THERMODYNAMICS

ENTROPY

Lecture 07

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 8th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2015

by Dr. Yucelen
Example – Entropy chance during an isothermal process
A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at 300 K.
During a constant-pressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water.
As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy
change of the water during this process.

0 750 kJ
∆"#$#,&#'()*+,-. = = = 2.5 kJ⁄K
1#$# 300 K

✰ Heat transfer to a system increases the

entropy of a system. ∆"#$#,&#'()*+,-. > 0.

1
Example – Entropy generation during heat transfer processes
A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a sink at (a) 500 K and (b) 750
K. Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
(a)
*#$%&'( −2000 kJ
∆"#$%&'(= = = −2.5 kJ⁄K
+#$%&'( 800 kJ

*#678 2000 kJ
∆"#678 = = = 4.0 kJ⁄K
+#678 500 kJ

":(7 = ∆";$;<= = ∆"#$%&'( + ∆"#678

= −2.5 + 4.0 kJ⁄K
= 1.5 kJ⁄K

(b) ∆"#$%&'( = −2.5 kJ⁄K ":(7 = ∆";$;<= = −2.5 + 2.7 kJ⁄K

∆"#678 = 2.7 kJ⁄K = 0.2 kJ⁄K
Entropy generation for the process in part b is smaller, so less irreversible. 2
Example – Entropy change of a substance in a tank
A rigid tank contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a
initially at 20˚C and 140 kPa. The refrigerant is
now cooled while being stirred until its pressure
drops to 100 kPa. Determine the entropy change
of the refrigerant during this process.
This is a closed system.
Volume of the tank is constant during the process.
Question asks for the entropy change ∆" = $ %& − %(
✓
You need to calculate %& and %( . You need to look at the tables.

State 1: *( = 140 kPa %

) (
2( = 20℃

State 2: *& = 100 kPa

) %&
∨& = ∨(
3
!"#$@&'˚) = 572.07 kPa > !4 = 140 kPa ⟹ 89:;<ℎ;>?;@ A>:B<

✓
State 1: !4 = 140 kPa F4 = 1.0625 kJ⁄kg K K
C
D4 = 20℃ ∨4 = 0.16544 mO ⁄kg

4
State 2: "# = 100 kPa
1 ! 3#
∨# = 0.16544 m ⁄kg

∨4 = 0.0007258 m1 ⁄kg
∨8 = 0.19255 m1 ⁄kg
∨4 <∨# <∨8 → saturated mixture at 100 kPa
∨# − ∨4 0.16544 − 0.0007258
D# = = = 0.859
∨48 0.19255 − 0.0007258
3# = 34 + D# 348 = 0.07182 + 0.859 0.88008
= 0.8278 kJ⁄kg H K ✓
∆K = L 3# − 3M = 5 kg 0.8278 − 1.0625 kJ⁄kg H K = −1.173 kJ⁄K

5
Example – Isentropic expansion of steam in a turbine
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 5 MPa and 450˚C
and leaves at a pressure of 1.4 MPa. Determine the
work output of the turbine per unit mass of steam if
the process is reversible.
Steady-flow process: ∆"#$ = 0, ∆(#$ = 0, ∆)#$ = 0
Mass balance: "̇ + = "̇ , = "̇
Energy balance:
(̇ -. − (̇ 012 = B(:9:25@⁄BC =0
3425 06 .52 5.5789 274.:657 3425 06 D<4.85 -. -.257.4E,>-.52-D,
;9 <542,=07>,4.? @4:: F025.2-4E,52D.,5.578-5:

(̇ -. = (̇ 012

J+ , J, ,
"̇ ℎ+ + + LM+ + Ṅ -. + Ȯ -. = Ṅ 012 + Ȯ 012 + "̇ ℎ, + + LM,
2 2
10
 ̇ $ = &̇ '() + "ℎ
"ℎ ̇ +
&̇ '()
&̇ '() = "̇ ℎ$ − ℎ+ ⟹ .'() = = ℎ$ − ℎ+
"̇
State 1: 0$ = 5 MPa 5$ > 5MN)@P QRN = 263.94 ℃
/
5$ = 450℃ ⟹ superheated vapor ⟹ Table A-6

0$ = 5 MPa ℎ$ = 3317.2 kJ⁄kg ✓

/
5$ = 450℃ G$ = 6.8210 kJ⁄kg J K 11
State 2: "# = 1.4 MPa +# > +P@,.R STU
!
+# = +, = 6.8210 kJ⁄kg 5 K ⟹ superheated vapor ⟹ Table A-6

ℎ# = 2967.4 kJ⁄kg , Table A − 6 interpolation ✓

JKLM = ℎ, − ℎ# = 3317.2 − 2967.4 = 349.8 kJ⁄kg
12
Example – Compressing a substance in the liquid versus gas phases

Determine the compressor work

input required to compress water
isentropically from 100 kPa to 1 MPa,
assuming that the water exists as (a)
saturated liquid and (b) saturated
vapor at the inlet state.

• Steady operating conditions exit.

• Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
• The process is isentropic.

