VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belgaum, Karnataka

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

Analog and Digital Communication LAB

21ECE144
(As per syllabus with effect from 2022-23)

IV Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.N.M. Institute of Technology

An Autonomous Institution under VTU

Academic year: OCT-FEB 2022-23

 Lab Experiments
Sl No Experiment
1 Verification of Sampling Theorem.
2 BASK generation and detection
3 BFSK generation and detection
4 Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two bandlimited signals.
5 Simulate Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: Standard AM using MATLAB.
(One hour session to be engaged for concept discussion)
6 Simulate Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: DSBSC using MATLAB. (One
hour session to be engaged for concept discussion)
7 Simulate Frequency modulation and demodulation using MATLAB
8 Simulate Pulse Width modulation and demodulation using MATLAB. (One hour
session to be engaged for concept discussion)
9 Simulate Pulse Position modulation and demodulation using MATLAB. (One hour
session to be engaged for concept discussion)
10 Simulate Pulse code modulation and demodulation using MATLAB. (One hour
session to be engaged for concept discussion)
Experiment :01

Verification of Sampling Theorem

AIM: To verify the sampling theorem for under sampling, over sampling & Right sampling for the
given message signal and reconstruct the same with the help of suitable reconstruction filter

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Resistors 47 K,1 K,3.3 K,Capacitor 0.1 f , transistor BC107,

Op- amp A 741, Function Generator, Regulated DC Power supply, CRO.

TRANSISTOR BC 107:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Sampling circuit Design:

We know that, R C > TS
Where TS = 1/fs
Also, fs=5 kHz (sampling frequency) TS = 200µs
Then R C >>200µs Choose, R C = 4.7ms
Let C=0.1µf Then R=47KΩ
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp, 500 Hz as the test modulating signal.
3. Apply a pulse carrier signal of about 5-10Vpp, 5 KHz as the carrier signal.
4. The wave forms for the sampled output using reconstruction signal are observed on the CRO.
5. Plot the input and output waveforms on a graph sheet.
WAVEFORMS:
Experiment:02

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: Design and demonstrate an ASK system to transmit bits/sec digital data using
suitable carrier. Demodulate the above signal with the help of suitable circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Note: Use 5V Pulse at Control (Pin 11) irrespective of signal amplitude at Pin 13 & 14.
PROCEDURE:

Modulation:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown above.
2. The message signal (0 – 5V pulse or TTL output) is fed to the control input as message
signal i.e. Pin 11 of IC CD 4051
3. The carrier signal (sinusoidal wave of 5Vpp, 10 KHz) is fed to Pin 14 of the IC CD 4051.
4. The output ASK signal is observed on a CRO.

Demodulation:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown above.
2. The ASK generated is fed at the input of the detector circuit (Envelop detector).
3. The output of the envelop detector is passed through the comparator with reference voltage.
4. The output of the comparator is the recovered message signal that is compared with the
input message signal.
Design:
1. Fix the threshold at comparator input as 0.45V ( )
R2 V
2. Then R + R = 0 . 45
1 2
3. With V=5v and R1=10KΩ, select R2.

4. To design R and C values of envelope detector:

1 1 1
>> RC >>
fm f c or select 10RC= f m With C=0.1µF, select R

Observation:
1. Message signal Amplitude Am=_____ Vpp
(Control signal m1 (t)) Frequency fm=_____ Hz
2. Carrier signal Amplitude Ac= _____ Vpp
(Sinusoidal c (t)) Frequency fc = _______Hz
3. Modulated signal Amplitude A = ______Vpp
4. Demodulated signal Amplitude Ad = _____ Vpp
VIVA Questions:
1. State the difference between Analog systems and digital systems.
2. Explain why digital systems are considered superior than Analog systems.
3. Mention the disadvantages of Analog communication.
4. Explain the basic steps involved in digitizing a signal.
5. Explain ASK operation.
Waveforms:
 Experiment: 03

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To design and demonstrate the working of FSK with suitable circuit for Hz
and Hz carrier signal. Demodulate the above signal with the help of suitable circuit.
Circuit Diagram

Procedure
1. Generation:
Modulating signal (frequency 100 Hz) 0 – 5V pulse is applied to Pin no. 11, two carrier
signals of frequencies 1 KHz and 10 KHz of 5 Vpp each are applied to pin no 13 and pin
no 14. FSK output is obtained at pin no. 3.
2. Detection:
FSK signal is applied to the demodulator circuit along with C1(t) or C2(t) as shown in
figure to get ASK output.
The original modulating signal is obtained at the output of the ASK demodulator circuit.

