BOOK-3

GK DATA BOOK
வ.எண் தலைப்புகள் pages
1. nghUshjhuk; 1-2
2. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 3-4
3. etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW 5-8
jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW & jkpo;ehl;bd; 9-11
4.
tsHr;rp epHthfk;
Ke;ija kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa
5. 12-15
tuyhW
6. Gtpapay; 16-17
7. mwptpay; 18-19
 1.nghUshjhuk;
tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs; 27-8-2007 VH ,e;jpah & ,e;jpad; VHiyd;];,ize;jd.
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; mjd; tsHr;rp 1950 Njrpa JiwKfthupak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
10 L -1 XH mwpKfk; fhe;jp "xU Njrj;jpd; my;yJ xU jdpahupd;
Kjd; Kjyhf jhjhgha; nesNuh[p " tWikAk; jhHkPfnxOf;f newpfisf; fhag;gLj;jpdhy; me;j
gpupl;lDf;nfht;thj ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk;" (Poverty and 1921
1867-68 nghUshjhu eltbf;if ,Of;fhdJ@ NkYk; mJ
Un - British Rule in India) E}ypy; jdpegH tUkhdk; ghtkhdJ vd vOjpdH
gw;wp $wpAs;shH
irkd; F];el; vd;gtuhy; GDPapd; etPd fUj;J
1915 “goq;fhy ,e;jpa tHj;jfk;“ – mk;Ngj;fH
1934
Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1923
'&ghapd; gpur;ridfs;' vDk; Ma;twpf;if-
kdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf; FwpaPL vd;gJ ghfp];jhdpd; mk;Ngj;fH
1990 Kf`g; – cy; `f; vd;w nghUspay; mwpQuhy; “,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;j epyTlik kw;Wk; jPHTfs;"
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1918
Ieh rig “tsHr;rpf;fhd xU KOikahd fl;Liu – mk;Ngj;fH
2011
mZFKiwf;F – kfpo;r;rp" vd;w jPHkhdk;
1921 gpupl;];,e;jpahtpd; khfhz epjp gutyhf;fy; –
10 L -3 czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J mk;Ngj;fH
1-11-2016 jkpo;ehl;by; Njrpa czT ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1935 midj;jpe;jpa fpuhk njhopy; fofk;-JC Fkug;gh
Gjpa tptrha nfhs;if kj;jpa murhy;
2018 mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ “epiyj;jg; nghUshjhuk;“> “,NaRtpd;
2010 gy gupkhd tWik FwpaPL 1945 topKiwfs;“, “fpwp];Jtk;: mjd; nghUshjhuKk;
2018 jkpo;ehl;bd; gy gupkhd tWik FwpaPL tho;;f;ifKiwAk;“,-JC Fkug;gh
2011-12 Kjyikr;rupd; tpupthd Rfhjhu fhg;gPL 1938 ~,e;jpag; nghUspay; tho;tpy; vd;d jtW?|- ,uht;
2013 Njrpa czTg; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ~Kd;Ndw;wk; milahj ehLfspd; KjyPL>
Gjpa Ntshz; nfhs;ifia kj;jpa murhy; 1952 tUkhdk;> ngUf;fp Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd
2018 mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ njhlHG| - ,uht;
10 L -4 murhq;fKk; tupfSk; 1981 tWik kw;Wk; gQ;rk;: ~cupkk; kw;Wk; ,og;G-nrd;;
,e;jpahtpy; tUkhdtup rH N[k;]; tpy;rd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; tpLjiyf;F Kd;dUk;
1860 11 L -8 gpd;dUk;
vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1954 Kjd;Kjypy; GST mky;gLj;jpa ehL-gpuhd;]; 1510 NghHr;Rf;frP pupaH Nfhthtplk; tzpfk;
29-03-2017 GST ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. 1601 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
rHjhk];Nuh njhopw;rhiy mikf;f mDkjp
01-07-2017 GST mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L nray;gl;L tUfpwJ 1614 ngw;whH
10 L -5 jkpo;ehl;by; njhopy; Jiw njhFg;Gfs; 1757-1813 tzpf %yjdf; fhyk;
My;/gpul; khH~y; njhopy; njhFg;G my;yJ 1813-1858 njhopy; %yjdf; fhyk;
1920 khtl;lq;fspd; ed;ikfis Kjd;Kjypy; 1793 epue;ju nrhj;Jupikr; rl;lk;
fz;lwpe;jhH. Kjy; cyfg; NghH Jtf;fk;
1914
khH~ypd; “njhopy;Jiw khtl;lk;" (Industrial 1948,1956
1980
District) vd;w fUj;J gpugykhf;fg;gl;lJ. 1977,1980 ,e;jpa njhopw;nfhs;if
jkpofj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ePHkpd; rf;jpapy; 1990&1991
1930 ,Ue;J kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp kw;nwhU Kf;fpa njhopy;
tsHr;rp MFk;. 1960-61 “topelj;Jk; jpl;lk;"HYVP – MS.Rthkp ehjd;
1950 Mtbapy; njhopy; Njhl;lq;fs; epWtg;gl;lJ. 1870 “tq;fhs ,Uk;G njhopy;" fk;ngdp epWtg;gl;lJ.
1973 Nryj;jpy; ,Uk;G v/F Miy mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1907 ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy TISCO [hk;n~l;g+u;
Nfhak;Gj;J}H gFjpapy; tpirj;jwp nerTj; 1919 ghd;g+upy; TISCO njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;lJ.
1970
kw;Wk; njhopy;,; jpUg;g+upy; gpd;dyhilj; njhopy; 1974 ,e;jpa v/F epWtdk; (SAIL) epWtg;gl;lJ.
1980 tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; f&upy; tPl;L myq;fhug; Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; Nu~;uhtpy; rdy; njhopw;rhiy
nghUs;fs; 1855 epWtg;gl;lJ.
1980 gpw;gFjpapypUe;J jpUg;g+u; %d;W 1818 Kjy; Gjpa Jzp cw;gj;jp Miy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1980 ,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fSf;F "Kk;igapd; E}w;G> nerT epWtdk; (MUMBAI'S
Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fpAs;sJ 1854
SPINNING AND WEAVING CO) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1971 SIPCOT epWtg;gl;lJ 1812 tq;fj;jpYs;s nruhk;g+upy;; fhfpjMiy cUthf;fk;
rpwg;Gg; nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd 50Nfhbf;F Nky; -14 tq;fpfs; ehl;Llikf;fg;gl;ld
2000 Vg;uy; 19-07-1969
xU nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
15-04-1980 200Nfhbf;F Nky; -6 tq;fpfs; ehl;Llikf;fg;gl;ld
1984 MEPZ epWtg;gl;lJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk;
1970 TANSIDCO epWtg;gl;lJ 1951 -1956 1. `Nuhl; khjpup- ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik
1965 TIDCO epWtg;gl;lJ 1956 -1961 2 kfyNehgp]; khjpup- njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
1949 TIIC epWtg;gl;lJ 3; fhl;fpy; khjpup- Rje;jpukhd nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;
1961 -1966 nrhe;j Kd;Ndw;wk;
1965 TANSI tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ
16-01-2016 ];lhHl; mg; ,e;jpahjpl;lk; 1966 -1969 jpl;l tpLKiwf; fhyk;
05-04-2016 ];lhz;l; mg; ,e;jpahjpl;lk; 1969 -1974 4 epiyahd tsHr;rpAk; jw;rhHG epiy
td;nghUs; nkd;nghUs; epWtdk; nrd;idapy; 1974 -1979
5.D.P.jhH khjpup- Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; Jiw,
1990 epWtg;gl;ld Ruq;fj; njhopy;
11 L -7 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; 1978-79 Roy; jpl;lk;
1972 GNHI “nkhj;jehl;L kfpo;r;rp" cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1980 -1985 6.tWikxopg;G KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1921 “ngUk; gpuptpid Mz;L" 7.jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk;, Mf;fg;g+Htkhd
1951 “rpW gpsT Mz;L" 1985 -1990 Ntiytha;g;G,
Kjd;Kiwahf nghJj;Jiwf;Fk; Nkyhf
1961 “kf;fs; njhifntbg;G Mz;L"
1
 1.nghUshjhuk;
jdpahHJiwf;F Kd;Dupik 12 L -6 tq;fpapay;
1990 - 91
Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; cyfpd; Kjy; fld; epjp toq;Fk; tq;fp- ntdpR
1991 - 92 1157 tq;fp
8.Ntiytha;g;G> fy;tp> r%feyk; Kjyhd 1694 ,q;fpyhe;J tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
1992 -1997 kdpjtsNkk;ghL gzj;jij ntspapl;l Kjy; ika tq;fp
1997 -2002 9.r%f ePjpAld; $ba rkkhd tsHr;rp 1864
,q;fpyhe;J tq;fpahFk; (Bank of England).
10.jyh tUthia ,U klq;fhf caHj;j ,yf;F, 1920 gd;dhl;L epjpa khehL-gpu];]y;];
2002 -2007 2012 Mk; Mz;by; tWiktpfpjj;ij15% Mf gzj;jij ntspapLtjw;ffhd KO cupik-
Fiwf;Fk; Fwpf;Nfhs; 1897
];tPld; ehl;L upf;]; tq;fp
2007 -2012 11.“tpiuthd> mjpfkhd> cs;slf;fpa tsHr;rp 1921 njd; Mg;gpupf;f uprHt; tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
12."tpiuthd mjpfkhd cs;slf;fpa kw;Wk; rPd ika tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
2012 -2017 epiyahd tsHr;rp 1928
15-03-1950 jpl;lf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1934 epa+rpyhe;J uprHt; tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
jpl;lf;FO vd;gjw;F khw;whf epjp MNahf; vd;Dk; 1934 ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
01-01-2015 mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1950 rpNyhd; ika tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
Kjy; Ieh KNdw;w $l;likg;G kdpj Nkk;ghL 1954 ,];uNuy; ika tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.
1990 mwpf;ifia gpuRuk; nra;fpwJ. 01-01-1949 ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
mkHj;jpanrd;FkhH HDI Nkk;gLj;jpdhH 1770 ,e;J];jhd; tq;fp
11 L -9 ,e;jpahtpd; Nkk;gghL mDgtq;fs; 1806 tq;fhstq;fp
Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;fifia gpujkH mwptpg;G (LPG) 1921 xUfpizf;fg;gl;L
24-07 -1991 1840 Kk;ig tq;fp
2010 Nghl;bf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1955y; khw;wg;gl;lJ
1843 nrd;id tq;fp
gpujk ke;jpup gapH fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; (The Pradhan 01-04-1935 ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp mikf;fg;gl;lJ
18-02-2016
Mantri Fasal Bima) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1937 ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp fy;fj;jh-Kk;ig khw;wk;
1955 ,d;wpaikahg; nghUl;fs; rl;lk;.
2007 nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; jPHTr; rl;lk; - PSS Act
1964 “FspHgjd fplq;F Miz" “Cold Storage Order>"
1998 cotH fld; ml;ilj; jpl;lk; ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp tq;fp FiwjPHg;gghaj;jpid
1995
VO EPZfs; gk;gha; Neha;l Ruj; nrd;id ghy;lh (Banking Ombudsman) mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
1980 ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fpr; rl;lk;
tprhfgl;bdk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ 1934
fhz;l;yyhtpy; Kjy; Vw;Wkjp nrayhf;fkz;lyk; 1949 tq;fp newpKiwr; rl;lk;
1965 mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1934 mnkupf;ffhtpd; gpiza guptHj;jidrl;lk;
11 L -10 Cuf nghUshjhuk;
Ntshz; kWfld; Nkk;gghl;Lf; fofk;
1975 20 mk;rjpl;lk; 01-07-1963
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1978 xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsHr;rpj;jpl;lk; (IRDP)
Cuf ,isQHfSf;ffhd jd; Ntiytha;g;G 1975 RRBS; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
1979 1982 [_iy NABARD Njrpatq;fpia Njhw;Wtpj;jJ
gapw;rp (TRYSEM)
1977 Ntiyf;F czTj;jpl;lk; (FWP) 1948 ,e;jpa njhopy; epjpf; fofk;
1980 Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;Gj;jpl;lk; (NREP) 05-01-1955 ICICI Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Cuf epykw;NwhH Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj;jpl;lk; “Ntiytha;g;G>tl;b>kw;Wk; gzj;jpw;ffhd nghJf;
1983
(RLEGP) Nfhl;g;ghL" (General Theory of Employment, Interest
1936
1989 [tfH Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; (JRY)
kfhj;kkhfhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G and Money)- fPd;];
2006
cWjpj;jpl;lk; (MGNREGS) 1967 ATM mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpujhd; ke;jpup MjH~; fpuhk; rjf; tiu IDBI BANK ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp apd; KO
2010 15-02-1976
Nah[dh(PMAGSY) Jiz mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ
2005 ghuj; epHkkhd; Nah[dh khepy epjpf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1951
1985,1986 ,e;jpuhMth]; Nah[dh
[tfHyyhy; NeU Njrpa efHg;Gw kWrPuikg;G 2015Mf];l; PAYTM Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2005 01-04-2017 tq;fpfs; ,izg;G
jpl;lk; (JNNURM)
2009 uh[Pt; Mth]; Nah[dh (RAY) 08-11-2016 &500&&1000 fhfpj gzk; kjpg;G ePf;fk;
2005 Njjpa Cuf eyj;jpl;lk; epjpf;FO
2011 Njrpa Cuf tho;tthjhuj; jpl;lk; nray; nray;
Mz;L jiytH Mz;L jiytH
fhyk; fhyk;
2013 Njrpa czTg; ghJfhg;Gj;jpl;lk; 1 1951 K.C.epNahfp 1952-57 8 1983 YB.rthd; 1984-89
gzpf;ffhd gbg;G (Jobs Study) vd;w Ma;tpw;f;fhf 2 1956 K.re;jhdk; 1957-62 9 1987 NKP.rhy;Nt 1989-95
gPl;lH lakz;l;> Nly; khHbd;fd;> fpwp];NlhH KC.ge;j;
2010 gprhupl;]; MfpaNahHf;F Nehgy; guprpidg; gfpHT 3 1960 AK.re;jh 1962-66 10 1992 1995-20
DMP Kiw PV.uh[; AM.F];Nuh
Racjtp FOf;fs; tq;fp ,izg;G jpl;lk; 4 1964 1966-69 11 1998 2000-05
1992 kd;dH
12-04-2005 NRHM Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kfhtPH
5 1968 jpahfp 1969-74 12 2002 C.uq;fuh[d; 2005-10
rpy njd;dpe;jpa fpuhkq;fs; vDk; Gj;jfk;
1918 - fpy;ngHl; ];Nyl;lH K.gpukhde;j Dr.tp[a;
gztpay;nghUshjhuk; 6 1972 nul;b 1974-79 13 2007 L.Nfy;fhH 2010-15
12 L -5
15 -07-2010 Gjpa gzf; FwpaPL; -D. cjaFkhu; 7 1977 JM.rhyl; 1979-84 14 2013 Dr.YV.nul;b 2015-20
,Wjpapy; gztpf;fk; [pk;ghNt ehl;by; Mz;bw;fF ; 15 2017 NK.rpq; 2020-25
Vg;uy; 2007
3714% Mf caHe;jJ

2
 2.,e;jpa murpayikg;G
tUlq;fs; 1977-1978 mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO
epfo;Tfs; 1985 [p.tp.Nf.uht; FO> jpl;lf;FOthy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
&tpjpfs;
9 L- 1 murhq;f mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kf;fshl;rp 1986 vy;.vk;.rpq;fp FO
ehlhSkd;wf; fl;blk; tbtikg;G-vl;tpd; 1950 kjuh]; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk;
1912-1913 kjuh]; gQ;rhaj;J rl;lKk;> kjuh]; khtl;l
Yl;bad;]; &; n`HgHl; Ngf;fH 1958
tsHr;rp fTd;rpy; rl;lKk; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
1921-1927 ,e;jpahtpd; ehlhSkd;wf; fl;bl gzpfs; KbT 1992
1920 gphpl;b~; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; nghJj;Njh;jy; gFjp IX kw;Wk; IX(A) vd;w ,U gFjpfis
rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
nrd;id khfhzg; nghJj; Njh;jy; ngz;fSf;F 73> 74 ,izj;jJ. rl;l gphpTfs; 243-243(ZG)
1921 thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ. 73
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J mikg;G Vw;gLj;j
9 L- 2 Njh;jy;> murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; mOj;jf; rl;lg;gphpT Ntz;Lk;
FOf;fs; 243(B)
26-01-1950 kf;fshl;rp eilKiwf;F te;jJ. 11 fl;lha gzpfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;g gzpfis
XV324-329 Njh;jy; Kiwfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ml;ltiz gQ;rhaj;jpd; %d;wLf;FfSf;Fk; jUfpwJ.
gphpT 324 Njh;jy; Mizak; mikj;jpl toptifr;nra;fpwJ. NeU mtHfs; uh[];jhd; khepyk; efTupy;
02-10-1959
[dthp 25 Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdkhf nfhz;lhLfpNwhk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;-f;F mbf;fy; ehl;bdH.
1961 ,e;jpa NjHjy; elj;ijtpjpfs;; rl;l tpjp vz; 49- 1924 ghisa thupaq;fs; rl;lk;
O-NOTA tptupf;fpwJ [_d; 1993 74-tJ rl;ljpUj;jk; murpjopy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
2014 nghJj; Njh;jypy; VVPAT mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 1958 jkpo;ehL gQ;rhaj;Jfs; rl;lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ
1994 jkpo;ehL gQ;rhaj;Jfs; rl;lk; Gjpjhf
2014 nghJj; Njh;jypy; NOTA mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
9 L- 3 kdpj chpikfs; 1996 jkpo;ehL gQ;rhaj;Jfs; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
07-06-1893 njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; cs;s gpupNlhupahtpw;F 1996,2001,
njhlHtz;bapy; fhe;jp gazk; jkpof cs;shl;rp efu mikg;Gf;fhd NjHjy;fs;
2011
brk;gh; 10 kdpj cupik ehs; 2018 jkpo;ehL efHGw rl;lq;fs; kNrhjh 4tJ jpUj;jk;
24-10-1945 I.eh.rig njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 2018 jkpo;ehL gQ;rhaj;Jfs; kNrhjh 2tJ jpUj;jk;
10-12-1948 cyfshtpa kdpjcupikfs; Nguwpf;if (nghJ 10th & 12th ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rig jPh;khdk; 217A)- ghhp]; (30 cWg;Gfs); mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; gb murpay; eph;za
1976 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; -11 mbg;gilf; flikfs; 1946 rig cUthf;fk;
2007 %j;j Fbkf;fs; & ngw;Nwhh; eyd;fs; guhkhpg;Gr; 09-12-1946 murpay; eph;za rig Kjy; $l;lk;
rl;lk; 26-11-1949 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
12-10-1993 Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; 26-01-1950 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
22-01-1947 [tfh;yhy; NeUtpd; ‘Fwpf;Nfhs; ; hdk;’
jPhk
1993 cupikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
gphpT 21 xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; xU khepy 42tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb KfTiu xUKiw
kdpjcupikfs;Mizak; mikf;ftop nra;Ak; 1976 jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
gphpT 25 Ieh rig 18 taJ tiuAs;s midtiuAk; 1955 FbAhpikr; rl;lk;-(9 Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)
Foe;ijfs; vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
20-11-1998 Ieh rig Foe;ijfs; chpikfs; gpufldj;ij gFjp III 12-35 rl;lg;gphpTfs; mbg;gil chpikfs;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. I. rkj;Jt chpik
2009gphpT21 ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp chpikr; rl;lk; gphpT 14 rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;
2012 POCSO rl;lk; kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;gplk;
2018 Vg;uy; POCSO Fw;wtpay; rl;l jpUj;jr;rl;lk; gphpT 15 ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ghFgLj;Jtijj;
1998 gr;gd; gr;rht; me;Njhyd; Foe;ij ciog;Gf;F jilnra;jy;
vjpuhd cyfshtpa mzptFg;G gphpT 16 nghJ Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; rktha;g;gspj;jy;
gphpT 24 14taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis Mgj;jhd ghpT 17 jPz;lhikia xopj;jy;
Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jf;$lhJ. gphpT 18 ,uhZt & fy;tprhh; gl;lq;fisj; jtpu kw;w
gphpT 45 14 taJ epiwtilAk; tiu midj;J gl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp; II. Rje;jpu cupik
1989 jkpo;ehL ,e;J thhpR chpik rl;lk; Ngr;Rupik>fUj;J njuptpf;f> mikjpahd
2005 kj;jpa muR ,e;J thhpRhpikr; rl;lk;;; Kiwapy;$l;lk; $Ltjw;F> rq;fq;fs;> mikg;Gfs;
gpupT 19 njhlq;f> ,e;jpaehl;bw;Fs; tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpy;
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
2018[Piy Nfus muR tzpf epWtd rl;l jpUj;jk; trpf;Fk; &; njhopy; nra;Ak; cupik.
gphpT 39D ,Ug;ghypdUf;Fk; rk Ntiy, rk Cjpak; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l egHfSf;fhd cupik
gpupT 20
9th civi - 4 murhq;fq;fspd; tiffs; &jz;lidfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWk; cupik.
gphpT245-255 rl;l kd;w cwTfs; gpupT 21 tho;f;if &;; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;G
gphpT256-263 eph;thf cwTfs; ngWk; cupik.
gphpT268-294 epjp cwTfs; gpupT 21 A njhlf;ff;fy;tp ngWk; cupik.
18-07-2008 nkhj;j Njrpa kfpo;r;rp GNH eilKiw rpy tof;Ffspy; ifJ nra;J> jLg;Gf; fhtypy;
gpupT 22
1972 GNHI “nkhj;jehl;L kfpo;r;rp" cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. itg;gjw;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;G cupik
9 th
& 11 th
cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; III. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd cupik
1882 cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; mwpKfk;-hpg;gd; gpuG gpupT 23
fl;lha Ntiy> nfhj;jbik Kiw kw;Wk;
1935 khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w tpahghuj;ijj; jLj;jy;.
1937 khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rpia eilKiwf;F te;jJ. gpupT 24 njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Mgj;jhd ,lq;fspy;
1952 r%f mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsu;
1953 Njrpa ePl;bg;G Nrit IV. rkar;rhHG cupik
1957 Njrpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lk; -gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO
gpupT 25 ve;j xU rkaj;jpid Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk;>
1957 gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO gug;gTk; cupik.

3
 2.,e;jpa murpayikg;G
gpupT 26 rka tptfhuq;fis epHtfpf;Fk; cupik mjpfhuk;
gpupT 27 ve;jnthU kjj;ijAk; gug;Gtjw;fhf tup eLtz; murpd; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; jiyikj;
nrYj;Jtjw;nfjpuhd Rje;jpuk;. gpupT 53(2) jsgjp, ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs; FbauRj;
kjk; rhHe;j fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; eilngWk; jiytUf;F toq;fpAs;sJ.
gpupT 28 topghL kw;Wk; mwpTiu epfo;Tfspy; gpupT 61 FbauRj; jiytH ePf;fk;
fye;Jnfhs;shkypUf;f cupik. gpupT 63 Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH gjtpia toq;FfpwJ.
V. fy;tp> fyhr;rhu chpik FbauRj; jiytH NghyNt Jizf; FbauRj;
rpWghd;ikapdhpd; vOj;J> nkhop> kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu gpupT 66(1) jiytUf;Fk; kiwKfj; NjHjy;
gphpT 29
ghJfhg;G gpupT 100 Jizf; FbauRj; jiythpd; KbT thf;F
rpWghd;ikapdhpd; fy;tp epWtdq;fis epWtp> gpujk mikr;riuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l xU
gphpT 30 eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik gpupT 74(1)
mikr;ruitf; FO ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
VI. murpayikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L jPHT fhZk; cupik gpupT 78
gpujk mikr;rupd; flikfisg; gw;wpf;
jdpg;gl;ltupd;> mbg;gil cupikfs; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gpupT 32 NghJ> ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfp cupikiag; ngWjy;. gpupT 76 jiyik toq;fwpQH epakdk;
44MtJ rl;l jpUj;jg;gb> m.cupik gpupT 31 28-01-1950 ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wk;; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.1+7
1978 nrhj;Jupik ePf;fg;gl;L XII, gpupT 300A fPo; xU ePjpgjpfs;
rl;l cupikahf cs;sJ. 1951 kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk;
rl;lg;gpupT fPo; FbauRj;jiytuhy; 19d; fPo; gpupT 120 ehlhSkd;wk; mYty; nkhop-`pe;jp,Mq;fpyk;
gphpT 352 cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpu cupik 1970 ,WjpahfjdpegH rl;lKd;tiuT epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
jhkhfNt epWj;jg;gLk;. ngz;fSf;F 33% ,l xJf;fPl;Lf;F rl;l
IV, 36-51 muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 2010
Kd;tiuT khepyq;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
86tJrl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 2014 3k; ghypd egHfs; cupikfs; rl;l Kd;tiuT
2002 gpupT 45 jpUj;jg;gl;L> gpupT 21A fPo; 2013 MSif&tsHr;rpmwpf;ifNjrpa r%ffz;fhzpg;Gk;
njhlf;ff;fy;tp> mbg;gil cupikahf cs;sJ. 10th & 12th khepy muR,Ml;rpj;Jiw
1976 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb IV A 51 A gpupit midj;J khepyq;fSf;fhd rPuhd mikg;gpidg;
gFjp VI
nfhz;lJ. 11 mbg;gil flik cs;sJ. 152-237 gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2002 86 jpUj;jj;jpd;gb>51A(k)11tJ mbg;gil flik gpupT 154 MSeupd; epHthf mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
XII gphpT eLtz;-khepy muRfspd; epjprhHe;j cwTfs; 157>158 MSeH gjtpf;Fj; jFjpfisf; $Wfpd;wd.
268-293 Kjyikr;ru;,mikr;ruitapd; MNyhrid &
1969 jkpof muR lhf;lH.P.V. ,uh[kd;dhH %tH FO gpupT 163 topfhl;Ljypd;gb MSeH Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
xd;iw epakpj;jJ. epfo;Tfisj; jtpu kw;w mjpfhuq;fisr;
XVII343-351 mYtyf nkhopfs; gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wd. nray;gLj;JfpwhH.
2004 “nrk;nkhopfs;" vDk; Gjpa tifg;ghL mwpKfk; MSeUf;F cjtpahf MNyhrid toq;f
gpupT163(1)
gphpT 352 Njrpa mtruepiy- FbauRj;jiytH Kjyikr;rH jiyikapy; mikr;rHfs; FO
gphpT 356 khepy mtruepiy- FbauRj;jiytH gpupT361(1) MSeUf;fhd rpwg;Gupikfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
gphpT 360 epjprhHe;j mtruepiy- FbauRj;jiytH gphpT164(1) MSeuhy; Kjyikr;rH epakdijf; $WfpwJ.
XX-368 murpayikg;gpid rl;l jpUj;jk; nra;jy; Kiw Kjyikr;rH cl;gl nkhj;j mikr;rHfs;
164(1A)
2000 Njrpa rPuha;T Mizak; -M.N.ntq;flhrya;ah FO vz;zpf;if 15% jhz;lf;$lhJ
Vg;uy; 2007 M.M.g+Q;rp jiyikapy; 3 cWg;gpdH; Mizak;. 01-11-1986 jkpo;ehL rl;l Nkyit ePf;fk;
1935 ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk; 26-06-1862 nrd;id> Kk;ig> nfhy;fj;jh caH ePjpkd;wq;fs;
gpuptpidf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpahTf;fhd murikg;G Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
14-08-1947 mbg;gilcupikfSf;fhfTk;kw;wNehf;fq;fSf;fhf;
epHzar; rig $baJ gpupT 226
caH ePjpkd;w Nguhiz mjpfhuq;fs;
24-01-1950 murpayikg;gpw;F xg;Gjy;- murpay; epHza rig
gpupT 32 cr;r ePjpkd;wk; toq;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhizfs;>
2009 rpwhh; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp rl;lk; gpupT 52 ,e;jpahtpw;F FbauRj;jiytH Ntz;Lnkd;fpwJ.
cWg;G 79 ehlhSkd;wk;FbauRj;jiyth;&<uit nfhz;lJ. gpupT 56 FbauRj;jiytH gjtpf;fhyk;
01-08-2014 Kjy;; jkpo;ehl;by; ePjpkd;w nkhopahf jkpo; gpupT 58 FbauRj;jiytH jFjp kw;Wk; NjHjy;
cWg;G 370 [k;Kfh~;kPh; gFjpf;F rpwg;G jd;dhl;rp jFjp XVIII FbauRj;jiytupd; neUf;fbfhy mjpfhuq;fs;
05-08-2019 [k;K fh~;kPUf;F rpwg;G jFjp uj;J
03-05-1952 Kjy; rl;lkd;wk; $l;lj;njhlH FbauRj; Jizj;jiyth;; khepyq;;fsitapd;
gpupT 64
mYty;top jiytu;
1954 mbg;gil fy;tp jpl;lk; uj;J - Rg;ukzpak;
gpupT 63-70 Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH gw;wpit
27-07-1956 rq;fuypq;fk;-cz;zhtpujk;(jkpo;ehL ngaH khw;wk;)
13-10-1956 rq;fuypq;fk; ,wg;G gpupT 75 gpujkH epakdk;
14-01-1964 kjuh]; khepyk; jkpo;ehL vd ngaH khw;wk;. 1947 gpujkH mYtyfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1959-60 1997 gpujkupd; nrayfk; vd;Nwmiof;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
tujl;riz xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
&9-05-1961 $l;L $l;lq;fs; VI, 153-167 khepy eph;thfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
2002 khh;r; gaq;futhj jLg;Gr; rl;lk;
gpupT 153 khepyq;;fSf;Fk; Xh; MSeh; ,Ug;ghh; vd;fpwJ.
27-02-2015 FbAupik rl;lk; (1955) jpUj;jk;
murikg;G jpUj;jg;gb 2 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
10th & 12th eLtz; muR,rl;lkd;wk; 1956
khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf xUtNu ,Uf;f KbAk;.
V-52-78 eLtz; murpd; epHthfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
gpupT 155 MSeh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
FbauRj; jiytH NeubahfNth my;yJ
mtUila rhHepiy mYtyHfs; %ykhfNth gpupT 156 MSehpd; gjtpf;fhyk; -Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
gpupT 53 MSeH khepyr;rl;lkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjp MthH.
eLtz; murpd; epHthf mjpfhuq;fis gpupT 168
murpayikg;gpd;gb nray;gLj;JfpwhH vdNt>mtHrl;lmjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhH.
eLtz; murpd; epHthfk; FbauRj; jiytupd; gpupT 213 MSeH mtru rl;lq;fisAk; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
gpupT 77 ngauhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
gpupT 72 jz;lid ngw;wtupd; jz;lidiaf; Fiwf;Fk;

4
 3.etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW
tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd
10 L-7 fhydpaj;Jf;F vjpuhd ,af;fq;fSk; Njrpaj;jpd; 1883 ,y;gh;l; kNrhjhtpw;F Mjuthf fpsh;r;rpfs;
Njhw;wk; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuff;Fs;Ns
1890
23-06-1757 gpshrpg; Nghh; fUj;J Ntw;Wikfs; tsh;e;jd
1818 /guhrp ,af;fk;- `h[p ~upaj;Jy;yh “Rauh[;[pak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik mij mile;Nj
1827 gurj;jpy; t`hgp fpsHr;rp-bL kPH 1897
jPUNtd;” vd Koq;fpdhh; - jpyfh;
1831-1832 Nfhy; fpsHr;rp-gpe;j;uha;&rpq;uha; RNjrp ,af;fk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia Neubahf
1854 rhe;jyHfspd; r%ff;nfhs;is eltbf;if- gPH rpq; vjph;j;jJ> RNjrpj; njhopy;fs;> Njrpaf;fy;tp>
1855 1905
rhe;jyHfspd; fpsHr;rp-rpj;J,fZ Racjtp ,e;jpa nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
1855 rhe;jy; gHfhdh kz;lyj;ij cUthf;Fk; rl;lk; fUj;Jfis Cf;Ftpj;jJ
1890-1900 Kz;lh fpsHr;rp- gpHrhKz;lh jpyfh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ,e;jpa jz;lidr;
27-07-1897
25-12-1889 Kz;lhf;fs; td;Kiwia ifapy; vLj;jdH rl;lk; gphpT 124A apd; fPo; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhh;
1900gpg;utup gpHrhKz;lh ifJ nra;ag;gl;lh; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p gk;gha; khefuhl;rpf;
1870
1908 Nrhl;lhehf;g+H Fj;jifr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ fofj;jpw;Fk;> efurigf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
29-03-1857 kq;fs;ghz;Nl jdJ mjpfhupiaj; jhf;fpdhH jhjhgha; nesNuh[p; ,q;fpyhe;Jg;
1892
11-05-1857 ngUq;fpsHr;rp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj ;Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lh;
1824 rpg;gha;fs; fly; topahf gHkh nry;ykWj;jdH 1865 ,e;jpa rq;fk; (Indian Society) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
11-05-1857 kPul;;-jpy;yp Nehf;fp rpg;gha;fs; nrd;wdH 1866 fpof;fpe;jpaf;fofk;(EastIndian Association) jhjhgha;
1858 ,e;jpamuR rl;lk; gphpl;b~; ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;G „,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; gphpl;b~; jd;ikaw;w
1859 ,z;bNfh fpsh;r;rp- ebah 1901 Ml;rpAk;‟ (Poverty and Un British Rule in India)
1875 jf;fhz fytuq;fs; vDk; Gj;jfk;-jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
1866 fpof;fpe;jpa mikg;G 12 L-2 jPtpu Njrpathjj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; RNjrp ,af;fKk;
28-12-1855 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; epWtg;gl;L Kjy; mkh;T Mq;fpNyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;ifff;F
16-10-1905 tq;fg; gphptpid mjpfhug+Htkhfg; gpuptpid MdJ 1905
Kjd;ikahd vLj;Jf;fhl;L tq;fg; gphptpidahFk;
1916-1918 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;- jpyfH> md;dpngrd;l; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Mf;fg+h;tkhdj; jpl;lq;fshf
1916 yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1905 -1911
,Ue;jd
1919 khz;NlF-nrk;];/NghHl;rPHjpUj;jq;fs; 1907 nghJf;$l;lq;fs; rl;lk;
12 L-1 ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rp 1908 ntb kUe;Jr; rl;lk;
1915 -1919 ,e;jpaNjrpa,af;fj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;whh; - fhe;jp 1908 nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk;> J}z;Ljy; Fw;wr; rl;lk;
gQ;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf 25 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; 1910 ,e;jpag;gj;jphpifr;rl;lk;
1770 -1900 caphpoe;jjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ 06-01-1899 GjpajiyikMSeuhfTk; fh;rd;gpuG gzp epakdk;
gj;jhz;Lfspy; gQ;rj;jpdhy; kl;LNk ,e;jpahtpy; fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rpf; FOtpy; mq;fk; tfpj;jj
1891-1900 19 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; caphpoe;jjhf nkl;uh]; 1899 ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
ilk;];d; Mrphpah; -tpy;ypak; bf;ig Fwpg;gpl;lhh; Fiwj;jhh; fh;rd;gpuG
xhprh gQ;rk; - 1.5 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; gyp; 1904 gy;fiyf;fofr;mYtyfufrpar; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk;
1866 Mq;fpNyah; 200 kpy;ypad; gTz;l; muprpia 1905 tq;fhsj;ijg;gphpf;f Miz gpwg;gpj;jhh; fh;rd;gpuG
,q;fpyhe;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdh;. 19-07-1905 tq;fg; gphptpid mjpfhu g+h;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
gQ;rq;fs; kf;fs; Gyk;ngah;e;J nry;Yk; epiyia fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w $l;lnkhd;wpy; vjph;g;ig
1833 -1943
cUthf;fpaJ kf;fspilNa tphpTgLj;JtJ KbTnra;ag;gl;lJ.
1843 gphpl;b~; ,e;jpahtpy; mbikKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ 17-07-1905 mNj $L;lj;jpy; Mq;fpyg;nghUl;fisAk;
1877 gQ;rj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapy; Vwj;jho 3>80>000 jkpo; epWtdq;fisAk; Gwf;fzpf;f RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
$ypj;njhopyhsh;fs; gzpakh;j;jg;gl;bUe;jdh; miw$ty; tpLj;jhh;.
fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J bhpdplhl; nrd;w fg;gypy; fy;fj;jh (Town Hall) eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; RNjrp
1856 -1857 gazk; nra;j xg;ge;jf; $ypj;njhopyhsh;fs; rpyh; 07-08-1905
,af;fk; Kiwahfg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
,we;jdh; 16-10-1905 Jf;fjpdkhf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
1835 ,e;jpaf; fTd;rpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpr; rl;lk; tpbnts;spf; fofk; (Dawn Society) epWtg;gl;lJ-
T.B. nkf;fhNy fth;dh; n[duypd; MNyhridf; 1902
1834 -1838 rjP~;re;jpu KfH[p
FOtpy; Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpduhf mq;fk; tfpj;jhh; tpbnts;spf; fofj;jpd; Kd;ndLg;gpy; fy;tpf;fhd
1823 nghJf;fy;tpf;fhd nghJf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ 05-11-1902
Njrpa fofk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
“,e;jpaf; fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs; (Minute on 1906 kpz;NlhgpuG murg;gpujpepjpahfg; gzpakHj;jg;gl;lh;
1835
Indian Education)” ntspapl;lhh;- T.B. nkf;fhNy 1907 #uj; gpsT
1857 gk;gha;> nrd;id> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fy;fj;jh khehl;by; kpjthj Njrpathjpfspd;
epWtg;gl;ld. 1906
Nfhupf;ifia Vw;W jhjhgha; jiytuh;
gk;gha;khfhzKd;dhs;MSeH,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; gpuNjr kWtpepNahfk; njhlh;ghd xU
1864
murg;gpujpepjp rh;[hd; yhud;]Pf;F vOjpdhh; 1903 jpl;lj;ij fh;rd; jPl;bapUe;jhh;. hp];yp mwpf;if
1870 ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; gphpT 124A mlf;fKiw (Risely papers) ntspaplg;gl;lJ
xOq;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; 1903 -1905 gphptpidf;fhd KOj;jpl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ
1878 gj;jphpf;if gpuhe;jpa nkhopr; rl;lk;; K];ypk;;fs; mDgtpj;jpuhj xw;Wikiag; fpof;F
gl;lar;rl;lk; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; 1904 tq;fhsj;jpy; mDgtpg;ghHfs; vd lhf;fhtpy;
1853 fHrd;> K];ypk;fSf;F cWjpaspj;jhH.
