 31 400 000 29 800 000 32 200 000 32 900 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 20 March following that stated

32
Production of iron ore tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria (a) 2 783 327 2 777 260 2 981 737 2 803 536 * 2 800 000
Azerbaijan 127 600 25 500 — — —
Bosnia & Herzegovina 2 122 802 1 751 800 1 621 907 1 380 488 1 450 205
Germany (b)(c) 467 690 514 004 * 447 300 * 448 000 * 533 700
Norway 3 519 116 1 757 851 1 622 477 1 700 000 * 1 700 000
Russia 101 000 000 101 000 000 95 000 000 96 100 000 97 500 000
Sweden 29 861 000 31 843 000 31 763 000 35 774 000 38 913 000
Turkey 7 760 957 7 137 233 9 992 455 15 650 305 * 15 650 000
Ukraine 66 902 000 62 876 000 60 574 000 60 549 000 63 204 900

Algeria 944 000 826 000 * 830 000 * 830 000 * 830 000
Egypt (d) 508 915 565 229 565 000 * 500 000 * 560 000
Liberia 5 748 520 1 405 195 1 604 763 4 657 155 4 458 029
Malawi — 3 800 5 000 2 563 3 000
Mauritania 11 607 000 13 268 061 11 813 000 10 710 305 12 196 491
Morocco 17 860 21 033 100 000 100 000 * 100 000
Namibia 4 000 8 478 2 450 3 824 15 646
Nigeria * 4 000 1 550 * 1 550 1 582 160
Sierra Leone 5 247 688 6 576 576 6 531 460 968 585 722 305
South Africa (e) 73 220 891 66 455 868 74 643 475 74 263 738 72 430 288
Tunisia 284 600 210 697 197 965 175 853 186 485
Uganda 9 000 2 163 2 320 4 500 —

Canada (f) 46 673 000 48 999 000 51 836 000 52 358 000 59 013 000
Mexico 20 397 000 18 317 700 17 746 262 21 244 460 * 21 000 000
USA (f)(g) 46 100 000 41 800 000 47 900 000 49 500 000 46 800 000

Bolivia 24 453 22 38 330 71 662 * 56 500

Brazil 430 838 137 424 200 000 453 703 525 450 393 000 396 841 000
Chile 15 448 000 14 620 000 15 426 000 14 013 000 13 137 000
Colombia 902 322 715 786 712 868 575 542 666 561
Peru 7 320 807 7 663 124 8 806 452 9 533 871 10 120 007
Venezuela 11 715 475 7 306 000 4 601 000 2 800 000 4 000 000

Bhutan 43 202 28 065 32 974 37 843 36 864

China 1 381 288 000 1 280 893 000 1 229 373 000 763 374 000 844 356 000
India (h) 158 108 000 194 584 000 201 426 000 206 446 000 242 830 000
Indonesia 3 838 546 3 800 000 1 955 926 1 321 249 3 450 000
Iran (i) 58 485 696 65 001 032 75 843 536 93 365 420 * 93 365 000
Kazakhstan 37 269 700 35 793 500 38 728 200 41 876 500 45 210 800
Korea (Rep. of) 445 318 444 677 310 550 380 748 342 346
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 4 020 000 4 280 000 4 473 000 * 3 500 000 * 3 000 000
Laos 234 745 115 065 250 000 99 196 470 300
Malaysia (f) 1 625 253 1 914 232 3 919 632 3 353 634 4 160 462
Mongolia 6 173 400 4 936 200 7 694 700 6 225 400 8 572 200
Nepal (j) — — 772 396 183
Pakistan (d) 328 915 432 156 501 664 677 206 626 646
Philippines 107 119 17 088 — — —
Thailand 16 483 — 135 — 17 660
Vietnam 2 691 000 3 056 000 5 515 000 5 588 496 5 591 290

Australia 809 881 763 858 025 634 885 356 738 907 818 648 918 731 337
New Zealand 3 193 722 3 495 818 4 008 000 * 4 000 000 * 4 000 000

World total 3 359 000 000 3 319 000 000 3 360 000 000 2 945 000 000 3 040 000 000

Note(s)
(a) Including micaceous iron oxide
(b) Including manganiferous iron ore
(c) Used as aggregate in the construction industry
(d) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(e) Including by-product magnetite
(f) Including by-product iron ore
(g) Including beneficiated and direct shipping ore
(h) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(i) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(j) Years ended 15 July of that shown

33
Production of pig iron tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 5 805 000 5 642 000 6 335 000 5 269 000 5 750 000
Azerbaijan 1 150 2 533 315 — 702
Belgium 4 248 000 4 896 000 4 860 000 4 900 000 4 800 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina 845 462 778 123 738 476 664 291 744 778
Czech Republic 4 031 000 4 165 000 3 691 000 4 000 000 3 635 000
Finland 2 600 000 2 700 000 2 600 000 2 700 000 2 300 000
France 10 097 177 9 724 062 10 677 830 10 529 559 9 877 000
Germany 27 844 000 27 269 000 27 816 000 27 271 000 * 25 400 000
Hungary 1 247 000 863 000 1 311 000 1 355 000 1 151 000
Italy (a) 5 051 000 (a) 6 044 000 (a) 5 052 000 (a) 4 836 000 4 606 000
Netherlands 6 050 000 6 092 000 6 145 000 6 150 000 5 900 000
Norway 58 700 43 000 74 100 78 800 74 200
Poland 4 826 492 4 679 616 5 159 128 4 787 696 4 241 941
Romania 1 938 502 1 922 001 1 766 958 1 979 200 2 107 300
Russia 53 700 000 51 900 000 52 100 000 51 800 000 51 200 000
Serbia 904 000 1 154 000 1 340 000 1 593 000 1 577 000
Slovakia 3 738 000 3 987 000 4 106 000 4 200 000 * 3 100 000
Spain 4 450 000 4 115 000 4 462 000 4 500 000 3 900 000
Sweden 2 865 000 3 079 000 3 111 000 2 877 000 3 172 000
Turkey 10 184 000 10 304 000 10 589 000 10 536 000 9 900 000
Ukraine 21 863 000 23 560 000 19 797 900 20 531 200 20 055 900
United Kingdom 8 773 500 6 142 400 5 996 500 5 587 900 5 621 700

Algeria 300 000 300 000 300 000 300 000 * 300 000
Egypt 2 451 000 2 618 000 4 700 000 5 800 000 4 400 000
Libya 449 000 698 852 561 956 611 763 880 470
South Africa 6 939 000 5 013 000 5 277 000 5 400 000 4 500 000

Canada 7 353 000 7 606 000 7 914 000 8 100 000 7 800 000
Mexico 10 074 000 9 782 000 10 256 000 10 401 000 * 10 010 000
Trinidad & Tobago 901 100 — — — —
USA 25 435 000 22 293 000 22 395 000 24 058 000 * 22 247 000

Argentina 3 934 000 2 914 000 3 402 000 3 790 000 3 050 000
Brazil 32 292 000 29 896 000 32 392 000 32 765 000 30 901 000
Chile 644 000 677 000 670 000 661 000 556 000
Colombia 240 000 225 000 203 000 205 000 207 000
Paraguay 71 000 50 000 38 000 39 000 * 41 000
Peru 72 000 11 000 — — —
Venezuela 1 356 000 908 000 491 000 400 000 405 000

Bahrain 1 230 000 1 260 000 1 260 000 1 600 000 * 1 450 000
China 691 413 000 702 273 300 713 619 300 779 876 300 809 365 000
India 74 621 000 77 254 000 96 313 000 106 823 000 111 574 000
Indonesia 2 513 000 2 640 000 2 572 000 2 967 000 3 020 000
Iran 17 005 000 18 264 000 21 694 000 28 100 000 31 000 000
Japan 81 010 826 80 186 246 78 329 729 77 327 888 74 907 006
Kazakhstan 3 233 671 3 595 090 3 766 322 3 174 116 3 199 258
Korea (Rep. of) 47 639 000 46 336 000 47 100 000 47 124 000 47 521 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 250 000 * 250 000 * 250 000 * 200 000 * 150 000
Malaysia 1 434 000 1 178 000 952 000 1 230 000 4 467 000
Oman 1 509 000 1 439 000 1 526 000 1 500 000 1 750 000
Pakistan * 163 000 — — — —
Qatar 2 631 000 2 506 000 2 548 000 2 525 000 2 400 000
Saudi Arabia 5 800 000 5 119 000 4 812 000 5 000 000 4 700 000
Taiwan 14 370 000 14 890 000 14 361 000 14 841 000 14 510 000
United Arab Emirates 3 190 000 3 479 000 3 608 000 3 784 000 3 285 655
Vietnam 1 700 000 2 600 000 4 250 000 8 323 000 9 836 000

Australia 3 594 000 3 642 000 3 758 000 3 882 000 3 664 000
New Zealand 678 000 670 000 683 000 700 000 672 000

World total 1 228 000 000 1 230 000 000 1 268 000 000 1 358 000 000 1 382 000 000

Note(s)
(1) The data in this table include sponge iron and direct reduced iron (DRI) , where these have been separately identified.

(a) Includes ferro-manganese

34
Production of crude steel tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania * 150 000 * 50 000 *— *— *—

Austria 7 687 000 7 438 000 8 135 000 6 885 000 7 424 000
Azerbaijan 302 015 345 340 387 258 381 617 326 418
Belarus 2 577 292 2 265 517 2 432 580 2 572 862 2 717 705
Belgium 7 257 000 7 687 000 7 842 000 7 980 000 7 760 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina 795 942 783 045 734 518 677 443 801 000
Bulgaria 543 100 527 300 652 400 666 100 565 900
Croatia 122 000 — — 135 800 69 125
Czech Republic 5 261 591 5 305 000 4 553 000 4 966 000 4 600 000
Finland 3 988 000 4 102 000 4 003 634 4 100 000 3 511 000
France 14 984 045 14 412 574 15 504 683 15 387 355 14 451 000
Germany 42 674 000 42 081 000 43 297 000 42 435 000 39 667 000
Greece 1 067 000 1 199 000 1 359 000 1 467 000 1 350 000
Hungary 1 675 000 1 279 000 1 901 000 1 989 000 1 769 000
Italy 21 956 000 23 312 000 24 008 000 24 497 000 23 192 000
Latvia * 190 000 * 4 000 *— *— *—
Luxembourg 2 127 000 2 175 000 2 172 000 2 228 000 2 119 000
Moldova (a) 443 000 126 000 455 000 497 000 392 000
Montenegro 36 602 26 246 27 638 26 552 24 262
Netherlands 6 995 000 6 917 000 6 781 000 6 813 000 6 657 000
North Macedonia 165 235 239 084 271 287 269 658 262 144
Norway 590 000 620 000 603 000 575 000 620 800
Poland 9 337 105 9 160 660 10 540 354 10 336 483 9 123 107
Portugal 2 030 000 2 010 000 2 076 000 2 215 000 2 033 000
Romania 3 423 421 3 369 582 3 442 786 3 529 286 3 421 199
Russia 69 400 000 69 600 000 72 968 168 74 144 495 73 740 141
Serbia 955 000 1 173 000 1 477 000 1 973 400 1 929 400
Slovakia 4 562 000 4 808 000 4 980 000 4 947 000 3 931 000
Slovenia 604 000 613 000 648 000 653 800 623 000
Spain 14 845 000 13 654 000 14 444 000 14 320 500 13 587 700
Sweden 4 557 100 4 816 800 4 926 500 4 655 100 4 721 100
Switzerland 1 586 020 1 498 021 1 569 963 1 561 826 * 1 500 000
Turkey 31 517 000 33 163 000 37 524 000 37 311 700 33 700 000
Ukraine 23 166 031 24 218 000 21 334 000 21 100 000 20 800 000
United Kingdom 10 906 700 7 634 900 7 491 300 7 267 700 7 218 100

Algeria 650 000 650 000 415 000 2 300 000 * 2 400 000
Congo, Democratic Republic * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000
Egypt 5 506 000 5 036 000 6 870 000 7 806 800 7 357 000
Ethiopia *— * 690 * 690 * 690 * 690
Ghana * 25 000 * 25 000 * 25 000 * 25 000 * 25 000
Kenya * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Libya 352 000 491 500 421 648 396 342 606 153
Mauritania * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000
Morocco 516 000 520 000 550 000 520 000 500 000
Nigeria * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
South Africa 7 614 000 6 141 000 6 301 000 6 327 000 6 152 000
Tunisia 50 000 50 000 50 000 50 000 * 50 000
Uganda * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000
Zimbabwe 2 806 2 785 1 294 1 322 * 1 300

Canada 12 473 000 12 672 000 13 614 000 13 443 100 12 897 000
Cuba 223 441 206 260 211 448 225 000 * 230 000
Dominican Republic * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
El Salvador 124 000 100 000 96 000 99 000 102 000
Guatemala 403 000 314 000 294 000 300 000 * 306 000
Mexico 18 228 000 18 811 000 19 924 000 20 204 000 * 18 598 000
Trinidad & Tobago 266 500 — — — —
USA 78 845 000 78 475 000 81 612 000 86 607 400 * 87 943 000

Argentina 5 027 900 4 126 500 4 624 200 5 161 700 * 4 722 000
Brazil 33 258 000 31 642 000 34 778 000 35 407 000 32 569 000
Chile 1 112 000 1 153 000 1 158 000 1 145 000 1 017 000
Colombia 1 358 000 1 272 000 1 253 000 1 219 000 1 150 000
Ecuador 720 000 576 000 561 000 583 000 * 607 000
Paraguay 48 000 35 000 24 000 25 000 * 25 000

35
Production of crude steel tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Peru 1 082 000 1 168 000 1 207 000 1 217 000 1 254 000
Uruguay 97 000 61 000 58 000 60 000 * 62 000
Venezuela 1 346 000 553 000 444 000 129 000 51 000

Burma * 150 000 * 200 000 * 250 000 * 300 000 * 350 000
China 803 825 000 807 609 400 870 740 900 929 038 400 996 342 000
India (b) 89 790 000 97 443 000 102 338 000 110 920 000 103 600 000
Indonesia 4 854 200 4 745 908 5 195 000 6 183 000 7 783 000
Iran (c) 14 496 936 15 143 286 18 143 471 19 344 198 20 626 585
Israel * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000
Japan 105 134 378 104 775 329 104 661 087 104 318 836 99 284 114
Jordan * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000
Kazakhstan 3 902 617 4 264 114 4 657 009 4 005 982 4 463 786
Korea (Rep. of) 69 670 000 68 575 000 71 080 000 72 464 000 71 411 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 1 250 000 * 1 250 000 * 1 250 000 * 1 250 000 * 1 250 000
Malaysia 3 783 572 3 781 668 3 772 057 4 110 000 * 4 500 000
Mongolia * 45 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000
Pakistan * 2 892 000 * 3 553 000 * 4 966 000 * 4 719 000 * 3 300 000
Philippines 968 000 1 075 000 1 378 000 1 500 000 1 400 000
Qatar 2 594 000 2 521 000 2 645 000 2 575 000 2 600 000
Saudi Arabia 5 662 000 5 461 000 4 831 000 5 200 000 8 200 000
Singapore 501 000 520 000 596 000 618 000 766 000
Sri Lanka * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000
Syria * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000
Taiwan 20 815 000 20 858 000 21 370 000 22 290 000 21 322 000
Thailand 5 069 000 5 400 000 6 762 000 6 403 000 4 246 000
United Arab Emirates 3 006 000 3 149 000 3 309 000 3 247 500 3 326 600
Uzbekistan 643 000 654 000 680 000 646 000 666 000
Vietnam 5 647 000 7 811 000 11 473 000 15 471 000 17 469 000

Australia 4 935 300 5 160 489 5 335 000 6 035 000 5 916 000
New Zealand 793 000 577 000 657 000 651 800 667 000

World total 1 619 000 000 1 626 000 000 1 730 000 000 1 814 000 000 1 854 000 000

Note(s)
(1) Unless otherwise indicated, these figures include production from scrap.

(a) Production from the region east of the River Nistru

(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

36
Production of ferro-alloys tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania
Ferro-chrome 43 350 44 551 23 987 92 850 * 100 000
Armenia
Ferro-molybdenum 5 576 6 526 6 588 7 279 7 712
Austria
Ferro-molybdenum 4 000 4 000 4 000 4 000 4 000
Ferro-nickel 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500
Ferro-vanadium 8 000 7 000 8 000 7 000 7 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Ferro-alloys 18 716 28 138 30 473 31 460 31 911
Czech Republic
Ferro-vanadium * 6 200 * 6 300 * 6 600 * 6 400 * 6 700
Finland
Ferro-chrome 457 000 469 000 415 000 497 000 505 000
France
Ferro-manganese 126 000 119 000 95 400 * 90 000 * 85 000
Ferro-silico-manganese 65 100 58 200 58 400 * 55 000 * 55 000
Ferro-silicon * 45 000 * 45 000 * 35 000 * 35 000 * 35 000
Silicon metal 120 000 80 000 108 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Other ferro-alloys * 60 000 * 50 000 * 80 000 * 50 000 * 70 000
Georgia
Ferro-manganese * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500 * 4 500
Ferro-silico-manganese 217 289 244 228 289 765 335 013 284 688
Germany
Ferro-chrome * 17 000 * 17 000 * 17 000 * 16 500 * 16 000
Silicon metal 29 953 29 940 31 915 28 058 29 606
Other ferro-alloys * 8 200 * 8 200 * 8 200 * 8 200 * 8 200
Greece
Ferro-nickel 89 129 87 880 86 140 82 615 * 65 000
Iceland
Ferro-silicon 121 556 128 019 116 811 116 889 120 255
Italy
Ferro-silico-manganese 82 000 90 000 91 000 91 000 * 91 000
Kosovo
Ferro-nickel 39 200 22 800 * 23 000 * 6 000 * 7 200
North Macedonia
Ferro-nickel 17 699 10 603 7 175 10 100 15 202
Ferro-silicon 46 047 24 431 21 185 117
Norway
Ferro-manganese 309 200 329 100 400 800 * 400 000 * 400 000
Ferro-silico-manganese 309 900 306 100 284 500 * 328 000 * 288 000
Ferro-silicon (a) 243 813 249 475 240 813 265 964 —
Silicon metal * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000
Poland
Ferro-manganese — — 66 — —
Ferro-silicon 77 754 77 682 65 732 63 618 65 523
Other ferro-alloys 460 12 517 24 800 33 250 16 815
Russia
Spiegeleisen * 7 000 * 7 000 * 7 000 * 7 000 * 7 000
Ferro-chrome 363 286 268 439 434 452 332 261 384 089
Ferro-silico-chrome * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200
Ferro-manganese 155 700 124 200 253 000 281 000 273 000
Ferro-silico-manganese 188 895 203 216 44 917 43 334 51 774
Ferro-molybdenum 4 660 4 881 4 726 * 4 700 * 4 700
Ferro-nickel * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Ferro-silicon 1 057 909 935 912 840 352 928 797 846 579
Ferro-vanadium 12 277 12 392 12 588 11 383 10 894
Silicon metal * 48 000 * 48 000 * 48 000 * 48 000 * 48 000
Other ferro-alloys * 34 000 * 34 000 * 34 000 * 34 000 * 34 000
Slovakia
Ferro-manganese 24 500 35 000 41 300 32 300 26 200
Ferro-silico-manganese 27 100 35 700 40 100 37 200 49 900
Ferro-silicon 38 200 30 900 44 600 44 100 29 400
Other ferro-alloys 5 700 4 300 2 700 1 300 2 100