Observation:
• Message signal Amplitude Am =______ Vp-p
• (Control signal m1 (t)) Frequency fm =________Hz
• Carrier signal Amplitude Ac = __ ____Vp-p
• (Sinusoidal c(t)) Frequency fc = ______Hz
• Modulated signal Amplitude A = _______Vpp
• Demodulated signal Amplitude Ad = _______Vpp
Waveforms:

Viva Questions:

1. State the difference between discrete and digital signals.

2. Define Quantizing.
3. Define Encoding.
4. Explain PCM encoding.
5. State the difference between pulse modulation and digital modulation.
6. Explain FSK circuit operation.
Experiment: 04

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

AIM: To design and demonstrate the working of TDM for band limited signals with
and Hz message signals with the help of suitable circuit.
Demultiplex the above TDM signal.

m1(t) : message signal (1) : Triangular signal, 3Vpp, 500Hz

m2(t) : message signal (2) : Sinusoidal signal, 2Vpp, 1kHz
Control input signal at pin 11 of IC CD 4051: pulse of 5V, 8 KHz
Supply: VDD = 5v, VSS = 0 and VE E = -5v

Pin Diagram

ON PIN Channel
Mode MUX/DEMUX
INH C B A NO Number
Channel
13 0 IN/OUT
0 0 0 0 0 14 1 IN/OUT
0 0 0 1 1 15 2 IN/OUT
0 0 1 0 2 12 3 IN/OUT
0 0 1 1 3 1 4 IN/OUT
5 5 IN/OUT
0 1 0 0 4
2 6 IN/OUT
0 1 0 1 5 4 7 IN/OUT
0 1 1 0 6 3 - OUT/IN
0 1 1 1 7 6(INH) is kept Gnd
1 X X X NONE 9,10 & 11 are select lines
CD4051 is a CMOS 8:1 and 1:8 analog MUX/DEMUX

Features of CD4051
• CD4051 is a 8-1 analog multiplexer & demultiplexer.
• It has low ON resistance i.e. around 125Ω.
• It has very high OFF resistance; a very low leakage current of around ±100pA.
• Input voltage range ±(5 - 15V). (VDD - 0.5V, VEE + 0.5V)
• Power supply range: ± 5 - 15V.
• Binary address decoding

Procedure: Multiplexing:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Feed the input message signal m1 (t) & m2 (t) to channel 0 (pin 13) and channel 1 (pin14)
of CD4051.
3. The control signal is fed to pin 11 (A) with the pin 9(C) and 10(B) grounded.
4. The multiplexed output is observed at Pin 3 on a CRO

Procedure: Demultiplexing:
1. Rig up the de-multiplexing part of the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The multiplexed signal is fed as input to the demux (CD4051) at pin 3 that acts as input in
demux mode.
3. The control signal is fed at pin 11 (A) keeping pin 9(C) and 10(B) at ground potential.
4. The demultiplexed output at channel-0 (pin13) m1(t) and channel-1 (pin14) m2(t) is
observed on CRO.(Samples of m1(t) & m2(t)).
1
5. Design LPFs to get back m1(t) & m2(t). [Ex: cutoff frequency- fc = 2π RC , for fc=8 KHz
select c=0.01μF and calculate the value of R].
6. To observe smooth demultiplexed o/p waveforms set fc=1MHz.

Observation:
1. Amplitude of message signal 1 (sinusoidal)=____ VPP, Frequency = ______Hz.
2. Amplitude of message signal 2 (triangular) = ____VPP, Frequency =_______Hz.
3. Amplitude of pulse control signal = 0 – 5V, Frequency = ______kHz.
(Use TTL output)
4. Amplitude & frequency of demultiplexed message signal
m1(t) = ____V ; _____Hz;
m2(t) = ____V; ______Hz.
Viva Questions:
1. What is TDM?
2. What is FDM?
3. Compare TDM and FDM?
4. What are the applications of TDM?
TDM waveforms:
Experiment: 05
Simulate Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: Standard AM using MATLAB.
fs=8000;
fm=20;
fc=500;
Am=1;
Ac=1;
t=[0:.1*fs]/fs;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s1=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)). *cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,1:3);
plot(t,m);
title('Modulating or Message signal(fm=20Hz)');
subplot(4,3,4:6);
plot(t,c);
title('Carrier signal(fc=500Hz)');
subplot(4,3,7);
plot(t,s1);
title( 'Under Modulated signal(ka.Am=0.5)');
Am=2;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s2=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,8);
plot(t,s2);
title( 'Exact Modulated signal(ka.Am=1)');
Am=5;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s3=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,9);
plot(t,s3);
title('Over Modulated signal(ka.Am=2.5)');
r1= s1.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr1= filter(b,a,r1);
subplot(4,3,10);
plot(t,mr1);
r2= s2.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr2= filter(b,a,r2);
subplot(4,3,11);
plot(t,mr2);
r3= s3.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr3= filter(b,a,r3);
subplot(4,3,12);
plot(t,mr3);

WAVEFORMS:
AM SPECTRUM:
close all;
clear all;
clc;
Fs = 100; %sampling frq
t = [0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs;
Fc = 10; % Carrier frequency
x = sin(2*pi*2*t); % message signal
Ac=1;
% compute spectra of am
xam=ammod(x,Fc,Fs,0,Ac);
zam = fft(xam);
zam = abs(zam(1:length(zam)/2+1));
frqam = [0:length(zam)-1]*Fs/length(zam)/2;
figure ;
plot(frqam,zam);
title('Spectrum of am signal');
Experiment: 06
Simulate Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: DSBSC using MATLAB.