13
(a)
∨+ = ∨]@+__ `ab
= 0.001043 m9 ⁄kg
,
!"#$%,'( = * ∨ ./ ≅ ∨+ /, − /+ *specific volume remains constant for liquid
+
1 kJ
= 0.001043 m9 ⁄kg 1000 − 100 kPa = 0.94 kJ/kg
1 kPa ⋅ m9
*work input to
compress a liquid
(b) C.D = .ℎ −∨ ./
B ∨ ./ = .ℎ Table A-6
.D = 0 (isentropic process)
, ,
!"#$%,'( = * ∨ ./ = * .ℎ = ℎ, − ℎ+
+ +
State 1: /+ = 100 kPa ℎ+ = 2675.0 kJ⁄kg
B D = 7.3589 kJ⁄kg Z K
sat. vapor +
State 2: /, = 1 MPa
B ℎ, = 3194.5 kJ⁄kg
D+ = D,
!"#$%,'( = 3194.5 − 2675.0 kJ⁄kg = 519.5 kJ/kg
14
*work input to compress a steam
Example – Isentropic efficiency of a steam turbine

Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3

MPa and 400˚C and leaves at 50 kPa and
100˚C. If the power output of the turbine is 2
MW, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of
the turbine and (b) the mass flow rate of the
steam flowing through the turbine.

• Steady operating conditions exit.

• Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
(a)
ℎ# − ℎBC
>? ≅
ℎ# − ℎBD
State 1:
"# = 3 MPa
! -./01ℎ03405 63/71
)# = 400℃
15
State 1: "# = 3 MPa ℎ# = 3231.7 kJ⁄kg
! (Table A-6)
)# = 400℃ 3# = 6.9235 kJ⁄kg = K
State 2a: "AB = 50 kPa (Table A-6)
! ℎAB = 2682.4 kJ⁄kg
)AB = 100℃
State 2s: "AD = 50 kPa FGHIJGHKL MNOHIJK
! (Table A-5)
3AD = 3# 3P <3AD <3Q

16
 %"# − %' 6.9235 − 1.0912
!"# = = = 0.897
%'( 6.5019
ℎ"# = ℎ' + !"# ℎ'( = 340.54 + 0.897 2304.7 = 2407.9 kJ/kg

ℎ= − ℎ"> 3231.7 − 2682.4

:; ≅ = = 0.667 (or 66.7%)
ℎ= − ℎ"# 3231.7 − 2407.9

(b) Ė FG = Ė HIJ
̇ = = L̇ >,HIJ + Kℎ
Kℎ ̇ ">

L̇ >,HIJ = K̇ ℎ= − ℎ">

1000 kJ⁄kg
2 MW = K̇ 3231.7 − 2682.4 kJ⁄kg
1 MW
K̇ = 3.64 kg⁄s

17
Example – Entropy generation in a wall
Consider steady heat transfer through a 5-m × 7-m brick wall of a house of
thickness 30 cm. On a day when the temperature of the outdoors is 0˚C, the
house is maintained at 27˚C. The temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces
of the brick wall are measured to be 20˚C and 5˚C, respectively, and the rate of
heat transfer through the wall is 1035 W. Determine the entropy generation in
the wall and the rate of total entropy generation associated with this heat
transfer process. 0
̇ − "&'(
"#$ ̇ + ̇
"7+$ = :"0/0(+4⁄:;
6
)*(+ &, $+( +$(-&./ )*(+ &, +$(-&./ )*(+ &, <2*$7+
(-*$0,+- 1/ 2+*( 7+$+-*(#&$ #$ +$(-&./
*$3 4*00

=̇ =̇
− ̇
+ "7+$ =0
> #$
> &'(
1035 W 1035 W ̇
− ̇
+ "7+$ =0 "7+$ = 0.191 W⁄K
293 K #$ 278 K &'(
18
Example – Entropy generation during a throttling process
Steam at 7 MPa and 450˚C is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa during
a steady-flow process. Determine the entropy generated per unit mass during
this process and check if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied.

State 1: 1$ = 7 MPa0 ℎ$ = 3288.3 kJ⁄kg (Table A-6)

6$ = 450℃ #$ = 6.6353 kJ⁄kg G K
State 2: 1&L = 3 MPa
0 #& = 7.0046 kJ⁄kg G K (Table A-6)
ℎ$ = ℎ&
0
̇ − (NOP
(M+ ̇ + ̇
()*+ = ](WVWP*[⁄]^
\
QRP* NS +*P *+PTNUV QRP* NS *+PTNUV QRP* NS _YR+)*
PTR+WS*T XV Y*RP )*+*TRPMN+ M+ *+PTNUV
R+Z [RWW

"#
̇ $ − "# ̇
̇ & + ()*+ =0 ̇
()*+ = "̇ #& − #$ or #)*+ = #& − #$

#)*+ = #& − #$ = 7.0046 − 6.6353 kJ⁄kg G K = 0.3693 kJ⁄kg G K

19
Example – Entropy generation associated with heat transfer
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture
of water at 100˚C. During a constant-pressure process, 600 kJ of heat is
transferred to the surrounding air at 25˚C. As a result, part of the water vapor
contained in the cylinder condenses. Determine (a) the entropy change of the
water and (b) the total entropy generation during this heat transfer process.
• No irreversibilities. Internally reversible.
• Constant pressure & isothermal process.
) −600 kJ
(a) ∆"#$#%&' = = = −1.61 kJ/K
*#$#%&' 100 + 273 K
(b) "?< − "89% + ";&< = ∆"#$#%&'
H
@&% &<%A8B$ %AC<#D&A I<%A8B$ JFC<;&
E$ F&C% C<G 'C## ;&<&AC%?8< ?< &<%A8B$
)89%
− + ";&< = ∆"#$#%&' *writing an entropy balance on an extended system
*:
)89% 600 kJ
";&< = + ∆"#$#%&' = + −1.61 kJ/K = 0.40 kJ/K
*: 25 + 273 K 20