37
Production of ferro-alloys tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Spain
Ferro-manganese 126 200 120 100 * 132 100 * 126 000 * 120 000
Ferro-silico-manganese 134 400 123 100 * 138 700 * 140 000 * 120 000
Ferro-silicon * 80 000 * 80 000 * 95 000 * 95 000 * 90 000
Silicon metal * 24 000 * 30 000 * 7 500 * 7 500 * 7 000
Sweden
Ferro-chrome 82 616 81 102 114 101 106 486 120 000
Turkey
Ferro-chrome 82 560 75 000 83 894 * 80 000 * 80 000
Ferro-silico-chrome * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000
Ukraine
Ferro-manganese 100 209 184 310 211 124 155 869 172 508
Ferro-silico-manganese 750 181 876 756 875 031 912 300 858 708
Ferro-nickel 95 209 84 025 74 459 79 537 79 334
Ferro-silicon 114 826 126 297 118 371 97 084 * 97 000
Other ferro-alloys 19 360 106 244 87 094 100 764 * 100 000

Egypt
Ferro-silicon (b) 54 767 60 477 * 60 500 * 60 500 * 60 500
Other ferro-alloys (b) 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000
South Africa
Ferro-alloys 4 467 526 4 022 966 4 058 305 4 081 452 3 806 766
Zimbabwe
Ferro-chrome (a) 190 837 148 842 328 386 315 685 * 310 000

Canada
Ferro-niobium 5 385 6 099 6 981 * 7 500 * 7 000
Ferro-silicon * 38 000 * 38 000 * 40 000 * 36 000 * 36 000
Ferro-vanadium 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 500 * 1 500
Silicon metal * 30 000 * 27 000 28 300 * 34 000 * 34 000
Dominican Republic
Ferro-nickel — 33 203 43 894 53 697 38 157
Mexico
Ferro-manganese 67 919 84 529 90 010 95 349 72 937
Ferro-silico-manganese 139 363 134 251 148 142 151 991 154 209
USA
Ferro-silicon & silicon metal 411 000 384 000 415 000 430 000 * 320 000

Argentina
Ferro-silico-manganese * 11 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Ferro-silicon * 11 000 * 11 000 * 11 000 * 11 000 * 11 000
Brazil
Ferro-chrome 155 421 (c) 150 240 (c) 171 531 (c) 175 061 (c) 136 780
Ferro-silico-chrome 36 092 ... ... ... ...
Ferro-silico-magnesium * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Ferro-manganese 129 000 124 000 149 000 168 000 151 000
Ferro-nickel (d) 21 286 44 538 43 800 42 310 45 543
Ferro-niobium 51 874 44 390 58 690 * 60 000 * 60 000
Ferro-silicon * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Silicon metal 150 000 110 000 110 000 190 000 * 190 000
Other ferro-alloys * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000 * 40 000
Chile
Ferro-molybdenum * 14 500 * 14 500 * 14 500 * 14 500 * 14 500
Colombia
Ferro-nickel 104 773 105 976 116 016 * 111 000 * 111 000
Venezuela
Ferro-manganese * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 6 000 * 6 000
Ferro-silico-manganese * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000 * 7 000 * 7 000
Ferro-nickel * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 25 000 * 25 000
Ferro-silicon * 80 000 * 80 000 * 80 000 * 40 000 * 40 000

Bahrain
Ferro-silico-manganese 6 000 5 000 0 0 0
Bhutan
Ferro-silicon * 104 500 * 106 000 * 109 000 * 120 900 * 138 900
Burma
Ferro-nickel (e) 65 466 64 462 62 367 32 786 * 46 000

38
Production of ferro-alloys tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

China
Ferro-alloys 36 664 000 35 588 000 32 887 000 31 234 000 36 577 000
Silicon metal 1 953 500 2 101 000 2 204 700 2 404 500 * 2 400 000
India
Ferro-aluminium (e) 3 212 4 345 4 423 2 752 1 545
Ferro-chrome (e) 944 000 944 000 944 000 944 000 927 273
Ferro-silico-magnesium (e) 20 541 20 183 15 978 19 180 14 173
Ferro-manganese (e) 518 000 518 000 518 000 518 000 45 818
Ferro-silico-manganese (e) 269 920 300 625 311 326 345 291 320 939
Ferro-molybdenum (e) 1 459 1 603 1 205 1 003 540
Ferro-silicon (e) 90 000 90 000 90 000 90 000 7 636
Ferro-titanium (e) 198 291 281 118 126
Ferro-vanadium (e) 937 1 329 1 331 1 013 660
Indonesia
Ferro-silico-manganese * 8 000 * 8 000 * 6 000 * 5 000 * 4 000
Ferro-nickel 86 055 101 465 108 810 124 340 128 565
Iran
Ferro-chrome (f) * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000
Ferro-silicon (f) * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000
Japan
Ferro-manganese 465 952 473 740 456 460 456 518 462 740
Ferro-nickel 396 969 333 448 312 324 339 844 337 790
Other ferro-alloys 73 651 77 453 79 809 73 094 74 015
Kazakhstan
Ferro-chrome 1 414 476 1 525 222 1 640 299 1 772 508 1 899 941
Ferro-silico-chrome 74 609 94 467 110 497 * 110 500 * 110 500
Ferro-silico-manganese 164 189 135 885 123 977 137 710 123 528
Ferro-silicon 86 984 68 779 60 001 65 405 79 930
Other ferro-alloys 1 662 — — *— *—
Korea (Rep. of)
Ferro-manganese * 355 000 * 355 000 * 355 000 * 355 000 * 355 000
Ferro-silico-manganese * 196 000 * 196 000 * 196 000 * 196 000 * 196 000
Other ferro-alloys * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200 * 4 200
Korea, Dem. P.R. of
Ferro-alloys * 16 000 * 23 000 * 30 000 * 41 000 * 46 000

Australia
Ferro-manganese & ferro-silico-manganese (b) 278 000 222 000 245 000 275 000 257 000
Silicon metal * 51 000 * 51 000 * 49 000 * 42 000 * 52 000
New Caledonia
Ferro-nickel 228 484 261 420 269 961 260 206 247 746

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Bahrain and Chile also produce ferro-chrome.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, Saudi Arabia also produces ferro-manganese and ferro-silico-manganese.

(a) Sales
(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(c) Including ferro-silico-chrome
(d) Nickel content
(e) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(f) Years ended 20 March following that stated

39
Production of kaolin tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 12 894 13 558 * 13 500 * 13 500 16 176

Belgium * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina 252 268 286 461 252 959 303 626 118 005
Bulgaria 334 100 330 200 321 800 * 322 000 * 322 000
Czech Republic (a) 648 000 648 000 676 000 653 000 629 000
France (b) 277 465 244 486 223 842 264 606 * 220 000
Germany (c) 1 100 000 1 023 000 1 109 000 1 004 000 1 046 604
Italy * 180 000 * 180 000 * 180 000 * 180 000 * 180 000
Poland (d) 146 500 148 900 143 700 154 314 151 840
Portugal 251 582 283 571 307 982 374 029 304 677
Romania * 31 000 * 31 000 * 31 000 * 31 000 * 31 000
Russia 786 600 1 064 800 1 593 000 1 593 000 1 530 000
Serbia * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000
Slovakia 6 000 11 000 21 400 34 400 25 000
Spain (d) 391 960 347 258 475 074 474 462 450 000
Turkey 1 887 302 1 283 260 1 362 799 1 515 609 * 1 516 000
Ukraine 1 814 786 2 335 004 2 379 636 2 091 525 1 843 561
United Kingdom * 1 014 000 * 940 000 * 970 000 * 996 000 * 715 000

Algeria 51 300 96 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000

Burkina Faso 34 61 37 * 40 * 40
Egypt 232 351 * 232 000 * 230 000 * 230 000 * 230 000
Eritrea * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200
Ethiopia (e) * 4 600 * 4 600 * 5 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Kenya * 1 600 * 1 600 * 1 600 * 1 600 * 1 600
Madagascar * 220 * 220 * 220 * 220 * 220
Nigeria 38 000 24 105 46 935 11 707 8 649
South Africa 20 339 21 141 31 295 23 724 27 827
Sudan 14 490 6 500 6 000 11 000 * 11 000
Tanzania 1 953 656 13 816 * 13 000 15 343
Uganda 34 697 45 909 55 317 17 281 10 448

Cuba 1 500 2 500 1 500 2 700 2 100

Guatemala 1 101 793 657 724 * 725
Mexico 366 049 452 070 325 864 898 246 * 900 000
USA (f) 5 810 000 5 290 000 5 560 000 5 530 000 * 5 500 000

Argentina 55 488 26 198 19 940 17 000 11 853

Brazil (a) 1 809 000 1 737 000 1 771 000 1 800 000 1 800 000
Chile 60 000 60 000 60 000 88 262 34 801
Colombia 5 028 8 510 164 077 70 799 85 201
Ecuador 64 486 4 110 548 — —
Paraguay * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000 * 6 000
Peru 43 251 19 098 17 700 16 004 9 208
Venezuela * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000 * 3 000

China * 3 200 000 * 3 200 000 * 3 200 000 * 3 200 000 * 3 200 000
India (g)(h) * 130 000 113 817 131 173 * 100 000 * 100 000
Indonesia * 180 000 * 180 000 * 180 000 * 180 000 * 300 000
Iran (i) 1 169 366 1 141 502 2 036 670 1 759 079 * 1 759 000
Japan * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000
Jordan * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Korea (Rep. of) 587 787 586 973 724 194 369 274 317 626
Malaysia 294 693 392 932 540 297 496 219 417 222
Oman 169 500 173 800 218 600 110 300 12 500
Pakistan (j) 18 956 20 726 28 710 19 483 15 978
Philippines 8 179 10 059 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Saudi Arabia 111 000 196 000 206 000 216 000 * 216 000
Sri Lanka 2 238 1 767 1 941 * 2 000 * 2 000
Taiwan 732 4 035 1 665 20 500
Thailand (a) * 175 000 105 343 102 659 96 666 80 776
Uzbekistan (g) * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000
Vietnam * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000

40
Production of kaolin tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Australia (j) 254 103 244 157 217 673 208 088 127 602
New Zealand 13 659 61 650 50 424 51 369 50 569

World total 24 800 000 24 400 000 26 900 000 26 400 000 25 200 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Denmark is believed to produce kaolin.

(a) Beneficiated
(b) Sales
(c) Washed and dried
(d) Washed
(e) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(f) Sold or used by producers
(g) Beneficiated; excludes directly used natural kaolin
(h) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(i) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(j) Years ended 30 June of that stated

41
Mine production of lead tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bosnia & Herzegovina 6 199 6 803 7 092 7 347 2 421

Bulgaria 16 456 19 688 16 099 14 723 17 097
Finland — — — — 937
Greece 14 500 14 300 12 600 15 376 14 827
Ireland, Republic of 31 300 19 582 17 083 16 712 16 100
Kosovo 5 541 6 530 5 142 4 694 3 990
Montenegro 2 200 3 600 3 100 3 100 3 500
North Macedonia 37 922 31 034 40 233 42 534 44 514
Poland 69 190 62 750 73 530 70 340 69 860
Portugal 3 077 4 126 5 164 18 397 27 852
Romania *— *— 900 1 200 * 200
Russia 180 000 217 000 210 000 220 000 * 220 000
Serbia 3 300 3 500 3 200 3 230 5 730
Slovakia 226 133 147 114 111
Spain 1 598 4 946 3 258 9 936 11 390
Sweden 79 354 75 830 71 112 64 751 68 635
Turkey 77 110 64 321 74 989 75 988 71 495
United Kingdom (a)* 100 (a)* 100 (a)* 100 (a)* 100 (b)* 150

Congo, Democratic Republic 700 100 — — —

Morocco 32 138 29 617 38 009 30 339 * 29 000
Namibia 10 746 6 116 6 577 4 293 5 892
Nigeria * 15 700 * 13 300 * 21 000 * 15 000 * 19 700
South Africa 34 573 39 344 48 150 35 118 42 936

Canada 3 809 12 020 20 477 17 874 22 824

Cuba — — * 1 500 * 25 000 * 35 000
Guatemala 10 153 9 970 4 200 — 377
Honduras 9 800 3 985 6 761 9 893 12 308
Mexico 263 772 242 071 243 022 230 869 259 457
USA 360 000 336 000 310 000 271 000 266 000

Argentina 29 834 28 016 40 135 28 260 32 917

Bolivia 75 272 89 906 113 285 112 140 88 002
Brazil 9 441 9 015 6 157 7 277 6 000
Chile 2 979 1 110 1 562 712 7
Peru 315 525 314 422 306 794 289 123 308 116

Burma (c) 17 463 20 322 45 964 21 342 * 40 000

China 2 335 024 2 337 485 1 852 200 1 892 173 1 930 000
India (c) 143 707 150 964 173 789 207 067 206 510
Indonesia * 5 500 * 5 300 * 7 900 * 11 400 * 10 800
Iran 43 785 47 000 48 000 48 000 * 50 000
Kazakhstan 40 700 70 500 111 200 86 400 55 600
Korea (Rep. of) 2 921 2 840 3 762 2 412 1 933
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 31 684 32 116 32 621 * 20 000 * 25 000
Laos * 200 * 200 * 700 * 300 * 200
Mongolia 200 4 700 7 400 11 600 14 000
Nepal (d) — — 3 900 — —
Pakistan * 100 1 196 3 047 4 822 8 089
Tajikistan 40 100 57 000 * 61 100 * 52 600 * 65 000
Uzbekistan * 20 000 * 30 000 * 40 000 * 50 000 * 50 000
Vietnam * 1 600 * 700 * 3 800 * 12 100 * 10 400

Australia 653 488 441 338 395 190 446 571 509 198

World total 5 000 000 4 900 000 4 500 000 4 500 000 4 700 000

Note(s)
(a) By-product of Pennine fluorspar operations
(b) By-product of Pennine fluorspar operations and of gold mining in Northern Ireland
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ended 15 July of that shown

42
Production of refined lead tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 24 400 25 000 26 000 27 000 27 000

Belgium 130 000 142 100 136 000 138 106 138 618
Bosnia & Herzegovina 142 182 25 1 —
Bulgaria 96 889 100 817 103 105 102 808 102 473
Croatia * 1 200 * 3 900 * 4 300 * 5 000 * 5 300
Czech Republic * 44 000 * 43 000 * 43 000 * 43 000 * 43 000
Estonia 8 329 8 348 9 606 7 393 8 209
France 72 000 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000 * 70 000
Germany 378 000 339 000 354 000 315 000 326 000
Greece 24 000 28 000 28 000 30 000 28 000
Ireland, Republic of 17 200 18 000 17 500 15 000 16 300
Italy 209 900 187 200 173 700 167 500 159 100
Netherlands 32 000 33 000 36 000 36 000 36 000
Poland 155 400 154 900 157 000 159 470 158 600
Portugal 8 000 8 000 10 000 9 000 10 000
Romania 20 000 17 000 24 000 21 000 20 000
Russia 116 000 130 000 140 000 140 000 141 000
Serbia 6 000 6 000 15 000 14 000 16 000
Slovakia 3 155 110 61 102 36
Slovenia * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000
Spain 165 000 166 000 168 000 175 000 170 000
Sweden 71 293 74 367 78 241 75 784 72 327
Turkey 56 000 58 000 * 58 000 * 58 000 * 58 000
Ukraine 24 203 28 465 33 633 29 755 24 050
United Kingdom 357 200 331 000 330 000 313 000 300 000

Algeria 18 000 8 000 * 9 000 9 000 9 000

Egypt * 24 000 * 25 000 * 26 000 * 26 000 * 28 000
Ghana (a) 3 048 1 823 1 150 1 200 1 000
Kenya 1 100 1 100 1 400 1 000 1 000
Morocco * 14 000 * 11 000 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000
Mozambique (a) 2 494 2 844 3 828 3 422 3 943
Nigeria 2 000 9 000 * 9 000 * 6 000 * 12 000
Senegal (a) 1 857 3 576 3 424 3 693 4 121
South Africa * 52 000 * 54 000 * 56 000 * 56 000 * 56 000
Uganda * 800 * 800 * 800 * 800 * 800
Zambia * 4 000 * 5 000 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 5 000

Canada 268 863 274 226 274 061 260 956 260 267
Costa Rica * 7 000 * 8 000 * 10 400 * 10 000 * 9 000
Dominican Republic * 6 000 * 8 000 * 7 000 * 7 000 * 7 000
Guatemala * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000
Honduras — — 4 700 * 5 000 * 5 000
Mexico 414 000 401 400 423 000 433 100 446 900
USA (b) 1 050 000 1 110 000 1 140 000 1 140 000 * 1 200 000

Argentina 42 000 38 300 40 000 39 900 28 000

Bolivia 459 41 1 100 * 100 1 200
Brazil 176 200 176 216 195 000 * 195 000 * 195 000
Chile 10 000 11 000 12 000 15 000 14 000
Colombia * 42 000 * 42 000 * 43 000 * 44 000 * 44 000
Peru * 5 000 * 10 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000
Venezuela * 20 000 * 16 000 * 16 000 * 9 000 * 8 000

Burma * 800 * 6 100 * 12 100 * 7 300 * 14 800

China 4 421 600 4 603 884 4 726 200 4 942 947 5 797 108
India 503 000 528 000 573 000 626 000 599 000
Indonesia * 46 000 * 48 000 * 46 000 * 54 000 * 54 000
Iran 78 000 86 000 90 000 85 000 80 000
Israel 26 000 24 128 25 261 28 700 24 090
Japan * 232 000 * 240 000 * 239 000 * 240 000 * 237 000
Kazakhstan 120 108 134 144 147 328 148 570 127 316
Korea (Rep. of) 656 500 812 500 806 600 801 000 813 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 1 000 * 2 000 * 2 000 * 2 000 * 3 000
Lebanon * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Malaysia 25 300 28 000 30 000 30 000 35 000
Pakistan (c) 100 100 5 000 18 000 24 000
Philippines 28 000 14 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

43
Production of refined lead tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Saudi Arabia * 37 000 * 60 000 * 72 000 * 68 000 * 68 000

Sri Lanka (a) 2 548 3 006 3 527 3 673 3 719
Taiwan 46 000 48 000 48 000 58 000 55 000
Thailand 86 000 86 000 88 000 85 000 82 000
United Arab Emirates 18 000 22 000 25 000 25 000 25 000
Vietnam * 22 000 * 25 000 * 31 000 * 32 000 * 34 000

Australia 227 600 223 700 211 200 188 800 124 388

World total 10 800 000 11 200 000 11 500 000 11 700 000 12 500 000

Note(s)
(1) Figures relate to both primary and secondary refined lead and include the lead content of antimonial lead.