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Ts = 199;
subplot(4,1,1);
t = 0:1/Ts:1;
m = cos(2*pi*1000*t);
plot(t,m);
title('Modulating Signal ');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on
% plot of the carrier signal
subplot(4,1,2);
c = cos(2*pi*5000*t);
plot(t,c);
title('Carrier Signal ');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on
% plot of the DSB signal with Suppresed carrier intime domain
subplot(4,1,3);
d = m.*c;
plot(t,d);
title('DOUBLE SIDEBAND – SUPRESSED CARRIER SIGNAL ');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on
% freq. domain of the DSB signal.
subplot(4,1,4);
fre = abs(fft(d));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*Ts/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
axis([0 100 0 50]);
grid on
title('DOUBLE SIDEBAND – SUPRESSED CARRIER SPECTRUM ');
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');
Experiment: 07

Simulate Frequency modulation and demodulation using MATLAB

%The frequency modulation(FM)waveform in time and and frequency domain
% fm=35HZ,fc=500HZ,Am=1V,Ac=1V,B=10

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=10000;
Ac=1;
Am=1;
fm=35;
fc=500;
B=10;
t=(0:0.1*fs)/fs;
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
m_t=Am*cos(wm*t);
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,m_t);
title('Modulating or Message signal(fm=35Hz)');
c_t=Ac*cos(wc*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,c_t);
title('Carriersignal(fm=500Hz)');
s_t=Ac*cos((wc*t)+B*sin(wm*t));
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,s_t);
title('Modulatedsignal');
d=demod(s_t,fc,fs,'fm');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,d);
title('demodulated signal');
WAVEFORMS:
FM SPECTRUM:

%program of spectrum analyzer and analysis of Fm

close all
clear all
clc
Fs = 100; %sampling frq
t = [0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs;
Fc = 10; % Carrier frequency
x = sin(2*pi*2*t); % message signal
Ac=1;
% spectrum of fm
xfm=fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,10);
zfm = fft(xfm);
zfm = abs(zfm(1:length(zfm)/2+1));
frqfm = [0:length(zfm)-1]*Fs/length(zfm)/2;
figure;
plot(frqfm,zfm);
title('Spectrum of fm signal');
Experiment :08

Simulate Pulse Width modulation and demodulation using MATLAB.

fc = 1000;
fs = 10000;
f1 = 200;
f2 = 300;
t = 0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1 = 0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
x2 = 0.2*(cos(2*pi*f1*t)+cos(2*pi*f2*t))+0.5;
%%%%%%%%%%%%% MODULATION %%%%%
y1 = modulate(x1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(2,1,1); plot(x1);
title('Original single tone message f1 = 200 , fs = 10000');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(y1);
title('PWM on cycle of f1 = 200 , fc = 1000');
axis([0,500,-0.2,1.2]);
figure
fx1 = abs(fft(y1,1024));
fx1 = [fx1(514:1024) fx1(1:513)];
f = (-511*fs/1024):(fs/1024):(512*fs/1024);
subplot(2,1,1); plot(f,fx1);
title('Frequency description single tone f1 = 200 , fc = 1000');

%%%%%% DEMODULATION %%%%%%%

x1_recov = demod(y1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(x1_recov );
title('Time domain recovered single tone f1 = 200 ');
WAVEFORMS:
Experiment: 09
Simulate Pulse Position modulation and demodulation using MATLAB.

fc = 1000;
fs = 10000;
f1 = 200;
f2 = 300;
t = 0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1 = 0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
%x2 = 0.2*(cos(2*pi*f1*t)+cos(2*pi*f2*t))+0.5;

%MODULATION

y1 = modulate(x1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(2,1,1); plot(x1);
title('Original single tone message f1 = 200 , fs = 10000');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(y1);
title('PPM on cycle of f1 = 200 , fc = 1000');
axis([0,500,-0.2,1.2]);
figure
fx1 = abs(fft(y1,1024));
fx1 = [fx1(514:1024) fx1(1:513)];
f = (-511*fs/1024):(fs/1024):(512*fs/1024);
subplot(2,1,1); plot(f,fx1);
title('Frequency description single tone f1 = 200 , fc = 1000');

%DEMODULATION
x1_recov = demod(y1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(x1_recov );
title('Time domain recovered single tone f1 = 200 ');
WAVEFORMS:
Experiment: 10
Simulate Pulse code modulation and demodulation using MATLAB.
clc;
clear all;
t = 0:0.005:20;
partition = -1:0.2:2;
codebook = -1:0.2:2.2;
x = sin(t);
[index,quants] = quantiz(x,partition,codebook);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time(s) ---->')
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,quants);
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time(s) ---->')
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
y = uencode(quants,3);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PCM Signal');
xlabel('Time(s) ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')

WAVEFORMS: