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 i 1 900 tan 31.79 1000 tan 25.84 2100 tan 18.2 + 2000 tan 25.84
Q 
FD 1.25
2, 701.09
  2,160.87 kvar
1.25

   
1/ 2 1/ 2
S= P 2 +Q 2  4800 2  2,160.87 2  5, 264 kVA which is also D g in kVA
4
(b) LD = D
i=1
i  Dg  6000  4,800  1, 200 kW

(c) Since  4687 kVA 1.25 = 5,858.75 kVA > 5,264 kVA
choose 3750/4687 kVA transformer.
 1 g   2  1 g   10 2  1.07177  g  7.177 % / yr
10
(d )

1.07177 
n
Thus,  5, 264  9375 kVA  1.07177 n  1.7810

ln 1.7810
n  8.33 yrs that is about 8 years and 4 months.
ln1.07177

2-19 (a) As shown in Figure 2-9,

Pavg Pavg P2 P1 T t  t  P   T t 

FLD = =   1  
Pmax P2 T  P2 T  P2   T 

12  5 MW   24 12 
      0.55
24 50 MW 24
  
 P  t  P T  t   kP    kP  T  t 
2 2
Avg. P Avg. P
loss loss L2 L1 2 1
(b) FLS    
T  PL2 T   kP2 
2
Max Ploss PL2

 P1   T t  12  5 MW   24 12 
2 2
t
     0.5005
       
T  P2   T  24  10 MW   24 

2-20 (a) From Figure 2.13,

1.9 kW/house for dryer
0.95 kW/house for range
Pavg , max 
0.08 kW/house for refrigerator
0.65 kW/house for lighting & misc.
Thus, 1.9 + 0.95 + 0.08 + 0.65 = 3.58 kW/house
or  3.58 kW/house  × 4 houses = 14.32 kW/trf
(b) For 800 houses, (it’s the same as for 100 houses, since that part of the curve is flat),

1.2 kW/house for dryer

0.53 kW/house for range
Pavg , max 
0.044 kW/house for refrigerator
0.52 kW/house for lighting & misc.
Thus, 1.2 + 0.53 + 0.044 + 0.52 = 2.294 kW/house
or  2.294 kW/house  × 800 houses = 1835.2 kW/feeder
But,
14.32 kW/trf  200 trfs  = 2,804 kW > 1835.2 kW due to the diversity of appliances.
(c) Contributions to the demand:

Time Dryers, kW Ranges, kW Refrigerators, Lighting & Total hourly

kW Misc., kW diversified
demand, kW
6 AM 7.6 × 0 = 0 3.8 × 0.05 0.32 × 0.75 2.6 × 0.19 0.93
= 0.19 = 0.24 = 0.50
12 Noon 7.6 × 0.98 3.8 × 0.33 0.32 × 0.875 2.6 × 0.28 9.702
=7.448 =1.254 = 0.272 = 0.728
7 PM 7.6 × 0.26 = 3.8 × 0.30 0.32 × 0.95 2.6 × 1.00 6.02
1.976 =1.14 = 0.304 = 2.6

where 1.9 × 4 = 7.6

0.95 × 4 = 3.8
0.08 × 4 = 0.32
0.65 × 4 = 2.6

Also note that, the numbers 0, 0.98. and 0.26 in column 2 above are from Table 2.3 on the book.
2-21
(a)
7000 kWh
For customer A: FLD = = 0.24
40 kW×730 h
7000 kWh
For customer B: FLD = = 0.24
40 kW×730 h
P 40 kW
(b) SA = A  =42.1 kVA
cus 0.95

PB 40 kW
SB =  =80 kVA
cus 0.50
(c)

For customer A:
0.85
Monthly biling demand = 40 kW × = 40 kW  Still 40 kW!
0.95
Monthly demand charge = 40 kW × $15/kW = $600
Monthly energy charge:
First 1000 kWh = $0.12/kWh ×1000 kWh = $120
Next 3000 kWh = $0.10/kWh × 3000 kWh = $300
Excess kWh = $0.06/kWh × 3000 kWh = $240

Monthly energy charge  $660

Total monthly bill = monthly demand charge + monthly energy charge
= $600 + $660 = $1,260
For customer B:
0.85
Monthly biling demand = 40 kW × = 68 kW
0.50
Monthly demand charge = 68 kW × $15/kW = $1,020
Monthly energy charge:
First 1000 kWh = $0.12/kWh ×1000 kWh = $120
Next 3000 kWh = $0.10/kWh × 3000 kWh = $300
Excess kWh = $0.06/kWh × 3000 kWh = $240

Monthly energy charge  $660

Total monthly bill = monthly demand charge + monthly energy charge
= $1,020 + $660 = $1,680
 (d ) For customer B:
7000 kWh
0.50
 
× sin cos -1 0.50 = 12,124.4 kvarh

When its PF raised to 0.85:

7000 kWh
0.85  
× sin cos -1 0.85 = 4,338 kvarh
12,124.4 kvarh 4338 kvarh
The capacitor size required:  10.7 kvar
730 h

(e) The new monthly bill for customer B:

Monthly biling demand = 40 kW
Monthly demand charge = 40 kW × $15/kW = $600
Monthly energy charge  $660
Total monthly bill = monthly demand charge + monthly energy charge
= $600 + $660 = $1,260
Savings = $1,680  $1260 = $420/month
or
Savings = $1,020  $600 = $420/month  still!
The cost of the installed caps: $30/kvar  10.7kvar = $321
caps cost $321
Payback period= = = 0.76 < 1month
savings $420/mo
But, in practical size is 15 kvar instead of 7 kvar. Therefore,
$30/kvar ×15kvar = $450
$450
Thus, payback period = = 1.07months
$420/mo
2-22
(a)

(b)
 (c)

2-23
TW 9,000×106 Wh
(a) F  0.3F  0.7F 2 where F    0.3425
LS LD LD LD
Pmax 3,000×10 W  8760
3

 0.3  0.3425   0.7  0.3425   0.1849

2

 0.84F 2  0.16  0.3425   0.84  0.3425   0.1533

2
(b) F  0.16F
LS LD LD
(c) For an urban area:

 Avg. Ploss  FLS  Peak Ploss   0.1849  300 kW   55.47 kW/hr

Avg.losPs
FLS 
Peak Ploss
Thus,  Ann. Cu loss =  55.47 kW/hr 8760 hr/yr = 485,917.2 kWh
Cost of  Ann. Cu loss   485,917.2 kWh $0.06 / kWh   $29,155.03
EXTRA:

Monthly Cu loss = 12  $2,429.6/mo

$29,155.03
Cost of

Cost of Hourly Cu loss =

$2,429.6/mo
 $3.38/hr
 30 days/mo  24 hrs/day 
(d) For a rural area,
Avg. Ploss  FLS  Peak Ploss   0.1533  300  45.99 kW
Therefore,

 Ann. Cu loss =  45,99 kW 8760 hrs/yr  = 402,872.4 kWh

Cost of  Ann. Cu loss =  402,872.4 kWh  $0.06 / kWh   $24,172.34 / yr
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