(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

(b) Excluding lead content of primary antimonial lead
(c) Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of lithium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Portugal
Lepidolite 19 275 40 758 65 743 76 818 59 912

Namibia
Lepidolite — — — 30 000 —
Nigeria — — — 1 567 133
Zimbabwe 44 000 48 000 51 000 70 000 65 000

Canada
Spodumene — — 1 100 140 000 —
USA (a) * 900 * 900 * 900 * 900 * 900

Argentina (b)(c) 20 073 30 877 31 060 34 712 34 278

Bolivia (b) — 162 * 60 * 230 * 400
Brazil
Spodumene 5 781 8 804 * 9 000 * 9 000 * 9 000
Chile (d) 56 375 78 182 81 378 97 323 112 607

China (a) * 3 900 * 4 800 * 7 000 * 7 100 * 7 500

Australia
Spodumene 439 514 522 181 1 706 619 1 965 944 1 616 764

World total (Li content) 36 400 46 800 93 700 111 600 97 500

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Russia has also produced lithium minerals in the past.

(a) Li content
(b) Carbonate
(c) Chloride
(d) Carbonate, hydroxide and chloride

44
Production of magnesite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 702 504 645 593 730 482 808 239 * 800 000
Finland 22 390 54 227 63 850 49 601 37 002
Greece 383 312 418 558 499 381 464 689 365 792
Netherlands (a) 257 510 265 857 282 551 349 000 292 000
Poland 96 000 77 920 101 920 102 110 91 490
Russia * 2 600 000 * 2 600 000 * 2 600 000 * 2 600 000 * 2 600 000
Slovakia 501 200 433 500 610 000 615 500 615 200
Spain 464 691 583 698 788 991 738 994 634 580
Turkey 3 335 258 3 258 445 1 694 071 1 958 847 * 2 000 000

South Africa * 12 000 * 15 000 * 12 000 * 15 000 * 12 000

Canada (b) * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000
Guatemala * 20 000 23 137 16 298 4 745 * 4 700
Mexico 101 000 101 000 101 000 101 000 * 101 000

Brazil (c) 1 621 000 1 652 424 2 034 000 1 700 000 1 700 000
Colombia 2 883 1 175 1 913 1 039 1 847

China * 18 400 000 * 18 600 000 * 19 000 000 * 18 500 000 * 19 000 000
India (d) 327 663 299 149 195 055 146 581 97 797
Iran (e) 151 881 155 916 154 860 169 953 * 170 000
Israel (f) * 120 000 107 274 90 000 113 000 105 350
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 149 599 160 935 172 488 * 170 000 * 170 000
Nepal (g) 60 — — — —
Pakistan (h) 24 627 35 228 19 656 23 596 41 477
Philippines 7 158 10 310 200 140 * 140
Saudi Arabia 294 000 286 200 302 100 325 950 * 315 000

Australia (h) 680 967 489 036 234 704 288 069 433 712

World total 30 400 000 30 400 000 29 900 000 29 400 000 29 700 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Bulgaria is believed to produce magnesite.

(a) Chloride produced from solution mining

(b) Officially described as magnesitic dolomite and brucite
(c) Including beneficiated and directly shipped material
(d) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(e) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(f) Magnesium chloride
(g) Years ended 15 July of that stated
(h) Years ended 30 June of that stated

45
Production of primary magnesium metal tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 12 460 14 346 15 593 15 753 15 336

Turkey * 100 * 3 750 * 4 000 * 4 500 * 4 500

USA * 40 000 * 40 000 * 30 000 * 32 000 * 32 000

Brazil 15 000 15 000 15 000 15 000 15 000

China 859 258 872 768 904 600 848 079 969 000
Israel 29 708 22 548 23 000 21 100 * 23 900
Korea (Rep. of) 3 000 3 000 3 000 110 —
Malaysia * 1 600 * 400 * 30 *— —

Note(s)
(1) In addition, substantial quantities of magnesium compounds are produced by, used and recycled within the process of titanium sponge
production. It is believed this relates to the mineral carnallite and/or secondary magnesium chloride compounds.
(2) Magnesium used within the process of titanium sponge production is not marketed as primary magnesium metal and is therefore
excluded from this table. Annual quantities are likely to be approximately: Russia 50,000 t, Kazakhstan 10,000 t and Ukraine 8,000 t.

46
Production of manganese ore tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria 46 500 41 700 2 000 — —

Georgia (a) * 370 000 * 370 000 * 370 000 349 354 * 350 000
Hungary 57 000 19 000 — — —
Romania 40 262 4 477 * 8 000 * 26 000 * 45 000
Turkey 142 809 46 867 77 895 85 334 * 85 000
Ukraine 1 477 200 1 328 271 1 758 172 1 845 156 1 854 240

Congo, Democratic Republic (b) — — — 14 884 4 935

Egypt (c) *— * 10 000 * 500 * 20 000 * 30 000
Gabon 4 184 000 3 423 247 5 079 000 6 542 000 7 186 000
Ghana 1 562 769 2 018 254 3 003 580 4 551 754 5 383 014
Ivory Coast 294 904 200 278 474 879 791 911 1 200 000
Morocco 71 700 70 138 99 008 79 538 * 80 000
Namibia 38 360 16 896 27 915 23 045 32 145
South Africa 15 979 170 13 735 509 14 143 794 14 919 207 17 008 951
Sudan * 9 000 9 800 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000
Zambia * 140 000 * 120 000 92 675 77 277 * 100 000

Mexico 592 728 549 589 561 612 556 220 534 044

Bolivia — — — * 550 * 17 100

Brazil 2 816 675 2 880 718 3 273 029 * 3 200 000 * 3 200 000
Peru — * 2 650 * 2 500 * 46 400 * 41 800

Burma * 70 000 * 293 000 * 346 000 * 519 000 * 982 000
China 13 011 000 15 484 000 11 333 000 7 977 000 * 6 500 000
India (d) 2 166 947 2 395 134 2 599 815 2 820 227 2 956 175
Iran (e) 86 523 78 955 100 780 128 617 * 130 000
Kazakhstan 1 625 700 1 600 700 1 460 000 1 427 300 970 100
Malaysia 480 727 700 717 1 226 106 1 262 725 1 130 749
Oman 7 400 21 300 33 900 44 700 33 000
Thailand 9 000 2 750 8 020 4 000 4 800
Vietnam 20 700 13 400 50 000 68 194 76 106

Australia 6 281 497 5 327 566 6 172 266 7 212 118 6 649 432

World total 51 600 000 50 800 000 52 300 000 54 600 000 56 600 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Colombia, Cuba and Nigeria may produce manganese ore.

(a) Marketable
(b) Including beneficiated and direct shipping ore
(c) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(d) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(e) Years ended 20 March following that stated

47
Production of mercury kilograms

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000

Morocco * 5 000 * 5 000 * 10 000 * 3 000 * 2 000

Mexico (a) * 250 000 * 240 000 * 140 000 * 160 000 * 32 000
USA * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000

Argentina 59 480 135 377 54 469 — *—

Chile (b) * 14 000 * 2 000 (a)* 11 000 (a)* — (a)* —

China 2 801 000 3 482 000 3 573 000 2 317 000 2 232 000
Iran 14 000 — — — *—
Kyrgyzstan 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Tajikistan 96 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 100 000 90 600

World total 3 300 000 4 000 000 4 000 000 2 700 000 2 400 000

Note(s)
(1) Several countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper electrowinning processes and by recovery from
effluents.

(a) BGS estimates based on net exports

(b) From copper solvent extraction and electrowinning processes

Production of mica tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland 11 836 10 843 10 740 12 122 9 440

France (a) * 20 700 * 19 600 * 19 200 * 15 000 * 19 000
Russia 4 823 4 823 5 219 4 465 * 4 500
Spain (a) 4 355 5 521 6 333 6 932 5 000
Turkey 44 637 14 531 204 5 732 * 6 000

Madagascar 16 634 22 311 * 35 000 * 49 000 * 34 000

South Africa 29 8 — 32 9

Canada * 22 000 * 22 000 * 24 000 * 23 000 * 23 000

Mexico 145 145 145 408 * 400
USA (a)(b) 32 600 28 000 40 000 44 000 * 38 000

Argentina 583 564 189 120 * 120

Brazil * 11 000 * 10 800 * 10 100 * 11 000 * 11 000
Colombia 240 247 159 239 252

China * 85 000 * 95 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000

India (c) * 2 600 * 4 500 * 1 700 * 1 700 * 1 700
Iran (d) * 5 600 1 500 4 500 1 500 * 1 500
Korea (Rep. of) (e) 17 405 12 934 14 576 16 559 23 433
Malaysia (f) 4 788 4 716 4 787 5 165 4 358
Sri Lanka 1 711 1 449 1 422 * 1 500 * 1 500
Taiwan 8 287 1 879 750 2 970 3 312

World total 295 000 261 000 279 000 301 000 287 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Egypt and Romania are believed to produce mica.

(a) Including mica recovered from mica schists and/or kaolin beneficiation
(b) Sold or used by producers
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(e) Mainly sericite
(f) Sericite

48
Mine production of molybdenum tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 5 324 5 438 5 886 5 666 7 304

Norway 1 2 *2 *2 *2
Poland 1 360 1 320 1 220 1 190 1 230
Russia 3 254 3 359 3 227 2 262 1 989
Turkey 3 — — — —

Canada 1 983 2 883 4 941 5 036 3 955

Mexico 11 327 11 896 13 985 20 265 16 890
USA 47 400 36 200 40 700 41 400 43 500

Argentina 1 736 2 048 1 297 728 * 600

Brazil * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200
Chile 52 398 55 834 62 454 60 248 53 541
Peru 20 153 25 757 28 141 28 034 30 441

China 135 270 129 357 117 104 113 308 104 435
Iran (a) 6 705 6 975 7 767 7 662 * 7 600
Kazakhstan — — — 149 258
Mongolia 2 557 2 431 2 639 2 579 2 492
Uzbekistan 570 620 700 750 * 750

World total 290 000 284 000 290 000 289 000 275 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Australia, Georgia, India, Democratic P.R. of Korea, Romania and Tajikistan are believed to produce
molybdenum.

(a) Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of nepheline syenite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Norway 324 000 * 324 000 * 324 000 * 324 000 * 324 000
Russia
Nepheline syenite 4 111 000 4 432 000 4 332 000 4 294 000 4 244 000
Nepheline concentrates 951 900 958 100 998 100 986 000 1 188 000

Canada 599 000 475 000 632 000 549 000 506 000

49
Mine production of nickel tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 6 280 3 952 5 323 4 204 2 800

Finland (a) 9 383 20 654 34 641 43 572 38 530
Greece 20 800 21 800 19 100 17 900 13 700
Kosovo 7 418 4 265 7 120 4 791 3 314
Norway 300 300 200 300 200
Poland 840 770 720 700 720
Russia 261 000 223 000 221 000 218 000 226 000
Spain 7 213 — — — —
Turkey 8 637 9 337 14 770 13 559 * 11 000

Botswana 16 789 14 273 — — —

Ivory Coast — — 400 12 300 9 100
Madagascar 47 271 42 105 35 474 33 183 33 733
Morocco — — 196 100 100
South Africa 56 689 48 994 48 383 43 236 43 443
Zambia — — — 487 2 500
Zimbabwe 16 109 17 743 16 617 17 850 16 279

Canada 234 519 235 034 214 302 185 962 180 904
Cuba 50 000 48 000 49 300 49 000 45 300
Dominican Republic — 9 913 15 632 19 214 28 450
Guatemala 46 298 36 939 54 517 65 710 * 55 000
USA 27 167 23 417 21 302 17 573 13 494

Brazil 182 900 134 600 83 200 65 300 55 700

Colombia 36 671 37 091 40 606 43 055 40 571
Venezuela 2 581 — — — —

Burma (b) 22 913 22 562 21 828 11 475 * 16 000

China 101 403 100 219 102 300 108 200 104 674
Indonesia * 129 600 * 204 000 * 355 000 * 651 600 * 1 036 200
Philippines 418 292 300 506 339 377 344 966 323 325
Vietnam 8 607 4 272 — — —

Australia 225 227 203 135 185 466 160 022 158 751
New Caledonia 193 199 204 207 215 382 216 225 209 549
Papua New Guinea 25 582 22 269 34 666 35 355 33 091

World total 2 164 000 1 993 000 2 137 000 2 384 000 2 702 000

Note(s)
(a) In addition some nickel is produced as a by-product of a talc operation. The amount is negligible
(b) Years ended 31 March of the year following that stated

50
Smelter/refinery production of nickel tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 700 700 * 700 * 700 * 700

Finland 60 709 85 424 85 780 92 591 90 151
France 6 500 4 600 2 300 3 700 6 900
Greece 17 113 17 071 16 781 15 720 11 974
Kosovo * 11 700 * 5 400 * 7 500 * 5 500 * 3 600
North Macedonia 17 700 10 600 7 200 10 100 15 300
Norway 91 222 92 735 86 495 90 758 92 132
Poland 840 770 720 700 700
Russia 231 200 188 700 212 300 218 000 226 300
Ukraine 17 952 18 100 15 300 15 807 14 200
United Kingdom 38 804 45 194 38 052 41 220 39 632

Madagascar 47 271 42 105 35 474 33 183 33 733

South Africa 41 900 42 100 43 000 39 500 39 100

Canada 149 716 158 299 154 759 137 411 124 736
Cuba 14 700 15 000 15 800 17 100 14 800
Dominican Republic — 9 961 15 363 18 794 13 355
Guatemala 10 826 8 688 12 416 14 688 20 323

Brazil 77 700 77 100 68 500 62 200 54 300

Colombia 36 671 37 091 40 606 43 055 40 571
Venezuela 2 581 — — — —

Burma (a) 22 913 22 562 21 828 11 475 * 16 000

China 600 000 573 400 670 000 705 000 806 000
India * 1 800 * 300 * 100 * 100 * 50
Indonesia * 38 300 * 116 300 * 204 300 * 289 900 * 409 000
Japan 192 789 195 565 187 046 186 736 182 700
Korea (Rep. of) 34 882 44 857 43 861 43 386 41 067

Australia 152 978 120 520 108 500 114 517 106 470
New Caledonia 77 530 95 983 104 094 107 914 87 921

World total 1 997 000 2 029 000 2 199 000 2 320 000 2 492 000

Note(s)
(1) Data relate to refined nickel plus the nickel content of ferro-nickel, nickel oxide and nickel salts. It does not include nickel content of
nickel hydroxide cake or nickel matte as these are further refined elsewhere.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, the USA produces some nickel as a refinery by-product.

(a) Years ending 31 March following that stated

51
Production of perlite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia — 4 78 8 —
Bulgaria — — 4 800 * 5 000 * 5 000
Georgia * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 22 577 * 23 000
Greece 890 670 921 410 932 950 790 412 719 000
Hungary 65 459 76 254 71 412 80 396 * 80 000
Italy * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Russia * 45 000 * 45 000 * 45 000 * 45 000 * 45 000
Slovakia 25 000 19 000 47 510 36 000 32 000
Turkey 855 242 905 817 1 116 629 649 163 699 549
Ukraine * 16 000 15 772 16 560 * 17 000 * 17 000

South Africa * 1 100 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000

Mexico 13 000 19 000 15 899 26 400 * 26 400

USA 501 000 521 000 570 000 * 510 000 * 520 000

Argentina 23 282 17 905 19 924 18 794 * 20 000

Chile 3 000 5 500 4 210 5 020 4 700

China 723 000 1 930 000 1 219 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000
Iran (a) 395 182 524 823 368 601 194 216 * 194 000
Philippines 18 575 14 460 2 148 9 696 * 10 000
Thailand 17 200 18 740 5 850 5 600 15 000

Australia (b) — 620 275 2 285 1 264

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Algeria, Canada, Djibouti, Iceland, Morocco and Mozambique are believed to produce perlite.

(a) Years ended 20 March following that stated

(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

52
Production of crude petroleum tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 1 279 253 1 055 764 954 768 910 683 1 005 000
Austria (a) 905 999 809 358 741 890 664 009 * 660 000
Azerbaijan 41 628 300 40 999 100 38 688 400 38 814 300 37 517 600
Belarus 1 645 000 1 645 000 1 650 000 1 670 000 1 690 000
Bulgaria 23 700 22 600 21 930 * 21 930 * 21 930
Croatia 613 281 676 752 682 339 682 128 657 553
Czech Republic 126 000 116 000 107 000 109 000 81 000
Denmark 7 710 265 6 949 005 6 740 075 5 635 500 4 979 725
Estonia (b) 2 002 415 1 875 685 2 537 881 2 376 608 1 658 406
France 6 571 195 6 620 977 6 023 595 5 824 468 5 724 905
Georgia 40 206 38 557 31 995 30 159 35 070
Germany 2 412 063 2 355 028 2 218 406 2 066 642 1 923 232
Greece 214 000 329 000 266 000 334 000 * 330 000
Hungary 633 090 774 000 705 274 818 151 * 820 000
Italy 5 450 000 3 740 000 4 140 000 4 670 000 4 270 000
Lithuania 73 540 63 468 55 829 46 029 39 572
Netherlands 2 004 000 1 558 000 1 464 000 1 478 000 1 111 000
Norway 95 797 000 98 466 000 96 830 000 91 080 000 85 386 000
Poland 927 737 876 546 996 049 1 010 332 972 564
Romania 3 847 897 3 685 575 3 538 345 3 485 778 3 440 000
Russia 533 000 000 548 000 000 547 000 000 556 000 000 561 000 000
Serbia 1 026 686 933 884 893 000 876 592 854 000
Slovakia 10 000 9 000 5 000 5 000 4 000
Slovenia 261 229 241 270 267
Spain 229 567 139 176 118 809 89 476 39 861
Turkey * 2 700 000 2 336 391 2 638 251 4 213 619 3 074 859
Ukraine 2 531 000 2 272 000 2 098 200 2 293 000 2 453 600
United Kingdom 45 288 000 47 445 000 46 630 000 50 871 000 51 818 000

Algeria 67 200 000 68 400 000 66 600 000 65 300 000 64 300 000
Angola 88 200 000 85 800 000 81 600 000 74 100 000 69 100 000
Cameroon 4 896 300 4 716 700 3 880 800 3 518 600 3 639 400
Chad 5 800 000 6 100 000 5 200 000 6 100 000 6 700 000
Congo 11 910 000 9 970 000 12 250 000 16 870 000 16 340 000
Congo, Democratic Republic 1 132 052 1 075 779 1 034 393 1 152 050 1 120 345
Egypt 35 400 000 33 800 000 32 200 000 34 200 000 33 600 000
Equatorial Guinea 12 100 000 10 400 000 9 000 000 8 700 000 8 200 000
Gabon 11 920 000 11 480 000 10 500 000 9 650 000 10 300 000
Ghana 5 161 000 4 960 192 7 615 649 8 762 913 10 070 693
Ivory Coast 1 473 595 2 117 487 1 707 688 1 854 000 1 954 000
Libya 19 996 000 18 810 000 43 757 120 55 146 520 57 800 000
Mauritania 258 900 240 528 165 603 — —
Morocco 5 000 5 000 4 000 5 000 * 5 000
Niger 697 000 647 220 547 650 448 074 393 309
Nigeria 105 700 000 91 300 000 94 500 000 96 400 000 101 400 000
Senegal 22 900 3 300 13 000 20 200 28 600
South Africa 70 979 38 796 31 145 23 781 —
South Sudan 7 300 000 5 800 000 6 000 000 6 300 000 6 800 000
Sudan 4 187 200 4 074 800 3 589 000 3 588 400 1 072 500
Tunisia 2 547 000 2 168 400 1 827 600 1 764 000 1 686 000