Ml;rpj; njhlu mDkjp toq;fpaJ
fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyahpd; nfhs;iff;F Rg;ukzpa ghujp RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jphpifapd;
1875 -1885 1904 Jizahrphpauhfg; gzpakh;j;jg;gl;lhh;
vjpuhfg; gy Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd
gUj;jp Jzpfspd; kPJ ,wf;Fkjpthp tpjpf;fg;gl 1905 rNfhjup epNtjpjh ghujp re;jpg;G
1875 Ntz;Lnkd [Tsp Miy chpikahsh;fs; 1920 fhe;jp jiikapYk; RNjrp xU jj;JtkhdJ
,af;fk; elj;jpdh; fhe;jpabfs; ,ij midj;J ,e;jpah;fSk;
muRg; gzpfs; ,e;jpakakhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;wf; jhq;fs; gpwe;j ehl;bw;Fr; nra;aNtz;ba
1877 1920
Nfhhpf;if Xq;fp xypj;jJ. flikfNshL ,izj;Jr; RNjrp rpe;jidf;Fg;
1878 tl;lhu nkhopg; gj;jphpifr; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Gjpa nghUisf; nfhLj;jhh;
5
 3.etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW
1902 tq;fhsj;jpy; gy ufrpa rq;fq;fs;epWtg;gl;lJ 1917 fy;fj;jh INC $l;lj;jpy; ngrz;l; jiytuH;
1872 uhdNl njhlh; nrhw;nghopTfspd; %yk; RNjr jpyfh; gphpl;lDf;Fr; nrd;Wjk;, khz;NlF
rpe;jid gpugyk; 1918 nrk;];/Nghh;LrPhj ; pUj;ij ngrz;l; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
1906 Gypd; gpfhhp jh]; Kaw;rpahy; lhf;fh mDrPyd; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; tPo;r;rp fz;lJ
rkpjp cUthdJ jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; - ,e;jpa yPf; ngah; khw;wk;
1906 fy;fj;jh mDrPyd; rkpjp uq;g+hpy; Kjy; RNjrpf; 1929 tp.Nf.fpU~;zNkdd;
Mf];l; nfhs;isia elj;jpaJ 1909 gphpl;b~hh; kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rPhj ; pUj;jk;
t.c.rp.RNjrp ePuhtPf; fg;gy; fk;ngdp vDk; 1913 ,e;jpa yPf;fy; Gjpa jiyth;fs; ,ize;jdh;.
16-10-1906
$l;Lg;gq;F epWtdj;ijg; gjpT nra;jhh;
gk;ghapy; khehl;il elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j INC
gh;rhy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ghujp Gj;jfk; 1915 K];ypk; yPf;Fk rPhj ; pUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu
1906 ntspaPL tpthjpj;jd
1908 kpd;Nlh khHyp rPHjpUj;jk; mwptpg;G
N`k;re;jpu fDq;Nfh kzpf;jyh gz;iz tPl;by; ,k;gPhpay; Nguit ,e;J & K];ypk;
1908 kjr;rhh;Gg; gs;spNahL Fz;Lfs; jahhpf;f 1916 cWg;gpdh;fSf;F murg;gpujpepjp NghUf;Fg; gpe;ija
njhopw;$lj;ijAk; epWtpdhh; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J typAWj;jpdh;- fbjk;
30-04-1908 mypg;g+HFz;Lntbg;G 1916etk;gh; INC K];ypk; yPf;Fk;; fy;fj;jhtpy; re;jpj;J ,e;j
khHr; 1908 Nfhuy;kpy; njhopyhsh;fspd; Ntiy epWj;jk; fbjk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jd
04-11-1908 t.c.rp>Rg;ukz;a rpth tof;fpy; jPh;g;G 1916 INC, K];ypk; yPf;> jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; tUl
t.c.rp.Ak; Rg;ukzpa rpthTk; Njr JNuhff; khehLfisyf;Ndhtpy; elj;jpajhy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
07-07-1908 Fw;wj;jpd; fPo; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldh; 1913 grpgf; gpuNjr ,e;J];jhd-yhyh `h;jahs; (fjhh;)
1907 „#uj; nrd;W te;j gazk; vd;Dk; rpW 01-11-1913 „fjhh;‟gj;jphpif rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpy; ntspahdJ
Gj;jfnkhd;iw ntspapl;lhh; ghujp 1903 Fw;w csTj;Jiwia (CID) - fh;rd; gpuG
09-03-1907 6 khj rpiw jz;lidf;F gpd; gpgpd; tpLjiy 1911 Njrj;JNuhf $l;lq;fs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;
Njr JNuhff; Fw;wj;jpw;fhff; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh; 1914 ntspehl;bdh; mtrur;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
12-03-1908
t.c.rp. Rg;ukzpa rpth ghuPrpy;; KfkJ myp fpyhgj; Nfhhpf;if
tpNtfhde;jh; tpsf;fpathW mf;fhuh vdg;gLk; 1920 khh;r; J}jhz;ik mjpfhhpfspilNa rkh;g;gpj;jhh;
1870 clw;gapw;rp epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld
1906 [PY Nghh; nts;spg;gjf;fk; fhe;jpabfSf;F
fhty;Jiw mwpf;iffs; khzth;fis toq;fg;gl;lJ
1905 -1907 Mgj;jhdth;fs;> mth;fspd; eltbf;iffs; 1917 Nghy;~;tpf; Gul;rp ntw;wp
Ml;rpf;F vjpuhdit vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;ld 30-10-1920 ,e;jpaj; njhopw;rq;f fhq;fpu]; -yhyh y[gjpuha;
nrd;idf;F tUif je;j gpgpd;; flw;fiuapy; fhe;jpabfs; Njrpaj; jiytuhf cUntLj;J
1907 ciufs; Mw;wpadhh; 10th &12th kf;fis xd;wpizj;jy;
17-06-1911 M~; gLnfhiy epy tUtha; t#iy uj;Jnra;AkhW fhydp Ml;rp
,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; 1918
12 L - 3 eph;thfj;jplk; nfhhpdh;- fhe;jp
jhf;fk; 1905 ,e;jpa gzpahsh; rq;fk;- NfhfNy
,sk; JUf;fpah;fSk; rPd NjrpathjpfSk; 1919 khh;r; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;fs; rl;lk; , nusyl; rl;lk;
1908 -1911 Nkw;fj;jpa topKiwfs; ,rpe;ijfisg; gad;gLj;jp
jkJ muRfis mfw;wpdhh;fs; 1918 gk;ghapy; INC rpwg;G mkHtpy; khz;NlF
jpl;lk;gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpyfh; jiyikapy; jPtpuj; Njrpathjpfs;
1916 31-05-1918 itrpauha;f;F vjph;g;Gf; fbjk; -jh$h;
fhq;fpuir fl;Lg;gLj;jpdh;
,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp gdhu]; ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofkhf 1880 thf;Fhpik murpay; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
1916 1916 gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; mwpf;ifapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ- kjd;Nkhfd; khshtpah
30-03-1940 yz;ld; fhf;];ld; muq;fpy; ikf;Nfy; X ilaiu;
1907 vr;.v];.My;fhl;; kiwT, gpuk;kQhd rigapd; gLnfhiy nra;jhh;- cjk; rpq;
jiytuhf ngrz;l; gjtp 31-08-1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;f KbT
gphpl;ld; Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; <LgLk; mwpg;ig 1921 Nty;]; ,sturh; gazKk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ
1914 ntspapl;lJ
kj;jpa rl;lg;Nguit muq;Ff;Fs;; gfj; rpq;Fk;>
1914 jp fhkd;tPy; thue;jphp - ngrz;l;
08-04-1929 gLNf~;th; jj;Jk; ntbFz;L tPr;R, kPul;
1915 “How India Wrought for Freedom” - ngrz;l; rjpj;jpl;l tof;F
14-07-1915 epa+ ,e;jpah
28-09-1915 jd;dhl;rp,af;fk;Jtf;fg;Nghtjhfmwptpg;G-ngrz;l; 31-12-1929 yh$hpu; %th;zf; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ- NeU
jpyfh;> ngrz;l; Kaw;rpfahy; gk;ghapy; INC 1927 kjuh]py;INCkhehl;by;;irkdpd;FOGwf;fzpf;f KbT
1915-Dec mkh;tpy; jPtu Njrpathjpfs; NrHf;f mf;fl;rp 1928brk;gh; fy;fj;jhtpy; INC khehl;by;; ,lJrhhpfis
jpUj;jk; nra;jJ rhe;jg;gLj;jmLj;jkhehl;by;NeUjiyth; vd KbT
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij ifapnyLf;FkhW khehl;by; md;W ,utpy; rpl;lfhq; gilj;jsk; jhf;fpj;
1916nrg;lk;gh; Vg;uy; 18
INCia ngrz;l; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh; jfh;ff; g;gl;lJ
ngy;fhk; gk;gha; khehl;by; jpyfh; jd;dhl;rp [dthp1931 fhe;jpabfs; tpLjiy
1916 Vg;uy; ,af;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ 1933 Nk rl;lkWg;G epWj;jg;gl;L 1934 Kw;wpYk; KbT
23-07-1916 jpyfh; mWgjhtJgpwe;jehspy; ifJ 1912 mk;Ngj;fH gl;ljhup MdhH.
1916nrg;lk;gh; kjuh]py; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; -md;dpngrz;l; 1916 ,e;jpahtpd; rhjpfs; Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liu- mk;Ngj;fH
ngrz;l;, gp.gpthbah> [hh;[;mUz;Nly; murpay; 1937 Rje;jpu njhopyhsh; fl;rp
1917-JUNE fhuzq;fSf;fhf Cl;bapy; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;ldh; gl;bay; ,dj;jth; $l;likg;G Jtf;fk;, ghJfhg;Gj;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij muRf;F vjpuhfg; 1942 Jiw MNyhridf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf
28-07-1917 gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J INC $l;lj;jpy; jpyfh; mk;Ngj;fh; epakdk;
typAWj;jpdhh; 09-01-1915 fhe;jp jhafk; jpUk;gpdhH.
02-10-1869 Nkhfd;jjh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp gpwe;jjhH.
jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fs,; nghWg;ghd muR vd;gNj
20-08-1917 1888 fhe;jp ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Ff; fly;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH
,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b~; Ml;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
khz;NlF mwptpj;jhh; 1891 [_d; tof;fwpQH gl;lk;gngw;W jhafk; jpUk;gpdhH.
1917nrg;lk;gh; ngrz;l; tpLjiy 1893 Vg;uy; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whH.
1905 fhe;jpabfs; /gPdpf;]; FbapUg;ig epWtpdhH.
6
 3.etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW
1910 fhe;jpabfs; lhy];;lha; gz;izia epWtpdhH. 1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfNghH %z;lJ.
1917 rk;guhd; rj;jpahfpuf ntw;wp 1939 Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhdhh;
1918 mfkjhghj; kpy; NtiyepWj;jk;, Nfjhrj;jpahfpufk; 1940 [pd;dh K];yk P ;fSf;F jdpehL Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;
1919 ,ul;il Ml;rp mwpKfk; 22-03-1942 fhgpdl; mikr;rh; fpupg;]; jiyikapy; J}Jf;FO
06-04-1919 fUg;Gr; rl;lj;ij vjpHj;J ehL jOtpa Nghuhl;lk; 08-08-1942 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; INC mDkjp
09-04-1919 ir/GjPd; fpr;Y>rj;aghy; mkpHjru]py; ifJ 09-08-1942 fhe;jpabfSk; fhq;fpu]; jiytHfs; ifJ
13-04-1919 [hypad; thyhghf; Jg;ghf;fp RL- nu[pdhy;L laH 1942etk;gH tiu c~hNkj;jh epWtpa fhq;fpu]; thndhyp
1918 KjyhtJ cyfg;NghH KbTf;F te;jJ. jpiukiwtpy; ntw;wpfukhfr; nray;gl;lJ.
1919etk;gH jpy;ypapy; fpyhgj; khehl;Lf;F fhe;jp jiyik 1941 khHr; ,y;yj;jpypUe;J khWNtlkzpe;J jg;gpj;jhh;- Rgh~;
myfhghj;; fpyhgj; $l;lk; fhe;jpabfspd; mfpk;ir 1943gpg;utup Rgh~; ePH%o;fpf; fg;gy; %ykhf [g;ghd; nrd;whh;
09-06-1920 1946gpg;utup gk;ghapy; uhay; ,e;jpa flw;gilkhYkpfs; fpsHr;rp
& xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
01-08-1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; njhlq;fpaJ. 14-06-1945 Ntty; jpl;lk; - rpk;yh khehL
1920 fy;fj;jhtpy; rpwg;G $l;lk; fhq;fpu]; 1946 khfhzj;NjHjy;fspy;ngUk;ghyhdfhq;fpu]; ntw;wp
nrg;lk;gH xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fpaJ. 16-08-1946 „Neub eltbf;if ehshf‟ [pd;dh mwptpj;jhh;
1920 Nryk; C. tp[auhfthr;rhupahupd; jiyik 03-06-1947 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; mwptpg;G
brk;gH ehf;g+upy; mkHT jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ 1946
nrg;lk;gH NeU jiyik ,ilf;fhy muR mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1922gpg;utup gHNjhypapy; tupnfhlh,af;fj;ij mwptpg;G- fhe;jp
05-02-1922 nrsup nrsuh rk;gtk; 1947gpg;utup 1948 [_d; thf;fpy; mjpfhukhw;wk; Vw;gLk;;
01-01-1923 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp njhlf;fk; fpnskd;l; ml;yp mwptpj;jhH
08-11-1927 irkd; FOmikf;fg;gjhfMq;fpNyaHmwptpj;jdH 18-07-1947 ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
1928 15-08-1947 ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jJ
midj;Jf; fl;rp khehL, NeU mwpf;if
1929;brk;gH yh$upy; NeU jiyik fhq;fpu]; mkHT Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
12 L- 5 Gul;rpfu Njrpathjj;jpd; fhyk;
26-01-1930 Rje;jpuj; jpUehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
31-01-1930 cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; Kjy; Gul;rpfu Njrpathjf; FOtpdh; ng~htUf;F
03-06-1921 te;jdh;
12-3-1930 78 NgHfSld; rgHkjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b
ahj;jpiu njhlq;fpaJ 1924 fhd;g+h; Nghy;~t ; Pf; rjp tof;F
xU ifg;gpb cg;igf; ifapy; vLj;J 1929 kPul; rjp tof;F
06-04-1930 1925brk;gh; fk;a+dp];l;fspd; FOf;fspd; khehL ele;NjwpaJ
cg;Gr;rl;lj;ij kPwpdhH- fhe;jp
1865 Mq;fpNyaHfs; KjyhtJ tdr;rl;lj;ij 01-05-1923 Nk jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhbdhh; -vk;. rpq;fhuNtyH
epiwNtw;wpdH 1928 njd;dpe;jpa uapy;Nt NtiyepWj;jk; -rpq;fhuNtyH
1878 ,e;jpa tdq;fs; rl;lg;gb tdq;fspd; cupik 1928 ypy;Yth uapy; gzpkid NtiyepWj;jk;
murplk; ,Ue;jJ 1928 fy;fj;jh Jg;guTj;njhopyhsh;fspd; NtiyepWj;jk;
1922-24 uhk;ghMjpthrpfspd; fpsHr;rpia mlf;Ftjw;ffhf 1928 Vg;uy; gk;gha; [Tspj; njhopyhsh; NtiyepWj;jk;
kyghH fhty;Jiwapd; rpwg;Gf;FO mDg;gl;lJ. njhopw;jfuhWfs; rl;lk;> nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G
1930etk;gH yz;ldpy; KjyhtJ tl;l NkirkhehL ele;jJ. 1928
kNrhjh nfhLQ;rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ
05-03-1931 fhe;jp-,Htpd; xg;ge;jk; ele;jJ. gpg;uthpapYk; nrg;lk;ghpYk; eilngw;w fhuf;g+h;
07-09-1931 2tJ tl;l NkirkhehL ele;jJ. 1927
uapy;Nt gzpkid NtiyepWj;jq;fs;
17-11-1932- 3tJ tl;l NkirkhehL ele;jJ. 16-01-1933 kPul; mkh;T ePjpkd;wk; fLikahd jPhg ; toq;fpaJ
24-12-1932 1907 gfj;rpq; nrg;lk;gh; 28,y; gpwe;jhh;
16-08-1932 tFg;Gthup xJf;fPl;L uhk;Nrnkf;nlhdhy;L mwptpg;G 23-03-1931 gfj;rpq;> uh[FU> RfNjt; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH
fhe;jpabfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F 1931 khh;r; fuhr;rp mkh;T rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; jiyik
20-09-1932 jdpj;njhFjpfs; xJf;fl P ;bw;F vjpuhf rhFk; 12-01-1934 #Hahnrd; J}f;Fj;jz;lid
tiucz;zzhtpujj;ij njhlq;fpdhH 1954 gUj;jp Miyia Kjd;Kjypy; njhlq;fpdhh;
08-01-1933 Nfhtpy; EioT ehs; Kjy; gazpfs; uapy; gk;gha;f;Fk;
1920 1853 jhNdTf;FkpilNa ,aq;fpaJ
nghJTilik(fk;a+dp];L) (CPI)c];ngfp];jhdpd;
mf;NlhgH jh~;fz;by; epWtg;gl;lJ. 1855 rzy; cw;gj;jp Miy epWtg;gl;lJ
1924 fhd;g+H rjpj;jpl;l tof;F 1914 fy;fj;jh khfhzj;jpy; kl;Lk; 64 Miyfs;
1925 fhd;g+upy; mfpy,e;jpa nghJTilik khehL 1843 Jthufehj; jh$hpd; ngq;fhy; epyf;fhp epWtdk;
1928 mfpy,e;jpa njhopyhsHfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; INuhg;gpah;fs; FO tq;fhs ,Uk;G epWtdj;ij
fl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. 1875
epWt Kaw;rpj;jJ
1924 ,e;J];jhd; FbauR ,uhZtk; (HRA) fhd;g+upy; 1889 tq;fhs ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v/F Miy
cUthf;fk; 1868 lhlh FOkk;
1925 yf;Ndh fhNfhup fpuhkj;jpy; ,uapy; nfhs;is- 1910 lhlh ePhk; pd;rf;jp epWtdk; cjakhdJ
uhk;gpurhj; gp];kpy;> m~/ghFy;yhfhd; & gyh; 1916 xU njhopw;Jiw Mizak; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ
1928 HRA -,e;J];jhd; nghJTilikthj FbauR 1882 yf;Ndhtpy; Kjy; fhfpj Miy -$g;gh; Ngg;gh; kpy;
mikg;G vd;W ngaH khw;wk; - gfj;rpq; Rf;Njt; 1904 kjuh]py; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpiaj; njhlq;fpaJ
kj;jpa rl;lg; Nguitapy; Giff;Fz;L tPr;R - 1860 fhd;g+hpy; murhy; Njhy; gjdpLk; njhopw;rhiy
1929 1905 ,e;jpa 1st Njhy; gjdpLk; njhopw;rhiy fy;fj;jh
gfj;rpq;,B.K.jj;Jk;
rpl;lfhq; MAjf;fplq;F jhf;Fjy; -#Hah nrd; & 1919 rpe;jpah ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdp ypkpnll;
18-04-1930 ];Nld;]; kpy; (Nfhak;Gj;J}h; E}w;G kw;Wk; nerT
ez;gHfs; 1896
1930FEB #Hahnrd; ifJ Miy)
1930 ,e;jpa nghJTilikfl;rp tYg;gngw;wJ 1932 kJf;fiu rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
1934 nghJTilikfl;rp jilnra;ag;gl;lJ 12 L-6 Njrpathj murpaypy; tFg;Gthjk;
n[ag;gpufh~;eehuhaz;> Mr;rhHa,eNue;jpuNjt; & 1870 tq;f murhq;fk;> ePjpkd;wk,; mYtyfq;fspy;
1934 kpDkrhdp; Kd;Kaw;rpahy; fhq;fpu]; cUJf;Fg; gjpy; ,e;jp nkhop mwpKfk;;
nghJTilik(Nrh~yp~) fl;rp cUthdJ. 1880 cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; tFg;Gthj murpay;
1935 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; khfhz jd;dhl;rp mwpKfk; tsh;tjw;F cjtpd
1937 NjHjy;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ 01-10-1906 K];ypk; th;f;fj;jpdh; kpz;Nlh gpuGtplk; jq;fsJ
7
 3.etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW
fUj;;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdh; K];ypk; yPf; 09-09-1946 ,];yhkpah;fSk; ,e;jpah;fNs! - fhe;jp
cUtf;fk; 02-09-1946 NeUTk; kw;w 11 cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpNaw;wdh;
1909 kpz;Nlh – khh;yp rl;lk;&,e;jpaf; fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 26-10-1946 ,ilf;fhy muR kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ
1915 ,e;Jf;fs; Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpa khehL `hpj;Jthh; 1946[Piy fhq;fpu];; ele;j Njh;jypy; 210w;F 199 nghJ
1915 mfpy ,e;jpa ,e;J kfhrig njhlq;fg; ngw;wJ – Mf];l; ,lq;fisg; ntw;wp
Rthkp rpuj;jhd;e;jh gR ghJfhg;igg; gug;Giu 09-12-1946 Kjy; rl;lrigapy; 207 cWg;gpdh;fs; kl;Lk;
1921 nra;tjd; %yk; ,e;J kfhrigf;F Gj;Japh; March1947 epjpepiy mwpf;if jhf;fy; -ypahfj; myp fhd;
mspf;f Kide;jhh; 20-02-1946 gphpl;b~; gpujkuhd ml;yp mwpf;if
1921 kyghh; fpsh;r;rp murgpujpepjp nghWg;gpy; Ntty; gpuG ePf;fg;gl;lhH
1923Mf];l; thuhzhrp MwhtJ ,e;J kfhrig khehL 22-03-1946 nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG epakpf;fg;l;lhh;
1924 gQ;rhg; khfhzk; ,e;J> K];ypk; khfhzq;fshfg; 01-05-1946 ,e;jpa gphptpidf;F fhq;fpu]; cld;ghL
gphpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; yhyh y[gjp uha; $wpdhh; 15-06-1947 Nfhtpe;j; gy;yg; ge;j; gphptpidf;fhd jPhk; hdk;
20-03-1927 nly;ypapy; K];ypk;fspd; khehL eilngw;wJ fhydpaj;Jf;Fg; gpe;ija ,e;jpahtpd;
1925 uh~;l;hpa RaNrth rq;fk; 12 L -8 kWfl;likg;G
1937 Njh;jypy; 7/11 khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp 03-06-1947 Mf];l;15 Rje;jpuk; mwptpg;G- nksz;l;Ngl;ld;
1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; ntbj;jJ 14-16-1947 kPul;by;INC nksz;l;Ngl;ld;jpl;lk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
22-12-1939 kPl;G ehshf K];yPk; yPf; nfhz;lhbaJ (14,15)-08- “ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dh; ehk; tpjpNahL Xh;
yh$hpy; K];ypk; yPf;> K];ypk;fSf;F jdpehL 1947 xg;ge;jk; nra;Njhk;” -[tfh;yhy; NeU
26-03-1940 Nfhhpf;ifiaj; epiwNtw;wpaJ
30-01-1948 kfhj;kh fhe;jp gLnfhiy
23-03-1940 K];ypk; yPf; xU ghfp];jhd jPh;khdk;
08-07-1947 rh; rphpy; uhl;f;sp/g; ,e;jpah te;jile;jhh;
myfhghj;jpy;-K];ypk;yPf; khehl;by; ,f;ghy;; ,U
1930 09-08-1947 ,uz;L Midaq;fs; mwpf;if ntspapl;ld
ehL nfhs;if tpUk;Gtjhff; $wpdhh;
murpay; eph;za rigf;F eilngw;w Njh;jypy; (14,15)-08- nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
K];ypk; yPf; xJf;fg;gl;l 30 ,lq;fs; kw;w 1947
1946 1945 khfhz&kj;jparl;lkd;wq;fSf;F eilngw;wNjHjy;
khfhzq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fisAk;
ntd;wJ uhl;f;sp/g; jpl;lj;jpd;gb mJtiuapy; gQ;rhgpd;
K];ypk; yPf; mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO jpl;lj;ij 09-08-1947 gFjpahf ,Ue;J te;j 62>000 rJu iky;fs;
29-07-1946 nfhz;l epyk; ghfp];jhDf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
epuhfhpg;G
16-08-1940 Neub eltbf;if ehs; RNjrmuRfis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,izf;Fk;
15-08-1947
12 L-7 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lk; gzp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ
ght;dh; Mrphpkj;jUNf Kjy; jdpegH rj;jpahfpufk; 08-04-1950 NeU & ypahfj; myp fhd; - jpy;yp xg;ge;jk;
17-10-1940 tpNdhghghNt 1947 - 49 nkhopthhp khepy kWrPuikg;G tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ
brk;gh;1940 jdpegH rj;jpahfpufk; KbT 17-06-1948 nkhopthhp khepy kWrPuikg;G %th; Mizak;
08-08-1940 Mf];l; nfhil -ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG 10-12-1948 nkhopthhp khepy Mizak; mwpf;if
07-12-1942 Kj;Jj; JiwKfk; jhf;fg;gl;lJ 01-04-1949 N[.tp.gp. FO jdJ mwpf;if
1942March fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO tUifGhpe;jJ 1971brk;gh; fpof;Fg; ghfp];jhd; gq;fshNj~; MfpaJ
Mrhj; `pe;J NubNah %yk; Ngh]; ciu ,e;jpah;fNs jq;fSf;fhd murikg;ig
1942March epfo;j;jpdhh;. 1922 cUthf;Fthh;fs; vd;w mbg;gilf; fUj;J
14-07-1942 fhq;fpurpd; nraw;FO thh;jhtpy; re;jpj;jJ fhe;jpabfshy; Kd;itf;fg;l;lJ
16-05-1942 fhe;jpabfs; gj;jphpf;ifahsh; re;jpg;G 1946 khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ
20-08-1942 lhlh v/F Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk;; -13 ehl;fs; 13-12-1946 NeU Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdj;ij murikg;G
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij Nkhfd; rpq; eph;zarigapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;
1942 gl;lhgp rPjhuhika;ah Me;jpuh khfhzj;jpw;fhd
gyg;gLj;jpdhh;
10-02-1943 fhe;jpabfs; rpiwr;rhiy 21 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpuk; 31-08-1946 Nfhhpf;if
tq;fhsj;jpd; kpl;dhg;g+h; khtl;lj;jpy; nrg;lk;gh; rPdh [g;ghdpaf; fhydpa tphpthf;fj;jpypUe;J
1944 jd;id tpLtpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ
tiu „jk;Yf; [hl;bah rh;f;fhh;”
1944 rpiwapy; fLk; neUf;fbfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhh; Me;jpug;gpuNjr cUthf;fj;jpy; gQ;rhg;
fhq;fpurpd; midj;Jg; nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;Jk khepyj;ijg; gQ;rhgp nkhop NgRk; gQ;rhg; khepyk;
1939 Rgh~;; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh; 1956 -1966 kw;WK; mjpypUe;J `hpahdh kw;Wk;
,khr;ryg;gpuNjr %d;whfg; gphpj;jjpy;
16-01-1941 fy;fj;jjhtpypUe;J es;sputpy; jg;gpa Ngh]; Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ
02-07-1943 Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; rpq;fg;g+h; nrd;whh; 1928 ntspahd NeU mwpf;if
21-10-1943 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; jw;fhypf muir Vw;gLj;jpdhh; khfhz kw;WK; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fSf;F
1945 ~h eth]; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh; 1945 eilngw;w Njh;jypd;NghJ nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs;
14-07-1945 [Pd; 25 Kjy; [Piy 14 rpk;yh khehL;-Ntty; gpuG gw;wpa fUj;J
Kg;gilfspd; jsgjp j~fy;> jpy;ylhd;> ~lh rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujj;ijj; njhlq;fpa nghl;b
06-011946 19-10-1952
etlh]; flhd; tpLjiy =uhKY brk;gh; 15 md;W ,uT fhykhdhh;
1944 Vg;uy; ,uh[h[p xU Kd;nkhopTj; jPh;khdk; 1955mf;Nlhgh; khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak; mwpf;if
18-02-1946 ,uhay; ,e;jpa f;lwgl;lapd; fyfk; 1956 khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
K];ypk; yPf;fpd; rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs; khehl;by; 1960 kfhuh~;buhtpypUe;J F[uhj; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1946
ghfp];jhd; xU ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l jdpehL gQ;rhg; khfhzk; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh
06-06-1946 $l;lhl;rp -[pd;dh xg;Gjy; mspj;jhh; 1966 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; vd 3 khepyq;fshFk;
07-07-1946 INC FOtpy; Ngrpa NeU,INC me;j Kd;nkhopit INC njhlq;fg;gl;l nkhopthhp khfhz rPuikg;G
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhfj; njhpag;gLj;jpdhh; 1920
KbTf;F te;jJ
29-07-1946 Ngrpa [pd;dh K];ypk;yf P ; Kd;nkhopit epuhfhpg;G rPd kf;fs; Fbauir Kjy; Kjyhf mq;ff P hpj;j
15-06-1946 ,ilf;fhymuRelj;j 14 NgUf;F miog;GtpLj;jhh; 01-01-1950 ehL ,e;jpah
12-08-1946 murgpujpepjp INC jiyth; NeUit mioj;J ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPdhtpilNa ifnaOj;jhd
,ilf;fhy muit cUthf;fg;; mwptpg;G 1954
xg;ge;jk;
25-08-1946 ,ilf;fhymurpd;12cWg;gpdh;fs;ngah;fs; mwptpg;G

8
 4.jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW & jkpo;ehl;bd; tsHr;rp epHthfk;
tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs; 1860 gQ;rq;fSk; nfhs;is NehAk; Vw;gl;lJ
th th 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; r%f> rka rPh;jpUj;j 1865 rkur Rj;j rd;kkhHf;f rq;fk; - ts;syhu;
10 & 11 ,af;fq;fs; 1867 ts;syhu; jpUtUl;gh ntspaplgl;Ls;sJ
1829 „rjp‟ xopj;Jr; rl;lk;- tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; 1887 rPtfrpe;jhkzp gjpg;G - mNahj;jpjhru;
20-08-1828 gpuk;k rkh[k; fy;fj;jh epWTjy; - Nkhfd; uha; 1898 kzpNkfiy gjpg;G -mNahj;jpjhru;
1866 “,e;jpa gpuk;k rkh[k;” -Nfrt; re;jpu nrd; 1845-1914 mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
1856 kWkz rPhj ; pUj;jr;rl;lk -tpj;ahrhfH 1890 Mjpjpuhtplu;fspilNa ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;
1860 Kjd;Kiwahf jpUkz taJr; rl;lk; 1908 Kjy; xU igrhj; jkpod; (gpd;du; jkpod; vd;a
1867 gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; - Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq; ngaupy; thuhe;jpug; gj;jpupif xd;iw njhlq;fpdhh;
1861 tpjit kWkzr; rq;fk; - uhdNl 1793 tpy;ypak; Nfup> [hd; jhk]; rkag;gug;G
epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;f ,e;jpah te;jdu;
1870 GNd rh;t[dpf; rgh - uhdNl 1799 nrk;uhk;G+u; kp~d; vDk; mikg;G- tpy;ypak; Nfup>
1884 jf;fhzf; fy;tpf;fofk; - uhdNl Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf jkpofj;jpy; epfo;e;j
10 & 11th
th
njhlf;ffhhy fpsh;r;rpfs;
uhdNl,aw;if va;jpdhh; re;jth;f;fu; jiyikg;
1901 nghWg;Ngw;whu; 1806 NtY}h; Gul;rp
1875 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp -Mhparkh[k; 1801 Nguwpf;if (jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nguwpf;if)
1893 cyf rka khehL- mnkhpf;fh 1801 fh;ehlf cld;gbf;if-
1875 gpuk;kQhdrig mnkhpf;fhtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ 1578 uh[h cilahu; mupaiz Vwpdhh;
1886 gpuk;kQhdrig nrd;id milahWf;F khw;wk; 1610 jiyefuk; ik#upypUe;J =uq;fg;gl;lzj;jpw;F
1852 xLf;fg;gl;NlhUf;fhd Kjy; gs;spia GNd-g+Ny khw;wg;gl;lJ
1907 rhJ [d ghpghyd rq;fk; -ma;ad;fhsp i`ju; myp 100 Fjpirg;gil tPuu;fisAk; 2000
1867 rhjp vy;iyfisj; jhz;b midj;J 1755 fhyhl;gilt Puu;fisAk; epu;tfpf;Fk; msTf;F
kf;fSf;Fkhd ,ytr cztfj;ij tlY}hpy; mjpfhuk; gilj;j nghWg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;
epWtpdhh; -ts;syhH 1760 i`ju; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSld; $l;L Nru;e;jhh;
1882 “jpuhtplh;f; fofk;”mNahj;jpjhru; ,[hd; uj;jpdk; 1770 ik#u; muru; eQ;ruh[h eQ;#l;bf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
1885 “jpuhtpl ghz;bad;” mNahj;jpjhru; 1767-69 Kjyhk; ik#u; Nghu;
1891 “jpuhtplkfh[drig" Kjy; khehL -ePyfphp 1759 fu;dy; /Nghu;l; k#ypg;gl;bzj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;
1907 “xU igrhj; jkpod;” mNahj;jpjhru; 1765 myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
1857 Kjy; Nfrt;re;jpunrd; rkh[j;ij Kd;ndLj;jhh; 1766 Mq;fpNyau; tl ruf;fhu;fs; ifafg;gLj;jpaNghJ
1864 kWkzj;jpw;fhf „jj;JtNghjpdp‟ ;,jo; njhlq;fk; gpur;rid Njhd;wpaJ
1875 mypfupy;etPd Kfkjpag;gs;sp- mfkJ fhd; 1767 ep[hk; myp-i`ju; mypf;F Gupe;Jzu;T cld;ghL
1877 Kfkjpad; Mq;fpNyh – Xupaz;ly;fy;Y}up tsu;r;rp i`ju; ghuhk`hy; kPJ jhf;Fjy; njhLj;J>
1768 Nfg;ld; epf;ridj; Njhw;fbj;Jf; f&iuAk;
1863 jahde;jru];tjp jdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; Nghjpj;jhu; <Nuhl;ilAk; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
1872 fy;fj;jhtpy; gpuk;krkh[cWg;gpdu;fisr; re;jpj;jhu; 1769 nrd;id cld;gbf;if- i`ju;- Mq;fpNyau;
1875 „rj;ahu;j;j gpufh~;‟ E}y; -jahde;j ru];tjp 1780-84 ,uz;lhk; ik#u; Nghh;
1897 ,uhkfpU~;z ,af;fk; NgY}H - tpNtfhde;jH 1778 gpuhd;]; mnkupf;fhTld; el;G cld;gbf;if
1873 rj;aNrhjf; rkh[k; ];ngapd;-mnkupf;fh cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhz;L>
1827 N[hjpgh GNy gpwe;jhh; 1779
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupy; ,wq;fpaJ
GNdapy; ngz;fSf;nfd;W xU gs;spia 1780 i`ju; Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;
1851
epWtpdhh; 1782 Gw;WNehahy; gjpf;fg;gl;l i`jupd; kuzk;
1858-1922 gz;bj ukhgha; 1783 ghup]; cld;gbf;if
1878 ukhghAk; mtUila rNfhjuUk; fy;fj;jh 1784 khu;r; kq;f@u; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ
nrd;wdu; 1790-92 %d;whk; ik#u; Nghu;
r%fj;jpd; fPo;kl;lf; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU 1782 Kjy;Mq;fpNyakuhj;jpag;Nghh;-rhy;igcld;gbf;if
1880
tq;fhspiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu; jpg;G fhd;];lhz;b NehgpSf;Fk; ghup]_f;Fk;
1882 Mupa kfpsh rkh[; 300 ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;wdu; 1787
J}Jf;Foit mDg;gpdhu;
1902 =ehuhaz FU “=ehuhaz FU ju;kgupghyd jpg;Gtpd; kfd;fs; =uq;fg;gl;lzj;Jf;F
Nahfk;” 29-05-1794
jpUg;gpaDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;
1875 mypfu; ,af;fk; iraJ mfkJ fhd; jpg;G gpuhd;R Ml;rpia epu;tfpj;j ,af;Feufk;
1864 iraJ mfkJ fhd; -mwptpay; fofk; 1798[_iy mjw;Fg; gpwF mq;F Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j
K];yPk; kf;fspilNa etPdf; fy;tpiaj; neg;Nghypad; Nkw;nfhz;l fbjj; njhlu;Gfs;
1868 1799 ehd;fhk; ik#u; Nghu;
njhlq;Ftjw;fhfg; Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;
1877 Kfkjpad; Mq;fpNyh – Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upahf 1796 ghup]_f;F kPz;Lk; J}ju;fis mDg;gpdhu; - jpg;G
tsu;r;rpngw;wJ gpnuQ;Rj; J}Jf;FOthdJ nkhup~pa]pypUe;J
1797
1886 iraJ mfkJ fhd; -Mq;fpNya fPiofy;tp khehL gpnuQ;R MjuT nfhLf;fg;gLk; vd cWjpaspj;jJ.
1889 mfkjpah ,af;fk; - kpu;rh Fyhk; mfkJ 1755 fsf;fhL Nghu;
jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; - KfkJ fhrpk; ehNehjtp, 1530 ghisaf;fhuu; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.
1866 1756-1763 jpUtpjhq;$upypUe;Jfpilj;jrPuhdMjuTGypj;Njtuf;F
u~pj; mfkj; fq;Nfhup
1867 jpNahge;j;jpy; ,iwapay; fy;Y}up 1752-54 fpist; jiyikapyhd fk;ngdpg; gilapy; Nru;e;j;
yf;Ndhtpy; rpg;yp Ekhdp NtW rpy mwpQu;fshYk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Kw;Wifapy; gq;Nfw;whu;
1894 A+Rg; fhd; kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp MSeuhfg;
cUthf;fg;l;lJ -el;tj;-my;-cyhkh 1756-1761
fy;yp gapd;w ghu;rpfshy; “uf;Dka; kj;a];dd; nghWg;G tfpj;jhu;.
1851 1764 A+Rg; fhd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;
rgh” ghu;rpfspd; rka rPu;jpUj;j rq;fk;; 1758-59 kjuh]; Kw;Wif A+R+g;fhdpd; gq;fspg;G
1873 rpq; rgh cUthdJ new;fl;Lk; nrty;> thRNjtey;Y}u;> gidA+u; Mfpa
1922 rPf;fpau; FUj;Jthuh rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ 16-05-1761
Nfhl;ilfs; A+Rg; fhd; trkhapd
1925 rPf;fpau; FUj;Jthuh rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ Nfg;ld; Nfk;ngy; new;fl;Lk; nrty; Nfhl;ilia
1823-1874 ts;syhu; 1767 Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhu;
9
 4.jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW & jkpo;ehl;bd; tsHr;rp epHthfk;
Nfhghy ehaf;fu;> i`ju; myp $l;lzpAld; NtY tpLjp- rp.eNlrd;
1780
ehr;rpahu; Mq;fpNyaUld; Nghupl;L ntd;whu; 18-03-1918 nkupdh flw;fiuapy;; fhe;jpabfs; ciuahw;wpdhH
1783 Mq;fpNyau; rptfq;iff;F kPz;Lk; gilnaLj;jdu; 17-04-1920 jkpofj;jpy; fpyhgj; ehs;
1790 nts;sr;rp ehr;rpahu; ,we;jhh; 1921etk;gu; jkpofj;jpy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
1796 NtY ehr;rpahu; NehAw;W ,we;jhh; 1926 nrd;idkhfhz NjHjypy; ntw;wp ngw;wdH
1760 tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; gpwe;jhh; 1930 ePjpf;fl;rp kPz;Lk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
1798nrg;lk;gu; fg;gk; nrYj;jg;glhjjhy; fnyf;lu; [hf;rd; fbjk; 1920-1937 ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp fhyk;
18-08-1798 [hf;rd; jd;id ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpf;Fk;gb 1927 ePy; rpiy mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;
tPughz;ba cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jhh; 18-02-1929 irkd;FO nrd;idapy; fWg;Gf;nfhbfhl;lg;gl;lJ.
nty;ny];yp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jQ;rhT+u;> kJiu INC nrd;id khehL KOikahd Rje;jpuNk
1799 Nk 1927
gilfis jpUney;Ntypf;F mDg;g cj;juT jdJ ,yf;F vd mwptpj;jJ
01-06-1999 fl;lnghk;kd;(500 tPuHfs;) rptfq;if nrd;whH 13-04-1930
ghdu;Nkd; fl;lnghk;kd; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; Ntjhuz;ak; cg;G j;jpahfpufk; jpUr;rp-jQ;rht+H
01-09-1799 28-04-1930
re;jpf;Fk;gb ,Wjp vr;rupf;if tpLj;jhu;. 27-04-1930 jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; fhty;JiwapdUld; Nkhjy;
05-09-1799 fk;ngdp gil ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpiar; nrd;wile;jJ 26-01-1932 Mupah vd miof;fg;gl;l gh~ak; Gdpj [hH[;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; $Ljy; tY Nru;ff ; cjtpfs; Nfhl;ilapd; cr;rpapy; Njrpaf;nfhbia Vw;wpdhH
16-09-1799 ghisaq; Nfhl;ilapypUe;J te;J Nru;e;jd. 11-01-1932 jpUg;g+H Fkudpd; tPukuzk;
ghdu;Nkd; fl;lnghk;kidf; faj;jhhpy; tprhuiz 1937 NjHjypy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ-uh[h[p
16-09-1799 nra;J fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu; 1885 INC Kjw;$l;lk; gk;gha;-W.C. ghdH[p
13-09-1799 rptRg;ukzpak; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;-ehfyhGuk;
1801 kUJ rNfhjuu;fSk; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpAk;
1919 „fUg;Gr; rl;lj;ij‟ vjpu;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy;
Mw;fhL ethg; cld;gbf;if %yk; ];jyf;fhty;> filailg;Gk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fSk; elj;jg;gl;ld
1772 Njrf;fhty; cupikfis fk;ngdpf;Ff; 10th His 10 jkpo;ehl;by; r%f khw;wq;fs;
nfhLj;jpUe;jhu;. 1921-1922 tFg;Gtup gpujpj;Jt rl;ljpUj;jk; - ePjpf;fl;rp
rpd;d kUJtpd; kfd; nrtj;j jk;gpapd; rptfq;if 1926 ,e;jpahtpd;Kjy;ngz;rl;lkd;wcWg;gpdh;-Kj;Jyl;Rkp
1801 ,uhkehjGuk; gilfSk; flw;fiu topahfj; 1924 gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpaj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp mikj;jJ
jQ;rhT+u; Nehf;fp mzptFj;Jr; nrd;wd 1929 nghJg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; - Mq;fpNyaHfs;
rpd;d kUJTk; nts;is kUJTk; jpUg;gj;J}upy; 1928 mfpy,e;jpa xLf;fg;gl;NlhH rq;fk;- vk;. rp. uh[h
24-10-1801 J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu; 1925 Rakhpahij ,af;fk; - ngupahH
Cikj;JiuAk; nrtj;ijahTk; ghQ;rhyq; 1925 FbmuR- ngupahH
16-11-1801 Fwpr;rpapy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs; 1928 hpNthy;l;- ngupahH
1802 Vg;uy; 73 fpsu;r;rpahsu;fs; kNyahtpy; gpdhq;Ff;F ehL 1933 Gul;rp- ngupahH
flj;jg;gl;lhu;fs; 1934 gFj;jwpT- ngupahH
rpd;dkiy Nfhak;Gj;J}upy; Mq;fpNyaupd; kPJ 1935 tpLjiy- ngupahH
1800 jhf;Fjy; elj;j kUJ ghz;baupd; cjtpiag; 1989 jkpo;ehL ,e;J thhpRhpikr; rPhj ; pUj;jr; rl;lk;
ngw Kad;whu;. 1893 Mjp jpuhtpl kfh[d rig- ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd;
31-07-1805 jPud; rpd;dkiy J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhopy; rq;fkhd nrd;id
1801 fhtpupf;fiu Nghu; 1918 njhopyhsh; rq;fk;
1802 Xlhepiyapy; Nghu; 31-10-1920 ,e;jpa njhopyhsh; rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; khehL
1804 mur;rY}u; Nghu;
1805 ,Wjpg; Nghu;
1912 „rq;fjP tpj;ah kfh[d rq;fk;”- Mgpufhk; gz;bjH
1798 jQ;rTiu mq;fpNyaH ifgw;wpdhH 1943 Kjy; jkpopir khehL elj;jg;gl;lJ
1806 NtY}u; Gul;rp 1917 ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; rq;fk; (WIA)
Kjy; vjpu;g;G NtY}upypUe;j 4Mk; nu[pnkz;l;bd; 1927 mfpy ,e;jpa ngz;fs; khehL
1806 Nk 2Mk; gilg;gpupT tPuu;fs; Gjpa jiyg;ghifia 1930 Njtjhrp xopg;Gr; kNrhjh
mzpa kWj;jdu; 1947 Njtjhrp rl;lk;
10-16-1806 NtY}u; Gul;rp fhiy 2 kzpf;F njhlq;fpaJ 11th Polity 14 jkpof murpay; tsHr;rp
,uhZt ePjpkd;w nghWg;gjpfhupahy; jz;lidfs; 1914 jplhtplh; fofj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
23-09-1806 epiwNtw;wk; njd;dpe;jpa tpLjiyf; $l;likg;G
1916
fu;dy; `u;Nfhu;l; NtY}u; gilapd; jw;fhypfg; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
11-07-1806 1917 ePjpf; fl;rp
nghWg;G mjpfhupahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
`u;Nfhu;l; gilKfhkpd; nghWg;ghsuhfg; 1919 khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
13-07-1806 gjtpNaw;W> ,uhZtr; rl;l Ml;rpia 1925 nghpahh; Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;
mky;gLj;jpdhu; 1937 uh[h[papd; jiyikapy; fhq;fpuR mikr;ruit
10th His 9 jkpo;ehl;by; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLjy;
1852 nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; 1937 ,e;jp vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
1862 rpj;jputijr; rl;lk; xopg;G-nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; Nryk; khehl;by; ePjpf; fl;rp jpuhtplh; fofk; vd
1944 ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1877 Kjy; ,e;jpa ePjpgjpahf T. Kj;Jrhkp epakdk;
1878 1949 jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; gpwe;jJ.
The Hindu gj;jpupf;if -G.Rg;gpukzpak;> M. nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; j.gpufhrk; jiyikapyhd
tPuuhfthr;rhup & ez;gHfs; 1946
fhq;fpuR murhq;fk; mike;jJ.
1891 RNjrkpj;jpud; Njrpag;gUt ,jo; - G.Rg;gpukzpak;. 1947 X.gp.uhkrhkp Kjyikr;ruhdhh;.
1899 RNjrkpj;jpud; ehspjohf khwpaJ. gp.Fkhurhkp uh[h jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit
16-05-1884 nrd;id kfh[d rig 1949
mike;jJ.
1884brk;gu; gpuk;kQhd rigapy; $l;lk;- milahW 1952 Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
1887 INC %d;whtJ khehL- nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;F 1956 khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk;
1904 ghuj khjh rq;fk; -ePyfz;lgpuk;kr;rhup 1965 ,e;jp-vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
1912 nrd;id jpuhtplH fofk; rp.vd;.mz;zhJiu jiyikapd; fPo; jp.K.f
1967 murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1909 kjuh]; gpuhkzH my;yhNjhh; rq;fk;- - rp.eNlrd;
1916 [{d; gpuhkzH my;yhjth;f;F jpuhtplH rq;f jq;Fk; 1969 rp.vd;. mz;zhJiu fhykhdhh;

10
 4.jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW & jkpo;ehl;bd; tsHr;rp epHthfk;
1969 K.fUzhepjp khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhdhh; 1918 ghujp flY}iu neUq;fpa NghJ ifJ
1972 m.,.m.jp.K.f.> vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpudhy;(vk;.[p.Mh;) 1920 fhq;fpuR jiyikf;Fje;jpmDg;gpdhH -rpq;fhuNtyH
epWtg;gl;lJ. 1919 nrd;idapy; uh[h[p tPl;by; fhe;jpia re;jpj;jhH.
1974 khepy jd;dhl;rpj; jPh;khdk; rl;lg; Nguitapy; 11-09-1921 ghujpahH ,aw;if va;jpdhH.
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. fhd;g+upy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nghJTilik khehL
Kjy; Njh;jypy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 1925
jiyik
1920 xj;Jioahikapd; xU gFjpahf Njh;jiy 1926 njhopyhsH eyd;fisg;NgZk; rl;lk;
Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
1923 ePhg
; ; ghrdj;jpl;lq;fs; 11th His 2 jkpof mfo;tha;T ,lq;fs;
Mz;bU [hfH Mjpr;rey;Y}upy;
1929 mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;, nrq;fy;gl;by; 1876 mfo;tha;itNkw;nfhz;lhH.
KjyhtJ Rakhpahij khehL ele;jJ. mnyf;]hz;lHuP ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiwapd;
1926 Me;jpuh gy;fiyf;fofk; 1902-03
nghpahh; jiyikapy; Nryk; khehl;by;> rp.vd;. (ASI) Mz;lwpf;ifapy; ntspapl;lhH.