Barbados 34 239 31 944 32 046 29 963 * 30 000

Canada 192 100 000 192 500 000 208 800 000 227 400 000 232 900 000
Cuba 2 822 000 2 619 200 2 522 200 2 462 500 * 2 400 000
Guatemala 508 222 475 741 488 068 466 496 485 847
Mexico 133 953 966 127 077 904 115 135 269 107 070 000 99 212 000
Trinidad & Tobago 4 052 724 3 693 394 3 700 692 3 271 538 3 032 284
USA 588 640 750 566 486 345 600 507 895 700 573 565 780 610 700

Argentina 27 176 128 27 176 128 25 463 642 26 013 729 26 060 312
Bolivia 3 381 000 3 566 000 3 520 000 3 566 000 * 3 500 000
Brazil 130 716 876 135 223 698 141 362 424 139 356 470 149 550 768
Chile 254 649 213 032 176 065 158 795 159 977
Colombia 51 841 046 45 661 017 45 000 000 45 600 000 46 700 000
Ecuador 29 100 000 29 500 000 28 500 000 27 700 000 * 27 000 000
Peru 7 342 379 6 657 419 6 620 481 6 635 696 6 898 900
Suriname 998 387 961 341 959 752 964 639 971 528
Venezuela 135 400 000 120 100 000 107 600 000 75 600 000 46 600 000

53
Production of crude petroleum tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan * 3 700 * 2 700 * 900 * 900 * 900

Bahrain 3 157 000 3 065 000 2 807 000 2 769 000 3 177 000
Bangladesh — — 491 300 617 500 591 800
Brunei 6 238 268 5 960 395 5 555 999 5 478 268 5 966 407
Burma 708 000 619 000 579 000 486 000 432 000
China (a) 214 555 800 199 685 200 191 506 100 189 324 200 191 014 100
East Timor 1 585 000 1 007 000 800 000 603 000 * 819 000
India (c) 36 942 000 36 009 000 35 684 000 34 203 000 32 151 000
Indonesia 39 290 000 41 553 000 40 051 000 38 600 000 37 264 000
Iran 180 200 000 216 100 000 235 500 000 224 700 000 160 800 000
Iraq 195 600 000 217 600 000 222 400 000 227 000 000 234 200 000
Israel 65 383 92 837 65 488 75 292 85 563
Japan 544 000 501 000 512 000 455 000 477 000
Jordan 500 400 300 1 000 1 000
Kazakhstan 79 456 300 78 031 700 86 194 000 90 359 000 90 527 000
Kuwait (d) 148 100 000 152 600 000 146 000 000 146 800 000 144 000 000
Kyrgyzstan 107 100 145 300 173 200 200 000 236 400
Malaysia 31 240 000 31 860 000 31 527 000 31 192 900 28 852 200
Mongolia 1 206 231 1 134 773 1 048 707 878 762 946 818
Oman 48 854 229 49 816 773 48 331 377 48 719 782 48 346 316
Pakistan (e) 4 627 053 4 246 335 4 329 140 4 367 729 4 359 424
Philippines 845 024 844 200 755 013 173 507 106 520
Qatar 81 200 000 81 600 000 79 100 000 79 500 000 78 500 000
Saudi Arabia (d) 567 800 000 586 600 000 559 300 000 578 300 000 556 600 000
Syria 1 200 000 1 100 000 1 100 000 1 100 000 1 000 000
Taiwan 9 534 8 446 5 407 4 678 3 860
Tajikistan 24 600 25 134 23 400 23 939 23 293
Thailand 13 816 000 14 520 000 13 390 000 12 795 000 12 812 000
Turkmenistan 13 200 000 13 200 000 13 100 000 12 600 000 12 500 000
United Arab Emirates 176 100 000 182 400 000 176 200 000 176 700 000 180 200 000
Uzbekistan 2 700 000 2 600 000 2 800 000 2 900 000 2 800 000
Vietnam 18 746 000 17 230 000 15 518 000 13 969 000 13 090 000
Yemen, Republic of 2 600 000 1 600 000 2 400 000 2 800 000 4 200 000

Australia 17 203 247 16 112 627 15 495 471 16 206 743 21 683 614
New Zealand 1 860 880 1 572 040 1 399 820 1 085 650 1 088 430
Papua New Guinea 1 311 000 1 195 000 946 000 467 300 367 500

World total 4 344 000 000 4 358 000 000 4 375 000 000 4 482 000 000 4 461 000 000

Note(s)
(1) The figures shown in this table include natural gas liquids.

(a) Including oil from shale and coal

(b) From oil shale
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Including shares of production from the Neutral Zone
(e) Years ended 30 June of that stated

54
Production of natural gas million cubic metres

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania 35 92 102 92 * 80
Austria 1 183 1 253 1 742 969 * 950
Azerbaijan 19 236 18 718 18 186 19 207 24 527
Belarus 225 216 205 211 218
Bulgaria 85 80 65 * 65 * 65
Croatia 1 828 1 690 1 530 1 279 1 070
Czech Republic 200 169 171 179 146
Denmark 4 374 4 301 4 592 3 929 2 980
France 20 20 17 9 —
Georgia 11 7 9 10 9
Germany 9 323 8 608 7 932 6 888 6 699
Greece 4 9 8 12 * 12
Hungary 1 872 1 986 1 885 2 104 1 386
Ireland, Republic of 118 2 748 3 171 3 057 2 385
Italy 6 880 6 020 5 650 5 500 4 980
Netherlands 52 177 50 373 43 915 36 735 31 950
Norway 117 150 116 820 124 160 121 560 115 130
Poland 5 624 5 401 5 408 5 348 5 374
Romania 11 426 10 118 11 071 10 752 9 990
Russia 633 000 641 000 691 000 726 000 738 000
Serbia 626 595 548 506 477
Slovakia 104 87 88 80 75
Slovenia 3 5 8 15 7
Spain 12 8 13 93 131
Turkey 396 316 368 425 * 425
Ukraine 19 757 20 047 20 510 20 806 20 520
United Kingdom 40 466 41 607 42 094 37 847 34 555

Algeria 81 400 91 400 93 000 93 800 86 200

Angola 770 1 710 5 800 6 190 6 800
Cameroon 369 357 392 1 463 2 006
Congo 1 501 1 388 1 388 1 388 * 1 400
Egypt 42 600 40 300 48 800 58 600 64 900
Equatorial Guinea (a) 6 200 5 804 6 069 5 579 * 6 000
Gabon (a) 466 530 565 622 * 600
Ghana 24 200 24 200 30 800 * 30 000 * 30 000
Ivory Coast 2 234 2 396 2 155 1 935 * 1 900
Libya 11 000 9 400 8 600 8 300 9 400
Morocco 93 85 88 93 * 90
Mozambique 5 695 * 5 000 3 730 4 171 * 4 000
Nigeria 47 600 42 600 47 200 48 300 49 300
South Africa 1 333 820 749 624 668
Tanzania 36 568 47 704 51 054 58 951 * 60 000
Tunisia 2 479 2 213 2 089 1 961 1 795

Barbados 20 17 15 15 * 15
Canada 156 413 158 452 160 885 168 921 164 957
Cuba 1 245 1 185 1 051 970 951
Mexico 59 870 52 248 48 704 * 46 000 * 44 000
Trinidad & Tobago 39 164 34 091 34 391 36 647 36 769
USA (a) 765 953 752 557 773 738 870 912 961 282

Argentina 42 896 44 988 44 595 40 294 46 305

Bolivia 21 981 21 134 18 200 17 000 15 000
Brazil 24 862 25 337 28 663 26 687 27 358
Chile 1 064 1 175 1 200 1 221 1 339
Colombia 11 600 12 000 12 300 12 900 13 200
Ecuador 510 538 481 368 * 350
Peru 12 488 13 954 12 934 12 741 13 418
Venezuela 36 100 37 200 38 600 31 600 26 500

Afghanistan (b) 146 165 156 153 129

Bahrain 21 283 21 062 21 465 21 879 24 887
Bangladesh (c) 25 263 27 489 27 445 27 430 27 233
Brunei 12 452 12 025 12 290 11 851 12 140
Burma 19 545 18 971 18 644 16 028 18 800
China 134 610 136 865 148 035 160 159 176 174
East Timor 6 055 5 855 5 270 6 554 7 152

55
Production of natural gas million cubic metres

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

India (d) 32 249 31 897 32 649 32 057 30 472

Indonesia 75 770 74 704 72 295 72 601 67 184
Iran 183 500 199 300 219 500 238 300 244 200
Iraq 7 300 9 900 10 100 10 600 10 800
Israel 8 438 9 390 9 570 10 480 10 500
Japan 2 734 2 754 3 008 2 707 2 524
Jordan 122 116 102 93 * 110
Kazakhstan 45 256 46 677 52 921 55 453 56 435
Kuwait (e) 16 100 16 400 17 400 15 000 18 400
Kyrgyzstan 32 29 26 27 24
Malaysia 63 380 67 510 70 251 66 171 68 433
Oman 31 093 31 742 30 463 34 640 36 484
Pakistan (c) 41 511 41 958 41 684 41 318 40 684
Philippines 3 471 3 977 3 923 4 380 4 382
Qatar 175 200 177 000 175 700 175 500 178 100
Saudi Arabia (e) 99 200 105 300 109 300 112 100 113 600
Syria 4 100 3 500 3 400 3 600 3 700
Taiwan 374 322 266 198 167
Tajikistan 4 3 2 1 1
Thailand 39 559 39 273 37 925 37 393 38 047
Turkmenistan 65 900 63 200 58 700 61 500 63 200
United Arab Emirates 58 700 60 300 62 400 61 400 62 500
Uzbekistan 53 600 53 100 53 400 57 200 56 300
Vietnam 10 660 10 610 9 866 10 010 10 210
Yemen, Republic of 2 900 500 500 600 600

Australia 76 791 97 328 113 805 130 987 154 485

New Zealand 4 606 4 763 4 761 4 161 4 420
Papua New Guinea 9 795 10 455 11 018 9 809 11 204

World total 3 697 000 3 748 000 3 901 000 4 084 000 4 232 000

Note(s)
(1) So far as possible the figures in this table exclude flared or reinjected gas.

(a) Dry gas

(b) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(c) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(d) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(e) Including one-half of the output of the Neutral Zone

56
Production of phosphate rock tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland 956 564 939 531 978 613 989 073 994 572
Russia 11 500 000 12 300 000 13 200 000 13 600 000 13 800 000
Turkey 713 230 772 500 — — —

Algeria 1 288 900 1 274 000 1 112 000 1 204 100 1 338 400
Burkina Faso * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000
Egypt (a) 3 427 000 2 556 000 1 276 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000
Malawi 12 400 2 500 1 000 1 594 1 753
Mali 31 000 37 236 41 000 * 46 000 * 46 000
Morocco 26 264 000 26 900 000 32 800 000 37 600 000 35 300 000
Senegal
Phosphate rock 1 062 000 1 609 000 1 385 000 1 782 000 1 748 000
Aluminium phosphate (b) * 800 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 917 200 643 900
South Africa 1 852 348 1 696 533 2 079 294 2 058 274 1 825 719
Tanzania * 23 000 23 658 1 351 — —
Togo 1 150 194 850 076 732 503 930 857 703 573
Tunisia 3 228 311 3 663 613 4 422 100 2 802 000 4 108 800
Zimbabwe 6 200 6 500 9 000 * 6 000 * 9 000

Mexico 1 929 439 3 294 266 2 307 180 829 835 * 830 000
USA 27 400 000 27 100 000 27 900 000 25 700 000 23 300 000

Brazil (c) 5 600 000 5 850 000 6 033 000 5 740 000 5 300 000
Chile
Phosphate rock 16 141 1 604 — — —
Guano 3 408 4 601 4 238 4 154 3 405
Colombia 95 483 84 125 63 483 52 945 77 907
Peru 11 161 636 10 561 111 8 450 379 10 308 276 11 091 502
Venezuela 26 324 * 25 000 68 062 * 70 000 * 70 000

China 142 039 000 144 398 000 123 132 000 96 326 000 93 324 000
Christmas Island (a) (d) (e) 671 000 770 000 644 000 643 000 486 000
India (f) 1 571 973 1 124 440 1 515 645 1 284 580 1 441 633
Iran (g) 85 066 64 805 52 600 86 579 * 86 600
Iraq * 140 000 * 140 000 * 140 000 * 140 000 * 140 000
Israel 3 427 469 3 591 200 2 637 440 3 028 800 2 649 800
Jordan 8 335 993 7 991 157 8 687 581 8 022 393 9 223 346
Kazakhstan * 1 830 000 * 1 830 000 * 1 830 000 * 1 830 000 * 1 830 000
Laos
Guano — 181 000 435 000 — 635
Pakistan (a) 109 874 115 140 61 677 68 541 83 044
Philippines
Phosphate rock 5 437 8 019 159 1 236 * 1 500
Guano 495 670 * 700 1 500 * 1 500
Saudi Arabia 2 002 000 5 400 000 5 800 000 6 090 000 * 6 200 000
Sri Lanka 52 518 38 848 42 435 46 530 47 438
Syria 750 000 *— *— * 100 000 * 2 000 000
Thailand * 500 * 500 8 000 — —
Uzbekistan * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000
Vietnam 2 923 400 3 142 500 4 588 000 4 332 216 4 651 627

Australia (a) 1 027 622 1 037 265 942 373 850 987 720 615
Nauru (d) 94 021 114 350 126 000 61 042 81 500

World total 264 000 000 271 000 000 255 000 000 230 000 000 226 000 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Indonesia and Nigeria are believed to produce phosphate rock

(a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

(b) Including lime phosphates
(c) Including beneficiated and directly shipped material
(d) Exports
(e) Including phosphate dust
(f) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(g) Years ended 20 March following that stated

57
Mine production of platinum group metals kilograms (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland
Platinum 992 1 154 1 418 1 576 953
Palladium 784 883 1 021 1 157 699
Poland
Platinum 40 50 * 11 8 *8
Palladium 20 30 *7 *7 *7
Russia
Platinum (a) 20 800 20 500 22 100 20 200 21 500
Palladium (a) 75 500 78 300 86 300 85 300 86 600
Other platinum metals (a) 2 500 2 600 2 400 2 100 1 835
Serbia
Platinum 2 3 3 *6 *6
Palladium 22 23 50 * 55 * 55

Botswana
Platinum 31 — — — —
Palladium 156 — — — —
Ethiopia
Platinum (b) *5 *5 *5 1 *1
South Africa
Platinum 139 125 133 241 131 247 137 053 132 989
Palladium 82 691 76 273 80 134 80 629 80 684
Other platinum metals 53 699 54 139 48 895 52 964 54 395
Zimbabwe
Platinum 12 564 15 110 14 257 14 703 13 856
Palladium 10 055 12 222 11 822 12 094 11 639
Other platinum metals 2 612 3 093 3 005 3 076 2 800

Canada
Platinum * 11 900 * 11 300 * 9 800 * 11 000 * 10 300
Palladium * 20 800 * 19 700 * 17 100 * 19 200 * 17 900
Other platinum metals * 1 400 * 1 300 * 1 100 * 1 300 * 1 200
USA
Platinum 3 670 3 890 3 980 4 160 * 3 600
Palladium 12 532 13 070 13 600 14 300 * 12 000
Other platinum metals 96 103 * 100 * 100 * 100

Colombia 861 917 567 270 176

China
Platinum 2 300 2 900 2 500 2 500 * 2 500
Palladium 1 200 1 400 1 400 1 300 * 1 300

Australia 533 762 765 541 483

World total 457 000 453 000 454 000 466 000 457 000

Note(s)
(1) Wherever possible, figures relate to quantities of platinum group metals thought to be recovered from ores originating in the country
stated.
(2) Figures for metal production are only given for countries where recovery is thought to be based predominantly on domestic materials
or on imported materials which have not been recorded as mine production elsewhere in the table.
(3) In addition to the production listed, concentrates produced in Spain, and possibly other countries, are believed to be processed in
China to recover platinum group metals.

(a) Sales from mine production and stocks

(b) Years ending 7 July of that stated

58
Production of potash tonnes (K20 content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belarus 6 467 878 6 180 050 7 101 799 7 346 096 7 348 293
Germany
Potassic salts 3 109 903 2 694 126 2 963 561 2 754 085 2 615 284
Russia
Chloride 6 954 000 6 588 000 7 320 000 7 015 000 6 771 000
Spain
Chloride 667 959 667 224 557 469 603 812 519 644
United Kingdom
Chloride 594 000 432 000 216 000 210 000 —
Polyhalite 200 000 200 000 500 000 400 000 635 000

Canada
Chloride 11 506 000 10 208 000 12 624 000 13 944 000 12 851 000
USA
Potassic salts 740 000 510 000 480 000 520 000 * 510 000

Brazil
Chloride 481 270 500 917 306 000 201 200 200 000
Chile
Chloride 1 118 864 1 237 447 1 197 105 988 512 681 697

China * 5 710 000 * 5 780 000 * 5 510 000 * 5 450 000 * 5 450 000
Israel
Chloride 950 077 2 306 675 2 479 000 2 344 600 2 057 078
Jordan 1 436 600 1 222 100 1 415 200 1 486 000 1 516 500
Laos 411 452 320 257 469 172 554 103 462 738

World total 40 300 000 38 800 000 43 100 000 43 800 000 41 600 000

Production of rare earth oxides tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 2 312 3 063 2 500 2 596 2 620

USA 3 540 — — 10 800 * 15 600

Burma * 400 * 4 500 * 20 000 * 34 000 * 29 000

China (a) * 139 000 * 140 000 * 140 000 * 180 000 * 180 000
India (b) 956 2 265 2 724 4 215 4 200
Malaysia 365 1 221 196 1 012 71
Vietnam * 250 * 220 * 200 * 920 * 900

Australia (c) 8 799 12 631 16 003 17 754 19 737

Note(s)
(1) All the figures in this table are either reported as rare earth oxides or are calculated to rare earth oxide equivalent.
(2) Prior to the 2005-2009 edition of this book, a table for the production of 'rare earth minerals' was included rather than the current 'rare
earth oxides'. Users should exercise caution when comparing statistics over longer time periods.
(3) Although rare earth minerals are believed to be extracted in other countries, there is insufficient evidence to estimate the quantities of
contained oxides.
(4) Where possible, data are shown against the country where the mineral is mined.

(a) Includes production from iron ore extraction, bastnasite concentrates and ion absorption clays
(b) Years ending 31 March following that stated
(c) Years ending 30 June of that stated

59
Production of rhenium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Poland 9 9 11 9 8
Russia *2 *2 *2 *2 *2

USA 8 8 8 8 *8

Chile * 26 * 27 * 27 * 27 * 27

China *3 *3 *3 *3 *3
Kazakhstan *1 *1 *1 *1 *1
Uzbekistan *0 *0 *0 *0 *0

Production of salt tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Albania
Sea salt * 47 000 * 47 000 * 47 000 * 47 000 * 47 000
Armenia 27 392 32 250 32 551 22 583 24 975
Austria
Rock salt 248 244 251 53 * 50
Salt in brine 985 357 1 044 926 1 113 728 1 178 500 * 1 180 000
Azerbaijan 4 743 4 690 4 985 4 208 4 526
Belarus 2 055 047 2 476 493 2 628 985 2 904 097 2 517 590
Bosnia & Herzegovina 869 750 966 177 1 029 302 1 063 457 1 069 210
Bulgaria 3 100 000 3 300 000 3 400 000 * 3 400 000 * 3 400 000
Croatia 51 877 39 836 52 938 50 825 47 793
Denmark * 580 000 * 580 000 * 580 000 * 580 000 * 580 000
France 4 266 053 5 185 000 4 663 569 4 532 085 4 364 736
Germany
Rock salt 6 027 873 5 634 339 6 793 883 7 185 794 7 374 654
Brine salt 2 286 769 2 278 304 2 679 189 2 609 664 1 748 844
Salt in brine 8 132 675 8 324 054 8 961 916 8 711 720 9 153 686
Greece (a) 121 537 158 020 * 160 000 * 160 000 * 160 000
Italy
Rock salt & brine salt 3 030 687 2 550 849 2 283 406 1 514 829 1 538 072
Malta * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000
Montenegro
Sea salt * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Netherlands 6 700 000 6 625 000 6 935 000 6 744 000 5 914 000
Poland
Rock salt 639 735 698 607 984 000 853 210 912 000
Brine salt 2 797 703 2 964 690 2 989 000 2 928 781 2 929 000
Other salt 487 189 499 506 446 000 497 354 361 000
Portugal
Rock salt 30 008 6 092 7 800 6 201 —
Sea salt 117 282 105 972 114 531 94 624 107 506
Romania 2 092 932 2 128 156 2 290 060 * 2 300 000 * 2 000 000
Russia 723 000 769 000 * 770 000 * 770 000 * 770 000
Serbia 13 202 9 149 * 9 000 * 9 000 * 9 000
Slovenia 2 191 2 417 2 335 2 018 1 437
Spain
Rock salt 3 032 409 3 253 372 2 869 661 3 199 559 3 084 140
Sea salt 1 402 672 1 199 669 1 168 121 1 194 812 1 000 000
Other salt 154 464 99 815 97 844 117 872 110 156
Switzerland 476 941 447 216 448 509 530 414 477 000
Turkey 6 257 320 5 328 256 6 673 242 6 298 705 * 6 600 000
Ukraine 2 136 500 1 783 530 1 815 684 2 191 619 2 092 795
United Kingdom * 4 000 000 3 898 987 2 361 707 3 430 266 2 254 046

60
Production of salt tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Algeria
Brine salt & sea salt 175 000 157 400 * 160 000 * 160 000 * 160 000
Angola 47 845 * 93 000 * 101 000 110 000 * 110 000
Botswana 404 295 399 837 369 613 367 988 383 779
Djibouti * 500 * 500 * 830 000 * 2 500 000 * 2 500 000
Egypt (b) 1 609 000 1 402 000 * 1 750 000 * 1 800 000 * 1 800 000
Eritrea * 300 000 * 310 000 * 320 000 * 320 000 * 320 000
Ethiopia (c) 79 605 29 634 438 192 * 122 850 * 125 000
Ghana * 250 000 * 250 000 * 250 000 * 350 000 * 350 000
Guinea * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000
Kenya (d) 21 201 23 423 43 245 28 841 30 600
Libya * 30 000 * 30 000 * 40 000 * 50 000 * 50 000
Madagascar * 120 000 * 130 000 * 130 000 * 120 000 * 120 000
Mauritania * 700 * 700 * 700 * 700 * 700
Mauritius (a) 1 800 500 500 500 * 500
Morocco 555 760 634 662 659 263 691 637 * 692 000
Mozambique (a) * 160 000 * 170 000 * 170 000 * 170 000 * 170 000
Namibia 732 980 835 539 808 952 833 193 906 517
Senegal 265 700 263 200 265 000 245 700 286 100
South Africa 520 070 488 984 503 935 476 107 510 499
Sudan 20 136 223 397 235 000 267 000 * 267 000
Tanzania 92 158 145 718 100 017 36 392 99 510
Tunisia 1 280 000 1 346 026 1 403 537 2 116 972 2 039 781

Bahamas (e) 962 486 308 007 349 710 854 223 * 850 000
Bonaire (a) * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000
Canada
Rock salt 13 312 076 9 272 371 10 378 614 9 675 013 10 986 492
Other salt (f) 974 035 979 790 1 045 010 1 016 444 955 790
Cuba 284 900 248 000 246 300 192 700 210 400
Dominican Republic 12 328 * 12 000 * 13 000 * 25 000 —
El Salvador (a) * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000
Guatemala (a) * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Honduras * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Jamaica * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000 * 14 000
Mexico 9 718 027 9 785 053 9 570 779 10 852 583 8 667 883
Nicaragua (a) * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000 * 30 000
Panama (a) 23 576 23 754 18 862 17 490 27 721
USA
Rock salt (g) 20 400 000 17 900 000 16 500 000 * 17 101 000 * 17 518 000
Salt in brine (g) 16 900 000 16 900 000 15 600 000 * 16 168 000 * 16 562 000
Evaporated salt (g) 7 780 000 6 950 000 7 460 000 * 7 732 000 * 7 920 000

Argentina 1 400 777 1 812 285 1 461 065 1 406 020 * 1 406 000
Bolivia 2 216 4 534 3 358 5 373 * 5 100
Brazil
Rock salt 1 476 015 1 410 314 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000
Sea salt 6 200 000 6 100 000 * 6 000 000 * 6 000 000 * 6 000 000
Chile 11 831 116 8 139 914 7 440 741 10 012 105 10 476 823
Colombia
Rock salt 334 804 354 791 336 373 339 503 347 183
Sea salt 95 652 176 021 165 126 51 720 —
Ecuador * 75 000 * 75 000 * 75 000 * 75 000 * 75 000
Peru 1 471 131 1 450 415 1 481 398 1 509 564 1 266 347
Venezuela (a) * 350 000 * 350 000 * 350 000 * 300 000 * 300 000

Afghanistan (h) 97 560 56 928 75 579 47 944 114 245

Bangladesh (e) 1 463 117 1 477 157 1 495 512 1 513 022 1 564 037
Burma 133 815 212 041 158 499 189 146 15 813
Cambodia (a)(i) 175 172 143 145 33 058 * 20 000 * 30 000
China 66 655 400 66 201 000 66 541 700 63 636 100 62 708 000
India
Sea salt (j) 21 516 900 23 454 700 23 854 600 25 127 300 * 25 100 000
Other salt (j) 6 126 800 5 736 900 5 094 800 4 906 300 * 4 900 000
Indonesia 2 840 000 144 000 1 100 000 2 700 000 * 2 300 000
Iran (h) 2 813 780 2 796 224 3 024 621 2 768 733 * 2 750 000
Iraq * 182 000 * 182 000 * 182 000 * 182 000 * 182 000
Israel (a) 333 317 389 236 514 100 376 800 301 100

61
Production of salt tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Japan (j) 938 000 928 000 926 000 929 000 903 000
Jordan * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000 * 8 000
Kazakhstan 608 627 730 283 803 794 885 715 1 012 098
Korea (Rep. of) 342 844 323 470 308 844 282 590 261 970
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000
Kuwait 64 289 66 664 58 000 * 58 000 * 58 000
Laos 1 733 118 6 697 — 10 079
Lebanon (a) * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000
Mongolia 1 686 478 860 997 533
Oman 12 600 4 500 18 000 11 500 15 000
Pakistan
Rock salt (e) 2 797 506 3 552 948 3 534 075 3 653 746 3 796 634
Other (e) (d) 292 953 254 089 209 076 234 598 256 830
Philippines (a) * 993 000 * 993 000 * 993 000 * 993 000 * 993 000
Saudi Arabia
Rock salt & brine salt 2 000 000 2 400 000 2 520 000 2 646 000 * 2 600 000
Sri Lanka 63 250 150 357 116 912 68 834 57 291
Syria * 5 000 * 2 500 * 2 500 * 2 500 * 2 500
Taiwan 78 301 77 276 77 054 78 539 76 255
Tajikistan 35 704 33 055 35 516 15 670 20 207
Thailand
Rock salt 1 385 911 1 333 675 1 497 223 1 487 364 1 580 390
Turkmenistan * 230 000 * 230 000 * 230 000 * 230 000 * 230 000
Uzbekistan * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Vietnam 1 061 000 982 000 648 500 996 513 912 884
Yemen, Republic of * 75 000 * 75 000 * 75 000 * 100 000 * 100 000

Australia (e) 12 324 493 11 514 481 11 280 859 13 582 811 12 489 275
New Zealand 101 000 101 678 60 000 50 000 75 000

World total 289 900 000 277 400 000 279 800 000 289 800 000 284 600 000

Note(s)
(1) This table does not include production of refined salt.
(2) Salt is known to be produced in many countries for which statistics are not available.

(a) Sea salt

(b) Exports
(c) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(d) Lake salt
(e) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(f) Including salt in brine
(g) Sold or used by producers
(h) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(i) Seasons beginning in November and ending in May of the year stated.
(j) Years ended 31 March following that stated

62
Production of refined selenium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia * 20 * 20 * 20 * 20 * 20
Belgium * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200 * 200
Finland 93 104 100 109 115
Germany (a) * 790 * 790 * 790 * 790 * 790
Poland 87 82 74 66 76
Russia 143 197 194 176 184
Serbia 15 18 * 18 * 18 * 18
Sweden * 20 * 20 * 20 * 90 * 50

Canada 154 176 49 85 57

Mexico 99 121 112 107 127
USA * 90 * 122 * 116 * 152 * 144

Chile * 50 *— * 100 * 110 * 90

Peru 40 45 45 45 * 45

China 720 750 930 1 150 1 358

Japan 772 753 792 750 * 770
Kazakhstan * 130 * 130 * 130 * 130 * 130
Philippines * 70 * 70 * 70 * 70 * 70
Uzbekistan * 20 * 20 * 20 * 20 * 20

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Australia, Iran, the Republic of Korea and Zimbabwe are believed to produce refined selenium.

(a) Includes selenium produced from imported material

Production of sillimanite minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

France
Andalusite (a) * 68 000 * 58 000 * 68 000 * 65 000 * 68 000

Madagascar 1 900 1 800 4 200 *0 *0

South Africa
Andalusite * 190 000 * 180 000 * 200 000 * 200 000 * 190 000

USA
Kyanite (b) 109 000 79 700 91 300 89 200 * 90 000

India
Kyanite (c) 2 901 3 253 7 818 4 889 2 899
Sillimanite (c) 69 942 68 131 81 638 69 033 12 931
Nepal
Kyanite (d) 7 1 2 0 0

Note(s)
(1) A number of other countries produce sillimanite minerals but details of output are not reported.
(2) In addition to the countries listed above as producing sillimanite minerals, synthetic mullite is believed to be produced in Brazil,
Germany and Hungary.
(3) Production capacity for synthetic mullite also exists in China, India, Japan, the USA and the United Kingdom but output is believed to
be zero.

(a) May include other sillimanite minerals

(b) Including related minerals
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ending 15 July of that stated

63
Mine production of silver kilograms (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 14 344 * 16 000 * 19 000 * 15 000 * 20 000

Azerbaijan 890 5 136 8 076 8 943 8 160
Bulgaria 37 955 52 526 53 053 41 315 35 145
Cyprus — — 99 180 97
Finland 13 051 16 348 13 654 12 849 40 461
Georgia * 18 000 * 20 000 * 21 000 20 042 * 1 000
Greece 28 100 29 300 34 200 34 900 43 800
Ireland, Republic of 3 770 1 080 1 340 1 160 1 578
North Macedonia 17 700 14 000 12 775 12 694 11 707
Poland 1 407 000 1 482 000 1 490 000 1 471 000 1 455 000
Portugal 41 337 38 631 40 186 55 706 53 063
Romania * 18 000 * 18 000 * 18 000 * 18 000 * 18 000
Russia (a) 1 580 100 1 493 000 1 373 000 1 400 100 1 361 100
Serbia (a) 7 500 11 300 12 300 9 000 * 12 000
Slovakia 532 391 410 345 295
Spain 27 300 17 600 98 600 87 780 77 501
Sweden 479 686 498 686 467 500 443 624 419 926
Turkey 190 550 376 640 151 490 197 320 99 500
United Kingdom — (b) 14 — — * 130

Algeria * 20 * 20 * 20 * 100 * 100

Botswana 2 801 — — — —
Burkina Faso * 5 500 * 5 800 * 7 000 * 8 000 * 7 700
Congo, Democratic Republic 2 401 800 3 400 * 3 400 * 3 400
Eritrea 38 910 13 219 (b) 1 192 31 000 44 836
Ethiopia (c) * 1 000 745 * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000
Ghana * 4 000 * 4 000 2 800 10 200 * 10 000
Ivory Coast 587 549 493 137 —
Mali 2 608 2 005 * 2 100 * 2 600 * 2 700
Morocco 216 383 237 418 239 416 190 500 231 400
Namibia 11 555 4 702 7 451 3 602 6 221
Niger 119 239 100 64 31
Senegal 540 500 700 940 900
South Africa 51 900 55 600 62 536 46 467 55 903
Sudan * 1 000 * 1 000 * 2 000 * 2 000 * 2 000
Tanzania 15 569 17 984 10 911 12 041 12 550
Zambia — — — 93 7 212

Canada 383 807 385 134 389 568 404 000 410 000
Dominican Republic 95 705 121 748 151 756 166 499 108 685
Guatemala 862 814 837 815 336 944 — —
Honduras 34 369 17 600 21 784 31 181 43 582
Mexico 5 955 151 5 408 521 5 815 034 7 243 245 5 840 000
Nicaragua 18 576 21 382 15 419 11 263 17 362
Panama — — — — 35 217
USA 1 090 000 1 150 000 1 030 000 934 000 971 000

Argentina 1 175 246 1 055 700 997 961 1 023 768 * 1 000 000
Bolivia 1 306 977 1 356 620 1 222 371 1 191 024 1 153 110
Brazil 44 142 48 793 41 900 49 600 * 50 000
Chile 1 504 271 1 501 436 1 318 582 1 370 237 1 309 321
Colombia 11 602 11 866 12 076 16 684 12 706
Ecuador 2 521 934 68 192 200
Peru 4 101 568 4 375 337 4 417 987 4 160 162 3 860 306

China 3 421 355 3 496 003 3 601 800 3 421 355 3 443 128
India (d) 426 443 460 811 557 691 679 376 481 967
Indonesia 151 934 185 234 331 644 335 491 484 900
Iran 48 400 * 50 000 — — *—
Japan 4 616 5 076 3 408 3 596 3 467
Kazakhstan 1 308 926 1 186 511 1 060 662 969 347 1 022 126
Korea (Rep. of) 4 600 6 579 8 863 7 090 5 245
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000 * 50 000
Kyrgyzstan 17 200 15 500 14 200 13 600 14 500
Laos 51 763 51 302 42 840 37 464 34 443
Malaysia 945 1 075 1 404 1 542 686
Mongolia 48 989 79 480 72 440 64 800 69 432
Philippines 29 952 35 186 31 748 29 782 31 267

64
Mine production of silver kilograms (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Saudi Arabia 4 500 4 710 5 069 5 322 * 5 600

Tajikistan 2 700 3 200 6 600 9 500 11 100
Thailand 26 438 26 430 — — —
Uzbekistan * 230 000 * 230 000 232 300 223 900 * 260 000

Australia 1 430 298 1 418 219 1 120 175 1 254 480 1 325 089
Fiji 354 354 350 358 692
New Zealand 12 498 7 960 8 022 6 332 4 060
Papua New Guinea 44 588 90 498 69 330 104 004 157 927

World total 28 144 000 28 132 000 27 146 000 27 961 000 26 261 000

Note(s)
(a) Smelter and/or refinery production
(b) Sales
(c) Years ended 7 July of that stated
(d) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of natural sodium carbonate tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Turkey 1 854 290 1 976 880 3 274 416 3 400 000 * 3 500 000

Botswana 243 369 280 457 226 667 297 237 269 119
Ethiopia (a) 6 878 4 177 6 785 18 105 * 18 000
Kenya 319 761 301 719 311 000 339 025 230 355

USA 11 600 000 11 800 000 12 000 000 11 900 000 * 12 000 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 7 July of that stated

Production of strontium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Spain 116 765 85 599 99 663 90 506 162 327

Mexico 79 022 33 230 40 699 35 489 39 215

Argentina (a) 5 000 5 000 5 000 * 700 * 700

China 53 200 65 300 53 700 * 50 000 * 50 000

Iran (b) 36 760 196 689 94 610 94 200 * 94 200

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Germany is believed to produce strontium minerals.

(a) May contain unbeneficiated material

(b) Years ended 20 March following that stated

65
Production of sulphur and pyrites tonnes (sulphur content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria
Recovered (a) * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000 * 44 000
Belarus
Recovered (a) 72 038 59 920 64 184 72 718 65 043
Belgium
Recovered (a) (b) * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Recovered 4 138 4 563 4 887 3 702 * 3 700
Bulgaria
Recovered (b) 429 070 387 070 490 272 463 393 414 503
Recovered (a) * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Croatia
Recovered (a) 17 540 21 690 24 168 23 406 12 640
Czech Republic
Recovered (a) * 35 000 * 32 000 * 29 000 * 30 000 * 22 000
Denmark
Recovered (a) 4 447 6 144 4 004 4 194 3 554
Finland
Pyrites 353 000 206 000 291 000 271 000 233 000
Recovered (b) 348 640 349 471 345 762 343 377 327 300
Recovered (a) * 130 000 * 130 000 * 130 000 * 130 000 * 120 000
France
Recovered (a) * 370 000 * 370 000 * 370 000 * 370 000 * 370 000
Recovered (c) * 78 000 * 78 000 * 78 000 54 592 * 55 000
Germany
Recovered (a) 627 797 577 684 537 882 419 597 460 000
Recovered (c) 383 894 351 865 328 247 254 400 280 660
Greece
Recovered (a) 154 990 190 000 326 100 * 330 000 * 330 000
Hungary
Recovered (a) * 54 000 * 54 000 * 54 000 * 54 000 * 54 000
Italy (d) 740 000 550 000 511 000 550 000 * 550 000
Lithuania
Recovered (a) 84 001 94 522 93 969 93 958 86 041
Netherlands
Recovered (b) * 107 000 * 112 000 * 86 000 * 96 000 * 86 000
Recovered (a) * 515 000 * 530 000 * 520 000 * 520 000 * 520 000
Norway
Recovered (b) 76 384 74 277 63 974 69 998 72 900
Recovered (a) * 22 000 * 22 000 * 22 000 * 22 000 * 22 000
Poland
Frasch 627 600 620 500 663 000 617 370 568 240
Recovered (b) * 280 000 * 280 000 * 280 000 * 280 000 * 280 000
Recovered (a) 23 820 24 500 23 000 23 770 25 200
Portugal
Recovered * 21 000 * 21 000 * 21 000 * 21 000 * 21 000
Romania
Recovered * 46 000 * 44 000 * 42 000 * 42 000 * 42 000
Russia
Pyrites * 71 000 * 71 000 * 71 000 * 71 000 * 71 000
Recovered (a) * 6 400 000 * 6 600 000 * 6 600 000 * 6 700 000 * 6 700 000
Recovered (c) * 954 000 * 954 000 * 954 000 * 954 000 * 954 000
Sulphur ore 110 155 94 418 96 316 83 707 57 427
Serbia
Recovered (b) * 29 400 * 29 400 * 29 400 * 29 400 * 29 400
Slovakia
Recovered (b) * 4 900 * 4 900 * 4 900 * 4 900 * 4 900
Recovered (a) * 85 300 * 85 300 * 85 300 * 85 300 * 85 300
Spain
Recovered (b) * 539 000 * 539 000 * 539 000 * 539 000 * 539 000
Recovered (a) * 515 000 * 515 000 * 515 000 * 515 000 * 515 000
Sweden
Recovered (b) 192 499 187 264 190 014 200 122 178 401
Recovered (a) 95 172 86 312 91 018 86 967 50 021

66
Production of sulphur and pyrites tonnes (sulphur content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Turkey
Pyrites 22 271 61 31 482 9 142 * 9 000
Recovered (a) (c) * 72 900 * 72 900 * 72 900 * 72 900 * 72 900
Sulphur ore 823 — 5 285 900 * 900
United Kingdom
Recovered (a) 135 000 133 000 133 000 129 000 130 000

Algeria
Recovered (a) * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Egypt
Recovered (a) * 60 000 * 60 000 * 80 000 * 80 000 * 80 000
Libya
Recovered (a) — — 133 300 — *—
Morocco
Recovered * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000 * 60 000
Namibia
Recovered 12 068 62 633 72 283 78 612 72 923
South Africa
Recovered (a) (b) 277 630 280 830 280 830 239 405 919 624
Zambia
Recovered (b) * 300 000 363 000 679 500 754 000 * 800 000

Canada
Recovered (b) 558 000 635 300 524 000 505 000 520 000
Recovered (a) 5 187 000 4 746 100 4 802 900 4 828 000 6 418 000
Cuba
Recovered 1 355 1 780 3 047 3 154 3 234
Recovered (a) * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Mexico
Recovered (b) * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000
Recovered (a) 858 527 673 285 551 218 442 657 729 934
Trinidad & Tobago
Recovered (a) * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
USA
Recovered (b) 646 000 673 000 575 000 670 000 * 620 000
Recovered (a) 8 890 000 9 070 000 9 070 000 9 010 000 * 8 200 000

Argentina
Recovered (b) * 23 000 * 23 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Brazil
Pyrites * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000 * 20 000
Recovered (b) 259 000 * 292 000 * 292 000 * 292 000 * 292 000
Recovered (a) 255 000 * 239 000 * 239 000 * 239 000 * 239 000
Chile
Recovered (b) 1 488 326 1 595 595 1 524 437 1 476 456 1 263 119
Colombia
Recovered (a) 8 170 7 653 6 980 * 7 000 * 7 000
Sulphur ore 76 239 76 331 64 856 — —
Ecuador
Recovered (a) (e) * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000
Peru (d) * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000 * 556 000
Venezuela
Recovered (a) * 450 000 * 400 000 * 360 000 * 250 000 * 155 000

Bahrain
Recovered (a) * 120 000 * 120 000 * 110 000 * 100 000 * 120 000
China
Pyrites * 4 360 000 * 5 200 000 * 5 850 000 * 5 900 000 * 5 900 000
Recovered * 12 930 000 * 11 800 000 * 11 590 000 * 11 600 000 * 11 600 000
India
Recovered (b) (f) * 1 200 000 * 1 200 000 * 1 200 000 * 1 200 000 * 1 200 000
Recovered (a) (f) 473 322 560 826 825 173 890 400 892 894
Indonesia
Recovered (b) * 160 000 * 160 000 * 160 000 * 160 000 * 160 000
Recovered (a) * 120 000 * 120 000 * 120 000 * 120 000 * 120 000

67
Production of sulphur and pyrites tonnes (sulphur content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Iran (d) 2 200 000 2 200 000 2 200 000 2 200 000 * 2 200 000
Iraq
Recovered (a) * 5 672 000 * 6 310 000 * 6 450 000 * 6 583 000 * 6 792 000
Israel
Recovered (a) 71 627 71 104 * 71 000 75 934 * 76 000
Japan
Recovered (b) 1 629 493 1 700 085 1 583 867 1 710 961 1 629 656
Recovered (a) 1 733 338 1 817 790 1 788 620 1 697 355 1 629 365
Jordan
Recovered (a) * 490 000 * 490 000 * 490 000 * 490 000 * 490 000
Kazakhstan
Recovered (b) * 604 000 * 604 000 * 604 000 * 604 000 * 604 000
Recovered (a) 2 514 900 2 546 500 2 947 300 * 2 620 000 * 2 625 000
Korea (Rep. of)
Recovered (b) * 1 078 000 * 1 078 000 * 1 078 000 * 1 078 000 * 1 078 000
Recovered (a) 1 450 000 2 000 000 2 000 000 2 000 000 2 000 000
Kuwait
Recovered (a) * 850 000 * 850 000 * 850 000 * 850 000 * 850 000
Oman
Recovered (a) * 49 000 * 50 000 * 48 000 * 49 000 * 48 000
Pakistan
Sulphur ore (g) 19 730 14 869 23 740 22 040 20 715
Philippines
Recovered (b) * 169 900 * 169 000 * 169 000 * 169 000 * 169 000
Recovered (a) * 45 000 * 45 000 * 45 000 * 2 500 * 2 000
Qatar
Recovered (a) * 1 705 200 * 1 713 600 * 1 661 100 * 1 669 500 * 1 648 500
Saudi Arabia
Recovered (a) * 3 800 000 * 3 900 000 * 3 700 000 * 3 900 000 * 3 700 000
Singapore
Recovered (a) * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000 * 300 000
Syria
Recovered (a) * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500 * 1 500
Taiwan
Recovered 211 219 163 768 173 963 169 698 195 358
Thailand
Recovered (b) * 45 800 * 45 800 * 19 000 *— *—
Recovered (a) * 221 000 * 233 000 * 215 000 * 205 000 * 205 000
Turkmenistan
Recovered (a) * 383 000 * 383 000 * 380 000 * 365 000 * 363 000
United Arab Emirates
Recovered (a) * 2 465 000 * 2 554 000 * 2 467 000 * 2 474 000 * 2 523 000
Uzbekistan
Recovered (b) * 131 000 * 131 000 * 131 000 * 131 000 * 131 000
Recovered (a) * 78 000 * 75 000 * 81 000 * 84 000 * 81 000

Australia
Recovered (b) * 810 000 * 810 000 * 810 000 * 810 000 * 810 000
Recovered (a) * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000
New Zealand
Recovered (a) * 35 000 * 35 000 * 35 000 * 35 000 * 35 000

World total
Pyrites 4 800 000 5 500 000 6 300 000 6 300 000 6 200 000
Frasch 600 000 600 000 700 000 600 000 600 000
Recovered 78 500 000 78 700 000 79 000 000 78 600 000 79 900 000
Sulphur ore 200 000 200 000 200 000 100 000 100 000

See notes on the following page

68
Production of sulphur and pyrites
Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed Dem. P.R. of Korea may also produce pyrites and may recover sulphur from metal processing;
Ukraine may also produce sulphur.

(a) From petroleum refining and/or natural gas

(b) From metal sulphide processing
(c) Other
(d) Sulphur; all forms
(e) Including frasch
(f) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(g) Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of talc tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 122 326 123 040 123 558 127 866 * 128 000
Finland 332 174 345 739 354 819 374 398 329 891
France 350 000 * 370 000 * 370 000 * 350 000 * 350 000
Italy * 165 000 * 165 000 * 165 000 * 170 000 * 170 000
North Macedonia — — 400 319 —
Portugal 11 204 11 699 13 600 10 144 12 901
Russia * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000 * 150 000
Slovakia 1 000 700 13 988 43 000 70 000
Spain — — 11 500 15 500 15 000
Turkey
Talc 9 681 8 559 3 882 18 105 * 18 000
Pyrophyllite 172 681 194 665 470 600 * 470 000 * 470 000
United Kingdom 5 430 2 997 3 218 1 640 3 131

Egypt (a) 21 674 * 14 300 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000

South Africa
Talc 4 569 4 462 3 728 3 897 979
Pyrophyllite 16 801 19 114 55 048 98 245 134 451
Sudan 3 000 4 250 * 4 000 * 4 000 * 4 000

Canada 181 000 217 000 217 000 289 000 255 000
Guatemala 3 779 2 733 1 982 2 187 * 2 200
Mexico 20 452 11 392 7 129 8 448 * 8 500
USA 615 000 578 000 610 000 * 650 000 * 630 000

Argentina 27 386 11 262 8 335 11 728 * 11 700

Brazil (b) 642 600 657 000 850 000 660 000 650 000
Colombia (b) 55 103 2 374 2 062 1 680
Peru
Talc 26 781 11 507 19 363 20 634 18 935
Pyrophyllite 26 209 17 872 22 760 26 675 25 039
Uruguay 590 290 100 420 50

Bhutan 5 807 2 261 1 293 2 042 1 375

China 1 846 000 1 642 000 1 276 000 * 1 400 000 * 1 400 000
India
Pyrophyllite (c) * 106 000 15 125 38 760 * 39 000 * 39 000
Steatite (c) 998 513 1 277 768 1 613 607 * 1 600 000 * 1 600 000
Iran (d) 137 135 118 960 82 095 48 750 * 48 500
Japan
Talc * 25 000 * 25 000 * 25 000 * 10 000 * 10 000
Pyrophyllite * 350 000 * 350 000 * 350 000 * 160 000 * 160 000
Korea (Rep. of)
Talc 6 371 2 247 2 834 1 887 2 626
Pyrophyllite 596 860 590 000 431 458 346 761 327 624
Nepal (e) 5 255 1 593 4 204 8 557 4 605

69
Production of talc tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Pakistan (a) 116 223 125 985 152 279 141 504 167 148
Saudi Arabia
Pyrophyllite 8 000 42 000 44 000 46 000 * 46 000
Taiwan 162 250 — 17 6
Thailand
Talc 6 768 6 886 7 436 7 756 8 064
Pyrophyllite 45 500 63 500 54 000 50 920 6 500

Australia * 80 000 * 111 000 * 119 000 * 153 000 * 167 000

World total 7 200 000 7 300 000 7 700 000 7 500 000 7 500 000

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, pyrophyllite may be produced in Vietnam.

(a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

(b) Including talc, agalmatolite and pyrophyllite
(c) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(d) Years ended 20 March following that stated
(e) Years ended 15 July of that stated

70
Production of tantalum and niobium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia
Nb content 628 628 648 669 659
Ta content 32 49 45 44 32
Spain
Ta content — — — — 14

Burundi
Columbite-tantalite 53 32 74 * 75 * 75
Congo, Democratic Republic
Columbite-tantalite 2 102 2 414 1 996 2 267 1 131
Ethiopia
Tantalite (a) 59 63 65 * 70 * 40
Mozambique
Tantalite 62 606 91 661 126 592 146 435 131 557
Columbite-tantalite 13 19 18 * 18 * 18
Nigeria
Tantalite * 60 28 19 0 1
Columbite * 22 264 1 222 1 814 1 721
Rwanda
Columbite-tantalite (b) (c) 2 086 1 485 1 327 1 861 1 519
Uganda
Columbite-tantalite — 13 11 7 7

Canada
Pyrochlore * 11 600 * 11 600 * 11 600 * 11 600 * 11 600
Nb content 5 753 6 099 6 981 * 7 000 * 7 000

Bolivia
Tantalite 1 — 9 59 * 40
Brazil
Pyrochlore 152 709 132 275 153 169 * 150 000 * 150 000
Columbite-tantalite 21 975 10 518 12 455 * 12 500 * 12 500

China
Columbite-tantalite * 250 * 260 * 300 * 360 * 400
Malaysia
Struverite 86 77 61 274 * 270

Australia
Tantalite 250 38 74 117 117

World total concentrates (d) 232 000 240 000 297 000 315 000 298 000
Nb content 67 000 59 000 57 000 58 000 57 000
Ta content 14 000 20 000 26 000 31 000 27 000

Note(s)
(1) Niobium and tantalum minerals are also believed to be produced in Namibia and South Africa.
(2) The figures in this table refer to gross tonnage of tantalum and niobium concentrates, except where noted.
(3) Tantalum is also recovered from tin slags and this is believed to have accounted for approximately 20% of raw material supplied.

(a) Years ended 7 July of that stated

(b) Years ended 30th June of that stated
(c) Exports
(d) Excluding Russia and Spain

71
Production of refined tellurium tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria 4 4 5 4 3
Russia 34 40 44 46 50
Sweden 33 39 35 45 41

Canada 9 18 17 * 17 * 15

China 210 279 291 357 461

Japan 34 28 34 55 * 55

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Germany and Belgium are believed to produce refined tellurium.

Mine production of tin tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Portugal 42 54 81 111 108

Russia 575 627 1 011 1 530 2 471
Spain — 7 23 81 103
United Kingdom — 160 255 * 230 —

Burundi 55 51 123 126 143

Congo, Democratic Republic 4 567 6 503 10 391 8 950 12 533
Egypt (a) 3 — — — —
Namibia — — — — 3
Niger 8 *8 *8 — —
Nigeria 2 298 3 443 8 626 7 852 1 211
Rwanda (b) (c) 3 071 2 200 2 592 3 190 2 688
Tanzania 134 104 68 6 18
Uganda 135 63 66 53 15

Bolivia 20 175 17 804 18 385 17 251 17 122

Brazil 25 000 26 000 18 000 17 100 17 000
Peru (d) 19 511 18 789 17 790 18 601 19 853

Burma * 43 000 * 57 000 * 68 000 * 55 000 * 50 000

China 110 156 97 165 95 549 94 838 85 840
India (a) 10 9 13 16 12
Indonesia 70 400 69 500 78 070 82 809 77 468
Korea (Rep. of) 7 63 8 10 17
Laos 692 1 005 975 432 526
Malaysia 4 125 4 158 4 819 3 836 3 606
Mongolia (e) *3 * 25 * 16 * 26 * 20
Thailand 45 59 341 47 46
Vietnam 4 399 4 468 4 950 5 470 6 031

Australia 7 158 6 635 7 402 6 871 7 738

World total 316 000 316 000 338 000 324 000 305 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(c) Exports
(d) Recoverable
(e) Estimate based on reported exports

72
Smelter production of tin tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belgium 8 788 8 474 9 652 9 329 9 296

Poland 2 059 2 903 3 380 3 817 4 099
Russia — — 800 * 1 000 * 1 000

Rwanda — — — — * 300

Bolivia (a) 15 464 16 810 16 648 15 611 15 111

Brazil 16 531 17 235 16 500 * 16 500 * 16 000
Peru 20 396 19 390 17 906 18 255 19 555

China 167 204 182 498 178 400 177 407 182 772
India (b) 17 — 14 7 —
Indonesia * 67 400 * 66 900 78 070 83 015 76 389
Japan 1 688 1 620 1 624 1 647 1 547
Malaysia 30 209 26 802 27 172 27 085 25 752
Taiwan * 2 700 * 2 800 * 2 800 * 2 800 * 3 800
Thailand 10 502 11 088 10 601 10 880 9 597
Vietnam 5 500 * 5 500 * 5 500 * 5 500 * 5 500

Australia 22 41 21 82 82

World total 348 000 362 000 369 000 373 000 371 000

Note(s)
(1) Figures relate to both primary and secondary metal.
(2) In addition to the countries listed, many countries produce small amounts of secondary metal.

(a) Refined, including alloys

(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of titanium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Norway
Ilmenite 630 323 * 630 000 * 630 000 * 630 000 * 630 000
Russia
Ilmenite 193 236 60 000 — — —
Ukraine
Ilmenite * 500 000 * 500 000 * 500 000 745 417 923 592
Rutile * 90 000 * 90 000 * 90 000 106 858 * 94 000

Kenya
Ilmenite 444 999 359 885 491 000 463 000 352 000
Rutile 78 947 69 975 87 167 98 132 85 796
Madagascar
Ilmenite 166 290 267 962 430 479 381 924 461 800
Rutile * 4 800 * 4 800 * 5 000 * 5 000 * 5 000
Mozambique
Ilmenite 763 500 903 300 998 200 958 500 892 900
Rutile 6 000 7 800 9 100 8 200 8 300
Senegal
Ilmenite 427 690 416 249 492 441 506 938 491 602
Leucoxene (a) 5 311 9 664 9 975 9 605 10 130
Sierra Leone
Ilmenite 48 420 28 102 57 040 49 510 63 350
Rutile 126 021 148 541 165 470 108 320 136 790
South Africa
Ilmenite (b) * 1 280 000 * 1 020 000 * 550 000 765 000 * 820 000
Rutile * 67 000 * 67 000 * 95 000 * 103 000 * 110 000

73
Production of titanium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Canada
Ilmenite (b) (d) * 1 900 000 * 1 800 000 * 2 300 000 * 2 000 000 * 2 100 000
USA 300 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 * 100 000

Brazil
Ilmenite (c) 80 975 66 500 50 000 66 000 70 000

China
Ilmenite 3 910 000 3 800 000 3 830 000 4 200 000 * 4 200 000
India
Ilmenite (e) 626 135 594 978 284 667 265 931 * 265 000
Rutile (e) 16 723 14 898 11 829 11 045 * 11 000
Kazakhstan * 17 000 * 17 000 * 17 000 * 17 000 * 17 000
Korea (Rep. of)
Ilmenite 204 082 166 900 223 039 213 184 295 987
Malaysia
Ilmenite 5 814 4 316 6 363 14 158 2 334
Rutile 198 3 810 5 266 5 070 5 947
Sri Lanka
Ilmenite 39 439 26 159 53 734 60 847 43 779
Rutile 1 808 2 237 2 174 2 174 1 959
Thailand
Ilmenite — — 8 41 5 095
Vietnam
Ilmenite 237 700 210 800 225 300 235 126 271 097

Australia
Ilmenite (f) 1 146 935 765 399 693 763 569 472 586 554
Rutile (f) 294 600 284 772 227 462 209 762 154 507
Leucoxene (f) 246 000 73 380 57 148 69 183 46 743

World total
Ilmenite (wt of concs) 12 900 000 11 700 000 11 900 000 12 200 000 12 000 000
Rutile (wt of concs) 700 000 700 000 700 000 600 000 600 000
All forms (TiO2 content) 7 100 000 6 300 000 6 300 000 6 500 000 6 300 000

Note(s)
(1) The figures in this table refer to gross tonnage of titanium concentrates.
(2) Some ilmenite is converted to synthetic rutile in Australia, India, Japan and USA.

(a) Including natural rutile

(b) It is believed that the majority of this is processed into slag.
(c) Including synthetic rutile
(d) Canada produces some ilmenite which is sold as such and not processed into slag, but tonnages are small
(e) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(f) Years ended 30 June of that stated

74
Mine production of tungsten tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria 870 950 975 936 892

Portugal (a) 474 549 669 715 518
Russia 2 608 3 067 2 174 2 661 2 825
Spain 835 699 711 1 079 760
United Kingdom 195 923 1 370 * 1 240 —

Burundi 30 80 157 * 140 * 180

Congo, Democratic Republic 65 93 150 230 887
Nigeria 27 8 12 66 13
Rwanda (b) (c) 1 259 997 929 1 039 1 303
Uganda 28 32 47 144 110
Zimbabwe * 200 1 248 * 1 000 — —

Canada 2 114 — — *— *—
Mexico — — — 45 * 50

Bolivia 1 125 848 776 1 043 1 074

Brazil 432 323 * 411 * 400 * 400
Colombia 3 2 — — —
Peru 139 — — — —

Burma (d) 169 167 272 303 220

China 66 545 63 956 67 472 64 938 75 452
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 70 * 50 * 300 * 1 370 * 1 130
Kyrgyzstan * 100 * 100 * 100 * 100 * 100
Mongolia 1 024 710 * 660 * 543 * 463
Thailand (a) 38 37 52 81 45
Uzbekistan * 300 * 300 * 300 * 300 * 300
Vietnam 4 063 5 041 5 178 4 350 4 816

Australia (b) 297 208 *5 *5 *5

World total 83 000 80 400 83 700 81 700 91 500

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, the USA is known to produce tungsten.

(a) Wolframite and scheelite

(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated
(c) Exports
(d) Including tungsten content of tin-tungsten concentrates

75
Mine production of uranium tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Czech Republic 134 128 59 34 33

Germany — 45 34 — 24
Romania * 77 * 50 *— *— *—
Russia 3 055 3 005 2 917 2 904 2 911
Ukraine * 1 200 * 1 005 * 550 * 1 180 * 801

Namibia 2 950 3 657 4 529 5 882 5 622

Niger 4 115 3 478 3 485 2 910 2 863
South Africa 448 382 358 196 163

Canada 13 324 14 037 12 433 7 320 6 871

USA 1 287 1 123 941 565 65

Brazil 40 44 — — —

China * 1 616 * 1 616 * 1 885 * 1 885 * 1 885

India * 385 * 385 * 421 * 423 * 308
Iran * 38 *— * 40 * 71 * 71
Kazakhstan 23 607 24 586 23 321 21 705 22 808
Pakistan * 45 * 45 * 45 * 45 * 45
Uzbekistan * 2 385 * 2 404 * 2 404 * 2 404 * 2 404

Australia 5 656 6 235 5 713 6 562 6 553

World total 60 300 62 200 59 100 54 000 53 400

World total (U3O8 equivalent) 71 100 73 400 69 700 63 700 63 000

Note(s)
(1) Excluding uranium production from decommissioning operations.

Mine production of vanadium tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia 16 196 16 886 18 636 17 052 18 380

South Africa 17 455 15 877 14 222 14 904 14 858

USA — — — — * 470

Brazil 3 254 4 461 5 206 5 505 5 923

China 51 100 45 900 45 400 * 40 000 * 40 000

India (a) 1 124 1 125 * 400 442 * 400
Kazakhstan *— *— * 1 000 * 1 000 * 1 000

World total 89 000 84 000 85 000 79 000 81 000

Note(s)
(1) This table includes vanadium in slag products but excludes vanadium recovered as a by-product of the refining and burning of heavy
oils.

(a) Years ending 31 March following that stated

76
Production of vermiculite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000

Russia 8 282 12 363 9 262 25 904 29 266
Turkey 425 1 050 1 618 18 183 * 18 000

Egypt 8 190 *— *— *— *—
Kenya 410 410 * 400 * 400 * 400
South Africa 138 290 166 483 166 084 141 346 158 013
Uganda 801 3 295 4 119 10 413 9 674
Zimbabwe (a) 30 868 29 020 23 302 33 161 * 30 000

Mexico 299 310 464 244 * 240

USA (a) * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 100 000 * 200 000

Argentina 90 60 — — *—
Brazil 70 000 55 000 55 000 50 000 * 60 000

China * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000

India (b) 23 279 9 042 6 054 3 161 2 960

Note(s)
(a) Sold or used by producers
(b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of wollastonite tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Finland * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 10 000 * 11 000

Spain 17 700 13 553 19 135 12 235 7 168

Mexico 57 451 63 683 98 449 145 814 100 897

USA * 70 000 * 60 000 * 50 000 * 60 000 * 50 000

China * 1 100 000 * 880 000 * 840 000 * 890 000 * 890 000
India (a) 175 348 166 186 153 049 184 063 129 002

Australia (b) 2 428 1 797 1 749 2 007 —

Note(s)
(1) In addition to the countries listed, Canada also produces wollastonite (since 2014).

(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

77
Mine production of zinc tonnes (metal content)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Armenia 6 791 4 735 5 784 6 497 6 743

Bosnia & Herzegovina 8 946 9 670 10 235 10 603 6 440
Bulgaria 10 783 11 415 10 886 11 367 14 570
Finland 25 332 45 852 66 284 85 335 68 153
Greece 13 174 18 866 17 300 21 456 22 298
Ireland, Republic of 236 300 147 797 130 580 131 742 122 500
Kosovo 3 986 4 814 4 468 3 619 3 089
Montenegro 7 068 8 100 8 800 10 700 9 500
North Macedonia 29 150 24 871 27 846 30 384 31 291
Poland 52 709 50 124 44 959 41 886 37 645
Portugal 61 921 69 527 71 356 144 983 161 569
Romania * 3 000 * 1 600 * 800 * 300 * 1 300
Russia 206 000 248 000 275 000 296 000 305 000
Serbia 4 400 6 200 11 900 11 800 6 900
Slovakia 190 126 166 151 119
Spain 49 216 76 342 70 451 106 352 90 980
Sweden 246 983 258 264 251 244 237 715 247 657
Turkey 173 589 118 700 155 900 184 500 * 147 000

Algeria 50 314 * 500 * 500 * 500

Burkina Faso 68 804 81 422 92 731 99 162 90 439
Congo, Democratic Republic 12 675 12 587 12 377 1 129 1 607
Eritrea — 40 900 95 400 125 000 121 260
Morocco 53 747 53 880 51 701 57 703 51 000
Namibia 123 529 124 749 132 854 118 435 114 735
Nigeria * 14 000 * 14 000 * 22 000 * 27 000 * 23 000
South Africa 29 040 26 695 30 778 28 129 125 157
Sudan 46 — *— *— *—
Zambia — — — * 2 000 * 2 000

Canada 289 584 301 210 346 776 304 964 323 019
Cuba — — — * 39 000 * 58 000
Dominican Republic 4 655 3 636 3 920 4 038 5 527
Guatemala 14 810 14 975 6 100 — —
Honduras 24 988 14 579 20 436 28 421 29 223
Mexico 786 774 661 646 671 444 662 355 676 677
USA 824 700 804 800 773 800 824 000 * 753 000

Argentina 33 787 26 680 26 800 23 980 16 407

Bolivia 443 172 489 293 527 206 519 630 528 099
Brazil 157 000 158 200 156 500 169 800 163 400
Chile 48 071 42 870 29 008 26 810 5 620
Peru 1 421 218 1 337 081 1 473 037 1 474 383 1 404 382

Burma (a) 31 025 72 640 12 560 11 700 * 39 000

China 4 748 877 4 710 500 3 868 500 3 721 100 * 3 700 000
India (a) 740 737 755 778 772 600 728 586 726 517
Indonesia * 19 300 * 8 500 * 13 900 * 20 100 * 26 200
Iran 168 200 157 300 140 000 130 000 * 130 000
Kazakhstan 369 300 351 000 345 000 346 000 295 700
Korea (Rep. of) 2 070 2 257 3 321 3 656 4 106
Korea, Dem. P.R. of 45 332 66 469 35 671 * 35 000 * 30 000
Laos — * 700 * 5 700 * 3 100 * 1 300
Mongolia 44 800 50 100 41 350 43 950 41 550
Pakistan (b) — 7 702 19 457 26 979 37 365
Saudi Arabia 39 000 41 640 21 677 22 760 * 32 000
Tajikistan 50 400 73 900 81 500 84 213 * 90 000
Thailand 27 154 33 983 1 182 — —
Uzbekistan 12 000 12 000 37 000 27 000 55 000
Vietnam * 15 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000 * 12 000

Australia 1 610 004 884 826 852 164 1 146 781 1 337 321

World total 13 400 000 12 600 000 11 900 000 12 200 000 12 300 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated
(b) Years ended 30 June of that stated
78
Production of slab zinc tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Belgium (a) 260 000 236 000 249 000 275 000 271 200
Bulgaria 75 095 75 811 73 715 75 150 73 512
Finland 305 717 290 599 284 992 295 029 290 844
France 169 000 149 000 166 000 155 000 150 000
Germany 173 000 168 000 174 000 180 000 182 000
Italy 140 200 139 500 128 800 131 600 132 900
Netherlands 291 000 283 000 248 000 268 000 * 240 000
Norway 162 878 170 541 172 086 190 570 195 374
Poland 161 500 161 200 162 247 159 739 159 436
Russia 229 600 247 300 256 700 254 600 206 700
Spain 498 000 500 000 507 000 511 000 511 000
Ukraine 700 100 — — —

Algeria 7 086 3 101 1 472 2 045 543

Namibia 71 818 90 739 83 768 67 122 64 985

Canada 683 118 691 389 598 438 620 202 653 194
Mexico 326 642 321 159 327 003 336 378 388 588
USA 172 300 126 000 132 000 116 000 * 115 000

Argentina 30 300 — — — —
Brazil 270 715 284 457 245 200 251 000 241 900
Peru 335 422 341 518 312 339 333 677 356 925

China 6 115 928 6 195 962 6 143 900 5 607 103 6 236 423
India (a) 758 944 672 010 791 461 696 283 563 254
Iran 138 000 135 000 140 000 130 000 144 000
Japan 566 619 533 689 523 919 521 110 526 717
Kazakhstan 323 848 325 820 331 018 317 965 318 387
Korea (Rep. of) 940 195 1 009 116 961 904 988 649 950 000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 15 000
Thailand 74 121 72 813 30 018 — —
Uzbekistan 55 000 68 000 70 000 59 000 92 000
Vietnam 10 500 10 800 10 900 * 10 000 * 10 000

Australia 489 030 464 176 462 095 489 967 435 977

World total 13 900 000 13 800 000 13 600 000 13 100 000 13 500 000

Note(s)
(a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

79
Production of zirconium minerals tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Russia (a) 7 334 7 800 7 200 7 400 6 300

Ukraine * 25 000 * 22 000 * 25 000 21 614 * 22 000

Kenya 25 951 27 671 65 324 36 604 48 356

Madagascar 11 879 15 582 21 000 22 757 28 500
Mozambique 51 800 68 200 74 000 76 600 87 100
Nigeria * 960 891 * 900 531 * 500
Senegal 45 248 105 254 61 562 64 278 58 432
Sierra Leone 1 389 * 1 400 * 1 400 * 1 400 * 1 400
South Africa * 387 000 * 360 000 * 377 000 * 350 000 * 370 000

USA 80 000 * 80 000 80 000 100 000 * 100 000

Brazil (b) 22 647 21 302 * 21 000 * 20 000 * 20 000

China * 33 500 * 33 500 * 33 500 * 33 500 * 33 500

India (c) 18 437 11 709 9 107 11 906 * 12 000
Indonesia (d) * 31 000 * 35 000 * 29 000 * 54 000 * 73 000
Malaysia 826 653 1 595 509 449
Sri Lanka 614 7 749 8 569 785 917
Vietnam * 1 000 * 6 000 *— * 4 000 * 3 000

Australia (e) 607 836 620 136 583 339 414 672 472 009

World total 1 352 000 1 425 000 1 399 000 1 221 000 1 337 000

Note(s)
(1) In this table the term 'zirconium minerals' is understood to mean zircon, unless otherwise stated.

(a) Baddeleyite concentrate

(b) Including caldasite rock containing zircon and baddeleyite
(c) Years ending 31 March following that stated
(d) Conservative BGS estimates, based on exports
(e) Years ended 30 June of that stated

80
 APPENDIX 1

Additional tables relating to Europe only

81
Production of primary aggregates (sand and gravel and crushed rock) tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria
Sand and gravel (a) 29 469 566 29 347 490 29 658 112 29 110 797 29 943 517
Crushed rock (a) 24 744 662 24 862 807 25 451 296 27 684 134 * 27 000 000
Belgium
Sand and gravel * 19 000 000 * 20 000 000 * 19 000 000 * 15 500 000 * 15 500 000
Crushed rock * 45 000 000 * 46 000 000 * 46 000 000 * 45 000 000 * 45 000 000
Bulgaria
Sand and gravel (a) 9 607 887 8 571 694 9 860 186 8 610 204 8 189 735
Crushed rock (a) 27 515 503 19 379 125 16 444 761 21 468 893 22 769 369
Croatia
Sand and gravel 3 544 899 3 444 036 3 766 684 3 646 945 4 105 831
Cyprus
Crushed rock 3 941 378 5 482 913 7 034 430 7 978 133 8 422 664
Czech Republic
Sand and gravel 19 546 000 18 338 000 19 848 000 20 473 000 19 982 000
Crushed rock 40 260 000 37 793 000 38 262 000 41 648 000 42 225 000
Denmark
Sand and gravel 45 215 000 47 058 000 49 323 000 48 950 000 47 770 000
Crushed rock 233 000 232 000 283 000 537 000 * 540 000
Estonia
Sand and gravel 7 035 400 7 269 100 6 733 400 6 467 500 7 746 800
Crushed rock 5 366 300 6 224 000 7 704 100 6 148 300 5 771 800
Finland
Sand and gravel * 32 000 000 * 35 000 000 * 28 200 000 * 24 500 000 * 25 000 000
Crushed rock * 44 000 000 * 43 000 000 * 48 700 000 * 51 100 000 * 52 000 000
France
Sand and gravel 117 875 000 120 382 000 123 865 000 126 365 000 * 126 500 000
Crushed rock 184 423 000 183 960 000 187 233 000 195 998 000 * 195 500 000
Germany
Sand and gravel 239 000 000 247 000 000 257 000 000 259 000 000 255 000 000
Crushed rock 210 000 000 218 000 000 220 000 000 226 000 000 217 000 000
Greece 35 603 020 42 051 690 38 339 770 34 439 069 * 34 000 000
Hungary
Sand and gravel 33 664 690 29 829 848 37 984 379 46 866 306 * 47 000 000
Crushed rock 10 213 538 9 002 304 9 097 923 11 404 086 * 11 500 000
Iceland
Sand and gravel * 291 000 * 291 000 * 291 000 * 291 000 * 291 000
Ireland, Republic of
Sand and gravel * 7 000 000 * 7 000 000 * 7 000 000 * 7 000 000 * 7 000 000
Crushed rock * 22 000 000 * 23 000 000 * 23 000 000 * 23 000 000 * 23 000 000
Italy
Sand and gravel 46 552 088 59 911 685 63 627 458 69 575 607 32 060 000
Crushed rock 56 923 130 54 850 309 57 663 627 34 169 132 * 32 060 463
Latvia
Sand and gravel 9 716 013 9 181 594 11 417 545 13 668 753 12 951 427
Crushed rock 1 461 820 1 547 520 2 069 297 2 101 489 * 2 100 000
Lithuania
Sand and gravel 7 751 342 8 227 013 9 805 230 9 992 563 11 675 361
Crushed rock 4 567 866 4 365 787 6 392 084 7 340 099 7 517 080
Malta
Crushed rock 1 514 976 1 551 411 (b) 1 426 820 (b) 1 682 385 (b) 1 739 310
Montenegro
Sand and gravel 258 120 178 906 173 670 159 528 156 612
Crushed rock 124 141 184 976 212 697 166 550 * 160 000
Netherlands
Sand and gravel 61 900 000 55 900 000 43 600 000 64 800 000 * 65 000 000
Norway
Sand and gravel 13 000 000 14 959 000 14 696 000 13 478 000 13 863 000
Crushed rock 61 000 000 70 043 000 75 845 000 80 301 000 84 412 000
Poland
Sand and gravel 167 928 000 173 175 000 186 296 000 197 005 000 182 811 000
Crushed rock 60 665 300 59 448 000 67 617 000 80 161 000 81 562 000
Portugal
Sand and gravel 6 638 053 5 753 545 6 526 376 7 068 638 8 397 126
Crushed rock 25 339 949 25 939 048 28 789 458 30 620 462 31 715 050
Romania
Sand and gravel 69 894 594 * 53 500 000 * 55 000 000 * 59 000 000 * 60 000 000
Crushed rock 40 091 390 * 34 000 000 * 31 000 000 * 28 000 000 * 28 000 000

82
Production of primary aggregates (sand and gravel and crushed rock) tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Slovakia
Sand and gravel 1 199 550 1 306 800 1 743 489 2 096 000 1 982 000
Crushed rock 14 274 900 12 833 100 13 518 792 12 790 000 11 551 000
Slovenia
Sand and gravel 2 943 870 1 833 732 2 047 403 1 810 666 1 437 101
Crushed rock 8 108 113 7 470 433 8 642 881 10 282 002 9 550 639
Spain
Sand and gravel 34 000 000 31 000 000 37 000 000 42 600 000 44 000 000
Crushed rock 70 400 000 100 000 000 68 000 000 70 000 000 74 000 000
Sweden
Sand and gravel 13 038 828 11 927 694 11 774 505 12 187 744 * 12 300 000
Crushed rock 75 271 803 75 720 385 84 467 197 91 730 406 * 92 800 000
Switzerland
Sand and gravel * 35 470 000 * 36 630 000 * 35 750 000 * 34 910 000 * 34 610 000
Crushed rock 2 463 037 2 324 800 2 194 123 2 410 000 2 380 000
United Kingdom
Sand and gravel 66 443 000 68 075 000 67 548 000 69 882 000 66 800 000
Crushed rock (c) 119 401 000 125 301 000 125 739 000 129 998 000 128 200 000

European total 2 295 000 000 2 340 000 000 2 381 000 000 2 469 000 000 2 435 000 000

Note(s)
(1) So far as possible, these production statistics include construction sand; gravel, pebbles, shingle and flint; crushed stone used for
concrete aggregates, roadstone and other construction uses; granules, chippings and powders.
(2) Where official sources show more than one series for aggregates the higher series has generally been used in this table.
(3) Where marine sands and gravels have been identified, these are included.
(4) Information may be incomplete or absent due to reporting methods, confidentiality or lack of available information.
(5) Production from many small operations are not officially compiled. The minimum number of employees for which establishments are
required to report production varies between different countries and can also vary from year to year.
(6) Quantities of sand from sand and gravel operations may be discarded due to low demand. This may or may not be included in the
statistics.

(a) Sales
(b) Estimated by official source based on a previous year census and the rate of change observed from a sample of quarries in
subsequent years
(c) Includes small quantities for other purposes in Northern Ireland

83
Production of cement clinker tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria * 125 000 * 125 000 * 125 000 * 125 000 * 125 000
Belgium * 900 000 * 850 000 800 584 809 079 * 810 000
Bulgaria 44 500 61 100 79 800 * 80 000 * 80 000
Cyprus 1 729 877 1 801 647 1 815 568 1 671 205 1 643 193
Czech Republic 2 919 190 3 188 086 3 236 047 3 514 288 3 722 188
Estonia 356 000 328 900 517 900 505 300 503 600
France 12 513 000 12 528 000 12 357 000 12 845 000 * 12 000 000
Germany 23 355 000 23 423 000 * 23 000 000 22 835 000 22 923 753
Greece * 6 000 000 5 891 157 7 088 107 6 576 608 6 570 602
Hungary 376 309 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000 * 400 000
Italy 14 429 977 13 677 374 18 164 817 13 354 776 14 855 163
Latvia * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000 * 1 500 000
Luxembourg * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000
Norway 1 284 156 1 306 292 1 461 477 1 429 400 1 407 000
Poland 11 278 400 12 075 300 12 996 500 14 221 000 14 178 000
Portugal 5 626 409 4 412 793 4 854 448 4 294 389 4 288 798
Romania 6 203 413 5 932 979 6 189 799 6 586 702 7 208 688
Serbia 1 218 213 1 311 629 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000 * 1 300 000
Slovakia * 1 700 000 * 1 700 000 * 1 800 000 * 1 900 000 * 2 000 000
Spain 16 985 662 17 341 318 17 304 352 18 266 325 17 226 700
Sweden 2 825 883 2 847 000 2 768 000 2 957 600 2 539 000
Turkey 61 971 380 67 856 234 70 812 559 70 343 788 57 799 787
United Kingdom 7 804 000 8 056 000 7 824 000 7 734 000 7 830 000

European total 182 000 000 187 000 000 197 000 000 194 000 000 182 000 000

84
Production of finished cement tonnes (metric)

Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Austria (a) 4 176 063 4 501 008 4 660 187 5 227 834 4 520 074
Belgium 6 275 000 6 255 000 6 491 000 6 643 000 * 6 600 000
Bulgaria (a) (b) 2 040 853 1 951 286 2 064 792 2 208 116 2 371 458
Croatia 4 498 264 4 325 467 5 134 160 5 144 991 5 107 790
Cyprus 788 168 1 018 537 1 319 351 1 357 991 1 537 017
Czech Republic 3 781 000 3 937 000 4 033 854 4 427 713 4 569 379
Denmark 2 027 843 2 259 902 2 359 131 2 372 246 2 440 600
Estonia (a) 395 000 398 800 502 900 526 900 411 300
Finland (a) 1 188 387 1 335 248 1 510 974 1 462 240 1 430 226
France 15 597 000 15 934 000 16 851 000 16 537 000 * 16 000 000
Germany 31 160 000 32 674 000 33 991 150 33 654 985 34 185 000
Greece 5 291 113 6 680 078 6 334 960 6 676 881 * 6 300 000
Hungary * 1 277 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000
Ireland, Republic of 2 911 000 * 2 100 000 * 2 100 000 * 2 100 000 * 1 700 000
Italy 20 013 662 19 992 976 25 328 555 18 644 359 19 481 760
Latvia 1 018 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000
Lithuania 979 565 1 009 936 1 023 437 1 150 635 1 222 934
Luxembourg 1 033 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000 * 1 000 000
Netherlands 1 839 000 * 1 970 000 * 2 070 000 * 2 236 000 * 2 303 000
North Macedonia 671 542 855 295 900 836 920 810 896 030
Norway 1 647 566 1 745 614 1 924 388 1 856 800 1 780 000
Poland 15 265 200 15 782 400 17 254 400 18 957 000 18 946 000
Portugal (a) 5 050 802 4 100 010 3 792 733 3 963 088 4 137 461
Romania 8 356 162 8 037 717 8 441 574 8 951 154 9 932 359
Serbia 1 654 390 (b) 1 774 404 1 907 689 2 092 501 2 151 000
Slovakia 3 465 597 3 518 456 3 781 889 3 912 674 4 030 506
Slovenia 544 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000 * 700 000
Spain 14 322 672 14 286 013 15 548 943 16 214 663 16 998 100
Sweden 2 766 983 2 795 000 3 067 400 3 152 300 2 844 000
Switzerland (c) 4 219 466 4 397 180 4 272 316 4 289 000 4 210 000
Turkey 71 418 945 75 403 325 80 552 257 71 830 736 56 528 236
United Kingdom 9 235 000 9 370 000 9 359 000 9 197 000 9 079 000

European total 245 000 000 252 000 000 270 000 000 259 000 000 245 000 000

Note(s)
(a) Sales
(b) Portland cement only
(c) Includes production in Liechtenstein

85
 APPENDIX 2

Further acknowledgments

86
Further Acknowledgments
In addition to the acknowledgments section on page iv, Steel Company; QKR Corporation; Rainbow Rare Earths
supplementary information is also obtained from Limited; Resolute Mining; Rio Tinto Ltd; Ronphos
publications dealing with a wide range of commodities Corporation; Roxgold Inc; Robex Resources; Rossing
such as African Development Bank Group, African Uranium; RUSAL; RW Silicium GmbH; Salinen Austria
Statistical Yearbook; BP PLC, BP Statistical Review of AG; Semafo Inc; Serbia Zijin Bor Copper DOO; Scheelite
World total Energy; Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Minerals; Sherritt International Corporation; SMZ
Research and Economy, World total Mining Data; Société Company; Solway Investment Group Ltd; South32;
de l'Industrie Minérale, Annuaire Statistique Mondial des Southern Copper Corporation; Swakop Uranium; Syrah
Minerais et Métaux; publications of the Interstate Resources Ltd; Tahoe Resources; Talco; Talum Group;
Statistical Committee of the CIS and World total Bureau of Tasmania Mines Ltd; Teranga Gold Corporation; Thailand
Metal Statistics, World total Metal Statistics and Smelting and Refining Co., Ltd (THAISARCO); TiZir Ltd;
Metallstatistik. Treibacher Industrie AG; Trevali Mining Corporation;
United States Antimony Corporation; Uralkali; Vale;
Information has been obtained from the websites of the Vargon Alloys AB; Vedanta Resources; Verband der Kali -
following international organisations: ALACERO; La und Salzindustrie EV; Weatherly International Plc; Wolf
Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC); Minerals Ltd; Wolfram Bergbau und Hütten AG;
CEMBUREAU The European Cement Association; Zavalievsky Graphite Ltd; Zijinming.
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI);
European Aggregates Association (UEPG); Eurostat; Information has also been obtained from the following
Federacciai; International Tin Association Ltd; Kimberley organisations either by direct correspondence or by
Process; South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute website consultation: Ministry of Mines and Petroleum,
(SEAISI); The European Steel Association (EUROFER); Afghanistan; National Statistics and Information Authority,
The Silver Institute; United Nations agencies; United Afghanistan; National Agency of Natural Resource,
States Energy Information Administration; United States Albania; Albanian Geological Survey, Albania; Institute of
Geological Survey; World total Nuclear Association; World Statistics, Albania; Ministere de l’Energie et des Mines,
total Steel Association. Algeria; Office National des Statistiques, Algeria; INDEC,
Argentina; Instituto Argintino del Petroleo y del Gas,
In addition, information has been obtained from the Argentina; Statistical Committee of the Republic of
websites of the following companies: ALRO S.A; Aluar; Armenia; Department of Natural Resources and Mines
Alumina Ltd; Aluminium Bahrain; Anglo Asian Mining Plc; (Queensland), Australia; Mineral Resources Tasmania,
AngloGold Ashanti; Arab Potash Company; ARMZ Australia; Primary Industries and Resources SA (South
Uranium Holding Co; Ascendant Resources Inc; Asian Australia), Australia; Department of Primary Industries
Mineral Resources Ltd; Aura Minerals Inc; Avesoro (Victoria), Australia; Department of Mines and Energy
Resources Inc; AzerGold; B2Gold; Barrick Gold (Northern Territories), Australia; Mineral Resources
Corporation; BEB Erdgas und Erdöl GmbH & Co; Besra Tasmania, Australia; Department of Mines Industry
Gold Inc; BHP Group; Bikita Minerals; Boliden Group; Regulation and Safety (Western Australia); NSW
Cámara Argentina del Acero; Camimex; Canadian Clay Department of Primary Industries (New South Wales),
Products Inc; Cancero; Centamin Plc; Centerra Gold Inc; Australia; Office of chief economist, Australia; Statistik
Chaarat Gold Holding; CI Resources Ltd; Conic Metals Austria; Federal Ministry of Science, Research and
Corp; Dominion Salt; Dundee Precious Metals Inc; Elem; Economy, Austria; The State Statistical Committee of the
Endeavour Mining; Endiama EP; Eramet Group; ETI Republic of Azerbaijan.
Aluminyum Inc; EVRAZ Plc; Faboula; Fenix Metals Ltd;
First Quantum Mineral Ltd; Galaxy Resources; Galane Department of Statistics, Bahamas; National Oil and Gas
Gold; Gemfields Ltd; Glencore International AG; Authority, Bahrain; British Embassy, Bahrain; Bangladesh
Grafitbergbau Kaisersberg GmbH; Gravita India Ltd; Bureau of Statistics; The Central Bank of Barbados;
Grecian Magnesite SA; HeidelbergCement AG; Highlands National Statistical Committee Belarus; Belgian Steel
Pacific Ltd; Hudson Resources Inc; Hummingbird Federation, Belgium; Federation de l'Industrie Cimentiere
Resources; IAMGold Corporation; Inception Mining Inc; Belge, Belgium; National Statistics Bureau, Bhutan;
Israel Chemicals Company; IRC Company Limited; Ministerio de mineria y metalurgia, Bolivia; Agency for
Johnson Matthey; KAZ Minerals Plc; Kenmare Resources Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of
Plc; LARCO; Largo Resources Ltd; Lundin Mining Mines, Botswana; Bank of Botswana; Associacao
Corporation; Lynas Corporation Ltd; Ma'aden Saudi Brasileira do Aluminio, Brazil; Ferbasa, Brazil; MME,
Arabian Mining Company; Malaysia Smelting Corporation; Brazil; Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e
Managem Group; Mandalay Resources Ltd; Masan Biocombustiveis, Brazil’ Agencia Nacional de Mineracao,
Resources Corporation; Maya Gold & Silver Inc; Brazil; Ministry of Mines and Energy, Brazil; Energy
MedcoEnergi; Minera Alumbrera; MMG Limited; National Department, Prime Ministers Office, Brunei; Ministry of
Aluminium Company Ltd; Nedmag B.V.; Nemaska Lithium Energy, Bulgaria; Bulgarian Association of Metal
Inc; Nevsun Resources Ltd; Newcrest Mining Ltd; Industries, Bulgaria; Chambre des Mines du Burkina,
Newmont Mining Corporation; Nexa Resources S.A; Burkina Faso; Institut National de la Statistique et de la
Nickel Asia Corporation; Nordgold; Norilsk Nickel; Norsk Démographie, Burkina Faso; Le Bureau des Mines et de
Hydro ASA; Northern Minerals; Nyrstar; OCP Group; OFZ la Géologie du Burkina, Burkina Faso; Central Statistical
Inc; OM Holdings Ltd; Orocobre Ltd; Orosur mining Inc; Organization, Burma; Institut de Statistiques et d’Etudes
Orvana Minerals Corp; Outokumpu; Paladin Energy Ltd; Economiques du Burundi.
Pan American; PanAust Ltd; PEMEX Petróleos
Mexicanos; Peñoles; PhosAgro; Polymetal International Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures, Cameroon; la
PLC; PT Antam TbK; PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium; PT Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale, Cameroon;
Merdeka Copper Gold Tbk, Indonesia; Qatalum; Qatar Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Association of

87
Petroleum Producers, Canada; Statistics Canada; The Madagascar Chamber of Mines; Banque Centrale de
Chilean Copper Commission, Chile; Servicio Nacional de Madagascar; Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and
Geologia y Mineria, Chile; National Bureau of Statistics of Development, Malawi; Mineral and Geoscience
China; China Gold Association, China; China Non-Ferrous Department, Malaysia; Bank Negara Malaysia; Malaysia
Metals Industry Association; Agencia Nacional de Mineria, Smelting Corporation Berhad; Africa Fertilizer Org, Mali;
Columbia; Ministry of Mines and Energy, Columbia; Direction Nationale de la Géologie et des Mines (DNGM).
Banque Centrale du Congo, Congo, Democratic Republic; Mali; Institute National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Mali;
Direccion de Geologia y Minas, Costa Rica; Croatian Ministère des Mines, Mali; National Statistics Office, Malta;
Bureau of Statistics, Croatia; Ministry of Economy, Banque Centrale de Mauritanie, Mauritania; Office
Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Croatia; Oficina Nacional de National de la Statistique, Mauritania; Statistics Mauritius;
Estadisticas e Informacion, Cuba; Ministry of Agriculture Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia, Mexico;
Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus; Czech Mexican Geological Survey, Mexico; United States
Cement Association, Czech Republic; Czech Geological Antimony Corporation, Mexico; Minera Autlan, Mexico;
Survey, Czech Republic; Steel Union, Czech Republic. National Statistics Office, Mongolia; Statistical Office of
Montenegro; Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines et de
Danish Energy Agency, Denmark; Statistics Denmark; l'Environnement, Morocco; National Office of
Direccion General de Mineria, Dominican Republic; Hydrocarbons and Mines, Morocco; Morocco Statistics;
Autoridade Nacional do Petróleo e Minerais, East Timor; Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, Mozambique; Bank of
Agencia de Regulacion y Control Minero, Ecuador; Central Namibia; Geological Survey of Namibia; Chamber of
Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics, Egypt; Mines, Namibia; Ministry of Industry, Department of Mines
Dirección Reguladora de Hidrocarburos y Minas,Ministerio & Geology, Nepal; Central Statistics Bureau, Nepal;
de Economía, El Salvador; Reserve Bank of Fiji; Statistics Statistics Netherlands; Nlog, Netherlands; Direction de
Estonia; Fiji Bureau of Statistics; Geological Survey of l'Industrie, des Mines et de l'Energie, New Caledonia;
Finland; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Institut Territorial de la Statistique et des Etudes
France; Federation Francaise de l'Acier, France; Economiques, New Caledonia; Ministry of Business,
Infociments, France; L’Union nationale des industries de Innovation & Employment, New Zealand; New Zealand
carrières et matériaux de construction, France; National Petroleum & Minerals; New Zealand Aluminium Smelter;
Statistics Office of Georgia; National Agency for Mines, Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Nicaragua; Institut National
Georgia; Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural de la Statistique, Niger; National Bureau of Statistics,
Resources, Germany; Chamber of Mines, Ghana; Bank of Nigeria; State Statistical Office, North Macedonia;
Ghana, Ghana; Ministry of Environment and Energy, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Norway; Norwegian
Greece; Greek Institute of Geology and Mineral Directorate of Mining, Norway; Statistics Norway.
Exploration, Greece; Greek Statistical Authority, Greece;
Greek Mining Enterprises Association, Greece; Ministerio National Centre for Statistics & Information, Oman; Central
de Energia y Minas, Guatemala; Direction Nationale de la Bank of Oman; Pakistan Bureau of Statistics; Geological
Statistique, Guinea; Bank of Guyana. Survey of Pakistan; MCC, Pakistan; Instituto Nacional de
Estadística y Censo, Panama; Chamber of Mines and
Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary, Hungary; Petroleum, Papua New Guinea; Ministry of Energy and
Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Hungary; Statistics Mines, Peru; Department of Energy, Philippines; Mines
Iceland; Indian Bureau of Mines, India; Ministry of Mines, and Geoscience Bureau, Philippines; Polish Geological
India; Ministry of Steel, India; Office of the Salt Institute - National Research Institute, Poland; Statistics
Commissioner, India; Ministry of Energy and Mineral Poland; Polish Academy of Science, Poland; Direção
Resources of Indonesia; Statistics Indonesia; Statistical Geral de Energia e Geologia, Portugal; Directorate-
Centre of Iran; Iranian Mines & Mining Industries General for Natural Resources, Safety and Maritime
Development & Renovation Organization, Iran; National Services, Portugal.
Iranian Copper Industries Co, Iran; Sustainable Energy
Authority of Ireland; Department of Communications, National Agency for Mineral Resources, Romania;
Energy and Natural Resources, Ireland; Ministry of Institutul Naţional de Statistică, Romania; Ministry of
National Infrastructure, Energy and Water, Israel; Italian Natural Resources, Russia; Gazprom, Russia; National
National Institute of Statistics, Italy; Ministry of Economical Bank of Rwanda, National Institute of Statistics, Rwanda;
Progress, Italy; National Association of Non-Ferrous General Authority for Statistics, Saudi Arabia; Agence
Metals Industries, Italy. Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, Senegal;
The Collective, Serbia; Statistical Office for the Republic of
Jamaica Bauxite Institute; Mines & Geology Division, Serbia; Bank of Sierra Leone; Geological Survey National
Jamaica; Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry, Japan; Minerals Agency, Sierra Leone; State Geological Institute
Metal Economics Research Institute, Japan; Japan Oil, of Dionýz Štúr, Slovakia; Hutnictvi zeleza, Slovakia;
Gas and Metals National Corporation; Japan Aluminium Geological Survey of Slovenia; Central Bank of the
Association; Sulphuric Acid Association of Japan; Ministry Solomon Islands; Department of Mineral Resources,
of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jordan; Jordan South Africa; Ministry of Mining, South Sudan; Ministry of
Phosphate Mines Company Kazakhstan Statistics Agency, Industry, Energy and Tourism, Spain; Geological and
Kazakhstan; Kenya National Bureau of Statistics; Korea Mining Institute of Spain; Department of Census and
Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, Korea (Rep. Statistics, Sri Lanka; Central Bank of Sri Lanka; Central
of); The Nautilus Institute, Korea (North); Independent Bank of Sudan; Bauxite Institute, Suriname; Staatsolie,
Commission for Mines and Minerals, Kosovo; Arsi Group, Suriname; Mining Division, Geological Survey and Mines
Kosovo; Lao Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Natural Department, Swaziland; Jernkontoret, Sweden; Geological
Resources and Environment, Lao; Central Statistical Survey of Sweden; Swedish Petroleum & Biofuels
Bureau of Latvia; Central Bank of Liberia; Central Bank of Institute, Sweden; Georesources Switzerland Group,
Libya; Libyan Iron and Steel Company, Libya Statistics Switzerland; Cemsuisse, Switzerland.
Lithuania; Statistical Portal Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

88
Bureau of Mines, Taiwan; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Statistics Bureau, United Kingdom; Department for
Taiwan; National Statistics, Taiwan; Agency on Statistics Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, United
under President of the Republic of Tajikistan; Ministry of Kingdom; Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom;
Industry and New Technologies of the Republic of Oxford Business Group, United Kingdom; Sandisons
Tajikistan; National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania; Unst, United Kingdom; Ministerio de Industria, Energía y
Department of Primary Industries and Mines, Thailand; Minería, Uruguay; Instituto Nacional de Estadística del
Department of Mineral Fuels, Thailand; Direction Général Uruguay; United States Geological Survey, USA;
des Mines et de la Géologie, Togo; Central bank of Department of Industrial Relations Mining and reclamation
Trinidad & Tobago; Institut National de la Statistique, division, USA; Ministerio del Poder Popular para
Tunisia; Turkish Statistical Institute, General Directorate of Industrias, Venezuela; Asociatión de Industriales
Mining and Petroleum Affairs (MAPEG), Turkey; Turkey; Metalúrgicos y de Minería de Venezuela; Geological
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Turkey; Türkiye Survey, Venezuela; General Statistics Office of Vietnam;
Çimento, Turkey. Central Statistics Office, Zambia; Ministry of Mines and
Minerals Development, Zambia; Zambia Chamber of
Uganda Bureau of Statistics; State Statistics Service of Mines; Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency; Ministry of
Ukraine; Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Finance and Economic Development, Zimbabwe; Minerals
Ukraine; EMAL, United Arab Emirates; Iron and Steel Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe (MMCZ).

89
Price £30