1944 mz;zhJiu ePjpf; fl;rpapd; ngaiu jpuhtplh; ,e;jpaj;njhy;ypay;Jiw ngUq;fw;fhyj;NjhL
fofk; vd;W jPhk ; hdj;ij nfhz;L te;jhh; njhlHGila igak;gs;sp mfo;tha;it elj;jp
1960 fUg;G kw;Wk; rpfg;G epwkl;ghz;lq;fis ntspf;
1925 nghJTilik fl;rp cUthf;fk;
nfhzHe;jJ.
cWg;G 313-d; gb ,e;jp nkhop ehl;bd; mYtyf
26-01-1965 nkhopahf Mf;fg;gl;lJ. 1980, nfhLkzy; mfo;tha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
jpuhtpl fofj;ijtpl;L jpKf mz;zzhJiuahy; 1990,2012
1949 Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 11th His 5 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rKjha cUthf;fk;
mz;zzhJiu “nkl;uuh];" khepyj;jpd; ngh.M.K Njhd;wpa jiytHfspypUe;J njhlf;f tuyhw;W
1969 fhy Nte;jHfs; cUthapdH
ngaiu“jkpo;ehL" vd ngaH khw;wk; nra;jhh; 1100- 300
1956 khepykWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 2018 fPobapy; ehd;fhk; fl;lmfoha;T
1957 jp.K.f. NjHjy; murpaypy; Eioa jPHkhdpj;jJ. mnyf;rhz;lHuP Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; mfoha;T
1899-1905
26-01-1965 jp.Kf. Jf;f jpdkhf mDrhpf;fj; jPhk ; hdpj;jJ. nra;jhH.
cr;rePjp kd;wkhdJ caHfy;tpapy; rhjpthup (ASI) Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; njhy;ypay; mfoha;T
1951 2004
,lxJf;fPl;lil cilj;J vwpe;jJ. nra;jdH
1967 NjHjypy; fhq;fpuR Njhw;W jp.K.f. ntw;wp jkpof murpd; njhy;ypay; Jiwapduhy;;
11th Polity 13 r%f ePjp 1968
nfhw;ifapy; mfoha;T elj;jg;gl;lJ
gs;spapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; 2019 rptfis vd;w Cupy; mfoha;T elj;jg;gl;lJ
1854 mDkjpf;fg;gLtijj; jLf;ff;$lhJ vd;W rq;ffhyj;jpw;Fk;> gy;ytH> ghz;baHj;jpw;Fk;
ePjpkd;wk; Mizapl;lJ. ngh.M. ,ilg;gl;l fhyNk> jkpoftuyhw;wpy;
,e;jpah KOtJk; epH;thf nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; 300-600 fsg;gpuHfhyk; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ
1835
gpd;gw;wg;Lk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 11th His 6 jkpof murhl;rpfs;
gs;spapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; tu Nuhkhdpaf;FbauR> NguurH mf];l]pd; fPo; xU
1865 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s ,e;jpahTf;fhd mikr;rNu ngh.M.K.
27 NguuR Mapw;W.
Mizapl;lhH.
ngh.M. vfpg;jpaf;flNyhb `pg;ghy]; vd;gtH
69% ,lxJf;fl P ;il ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; mugpf;flypy; tPRk; gUtf;fhw;Wfspd; fhyKiw
rl;lk; IX IX MtJ ml;ltizapy; Nrh;ff ; jkpof muR Kjy;
E}w;whz;L ,ay;Gfisf;fz;lwpe;jhH.
ngUk; Kaw;rp vLj;jJ.
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; jkpof murpd; ,lxJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;lk; IX MtJ ngh.M. Kbtpy;> Nuhkhdpaf;fg;gy;fs; jkpofj;jpd;
76 Kjy; Nfhukz;ly; (Nrho kz;lyk; vd;gjd; jpupG)
ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg; ngw;wJ. vdg;gLk;
Kjy; ,r;rl;lk; Kd;Njjpapl;L eilKiwf;F E}w;whz;L
16-11-1992 10th Geo 6 jkpo;ehL - ,aw;if gphpTfs;
te;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhfh fNyy;fh;- \KjyhtJ gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; Njrpa tdf;nfhs;ifapd;gb> Gtpg;gug;gpy;
29.01.1953 1988 Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;wpy; xU gFjp fhLfshy;
Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;jpl #og;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1979 gp.gp.kz;ly; jiyikapyhd FO xd;W khepy td mwpf;ifapd;gb> jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s
2017
mikf;fg;ngw;wJ. fhLfspd; gug;gsT 26.281 r.fp. kPl;lHfshFk;.
mnyf;rhz;lH fhHba+ jiyikapyhd uhay; 2015 ekJ khepyk; nts;s ngUf;fhy; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ
1913
Mizak; Rdhkp epfo;T ,e;jpahitAk;> jkpo;ehl;ilAk;
2004
muR gzpaplq;fspy; tFg;Gthup ,l xJf;fPL vr;rupj;jpUf;fpwJ
1921 mspj;J jPHkhdk; epiwNtwpaJ. 10th Geo 7 jkpo;ehL – khDlg; Gtpapay;
NeU KjyhtJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpid ,e;jpah jpidg; gapHfspd; Njrpa Mz;lhf
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;Lte;jhH. 2018 mDrupj;jJ.
1951 mj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb murikg;Gr; rl;lgpupTfs; 15 (4)
& 16(4) vd;Dk;cl;gpupTfs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld cyf czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf; fofk; (FAO)>
nrd;id khtl;l midj;Jj;Jiwfspy; tFg;Gthup 2023 rHtNjr jpidg;gapHfs; Mz;lhf mDrupf;fj;
1892 jPHkhdpj;Js;sJ.
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;mspj;J Mizntspapl;lJ-128(2)
11th Polity 15 jkpof murpay; rpe;jidfs; Ky;iyg;ngupahW miz Mq;fpNya epHthfj;jhy;
"RNjrfPjq;fs;" czHr;rpkpf;fghly; njhFg;gpid 1895 fl;lg;gl;lJ.
1908
ntspapl;lhH-ghujp 21-01-1959 itif miz jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.
1904 JizMrpupauh;“RNjrkpj;jpud;" -ghujp 2011
kf;fs;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Njrpa ruhrup
1905 gdhu]; khehl;by; ghujp gq;Nfw;g;G kf;fslHj;jp 382 MFk;
1907 #uj; khehl;by; ghujp gq;Nfw;g;G nkl;Nuh ,uapy;Nt mikg;G> Kjy; ghjhs ,uapy;
1906 ,e;jpah -ghujp Nk 2017 ,af;fj;Jld; ,g;Nghf;Ftuj;ij tpupthf;fk; nra;J
1908 nrd;idapy; Rauh[;a jpdk; -ghujp tUfpwJ.
1908 ghujp ghz;bNrupf;F nrd;whH

11
 5.Ke;ija kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW
tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs; 1915 njhy;ypay;Jiw ehse;jhtpy; Kiwahdmfo;tha;T
th th gz;ila ,e;jpah: njhlf;fk; Kjy; rpe;J ehfupfk; ngh.M.5-6 Mupagl;lH
6 & 11 tiu
ngh.M.K.(fp. K) 6E}w;whz;L
3>85>000 40>000 ,e;jpahtpy; ,ilg;goq;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL. tuhfkpfpuupd; fhyk;
10>000-3500 ed;dPH Vupfs; ,Ue;jjhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 6-7 gpuk;kFg;jH
E}w;whz;L
ngh.M.K. ,ilf;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL fpof;F kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly;
nytz;l;by; epytpajhff; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 540-550 filrp muruhf tp~;ZFg;jH.
20>000-9>500; fp.gp. 648 `H~upd; kiwT
ngh.M.K. Gjpa fw;fhyg;gz;ghl;bd; Kjy; gz;ghl;Lf;fhyk; 6th & 11th gy;yth;fs;
7000-5500 thjhgp, Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaHfs; fhQ;rp
njhlf;ffw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lf;fhd rhd;Wfs; ngh.M 6-9 gy;ytUf;Fk; Nkhjy;fs;
7000
nk`Hfhupy; fpilj;Js;sd.
nk`HfhH Gjpa fw;fhyg;gz;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; fp.gp.ngh.M Kjyhk; GypNfrp
ngh.M.K. 543-566
5500- 4800 fhyfl;lk;
566-597 thjhgp fPHj;jptHkdhy; epWtg;gl;lJ
ngh.M.K. Gjpa fw;fhyg;gz;ghl;bd %d;whk; fhyfl;lk; 609-642 ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp
4800-3500 630-668 Kjyhk; eurpk;ktHkd; thjhgpia #iw
ngh.M.K. tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa fw;fhyg;gz;ghL rf
kpfg;gpd;dhNyNa Njhd;wpaJ. tUlk;556 (fp.gp.634-635) IIk; GypNfrpapd; IN`hy; fy;ntl;L
2500-1500
ngh.M.K. Gjpa fw;fhyf;fpuhkq;fspd; njhlf;fk; (Gjpa 597-609 kq;fNsrd;
7000 fw;fhyg;gFjpahd nk`Hfhupd; fhyj;ijg;Nghy) 609-642 ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp
634 IN`hy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
ngh.M.K. njhlf;ffhy `ug;gh fp.gp.550 rpk;k tp~;Z gy;yt muir cUthf;fpdhH
3000-2600
ngh.M.K. KjpHr;rp mile;j `ug;gh ngh.M.
2600- 1900 Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd; mupaiz VwpdhH.
(590-630)
ngh.M.K. gpw;fhy `ug;gh 630-668 Kjyhk; eurpk;ktHkd;
1900-1700 670-695 Kjyhk; guNk];tutHkdpd;
(fp.gp) 1826 rhHy];Nkrd; tUif je;jtH ngh.M.
mk;up vd;Dk; `ug;gh ,lj;jpw;F mnyf;]hz;lH IIk; eurpk;ktHkd;
1831 (695-722)
gHd;]; tUif je;jhH. 1884 khky;yGuk; cyfg;ghuk;gupar; rpd;dk; -And];Nfh
1853, mnyf;]hz;lH fd;dpq;`hk; `ug;ghitg 1973 IIk; ijyg;gH fy;ahzpia ifgw;wpdhH
1856,1875 ghHitapl;lhH. GJr;Nrupf;F-cUf;fhl;Lf;Nfhl;lk; (gy;ytHfspd;
1940 MH.,.vk;. tPyH `ug;ghtpy; mfoha;T 1879 Kj;jpiu) nghwpf;fg;gl;l nrg;G 11nrg;Gg;gl;laq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tg;gazq;fSk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld
1950 mfoha;TfSk; `ug;gh ehfupfj;ijAk; mjd; 1983 vy;Nyhuh cyfg;ghuk;gupar; rpd;dk; -And];Nfh
,ay;igAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjtpd
ngh.M.
ngh.M.K. rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfk; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ 700-728 uh[rpk;kd;
1900 788 - 820 Mjprq;fuH
fp.gp 1856 nghwpahsu;fs; yh$upy; ,Ue;J fuhr;rpf;F ,uapy; 1017 -1138 =uhkhD[H
ghij 7th & 11th nly;yp Ry;jhdpak;
njhy;nghUs; ma;thus;fs; `ug;gh kw;Wk; 1200-1550 ,];yyhkpa muR (jpy;yp Ry;jhdpak;)
fp.gp1920 nkhfQ;rjhNuh efuq;fis mfoha;T nra;a mugpag; gilnaLg;G
Muk;gpj;jdu; ngh.M.712
,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapd; ,af;Feh; 1206-1290 mbiktk;rk;
fp.gp1924 [hd; khu;~y; `ug;ghtpw;Fk;> nkhfQ;r-jhNuhtpw;Fk; 1290-1320 fpy;[p tk;rk;
,ilNa nghJthd mk;rq;fs; fz;lwpe;jhu;. 1320-1414 Jf;sf; tk;rk;
1861 ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiw-fd;dpq;`hk;cjtpAld; 1414-1451 iraJ tk;rk;
6th & 11th Fg;jH 1451-1526 Nyhb tk;rk;
ngh.M. 300- muR mikg;gpy; gy gFjpfspy; NguurH Ml;rp 1260 kpd;`[; c]; rpuh[;: jgfj;-,-erpup (muG)
700 cUthf toptFj;jfhyk; [pahTj;jpd; ghudp: jhupf;-,-ngNuh~h`p ngNuh
1357
fhke;jfhupd; ePjprhuk; vd;w jUkrhj;jpuk; Jf;sf; tiu- jpy;yp Ry;jjhd;fs; tuyhW
ngh.M.400
my;g;b[pd; fpof;F Mg;ffhdp]; jhdpypUe;j
ngh.M. 963 f[pdpia ifg;gw;wp Rje;jpu muirepWtpdhH.
Fg;jtk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murH =Fg;jH
240-280 997 rGf;j[pd; ,wg;G
Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jH rKj;jpu Fg;jiuj; jdJ 1025 f[pdpkhKJ> NrhkehjGuj;jpd; Nfhtpy;; nfhs;sis
ngh.M. 335 thuprhf epakpj;jhH 1029 Nua; <uhdpa efuk; #iwahlhy; -f[pdp khKJ
ngh.M.375- ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jH 1192 f[pdp filrp murH Fut;~h nfhy;yg;gl;llhH.
415 gQ;rrhg;> rpe;J> `upahdh khfhzq;fspy; fhty;
ngh.M.467 ];fe;jFg;jupd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; Fg;jg; NguuRtPo;r;rp 1180-1190 muz;fis mikj;jhH- NfhupKfkJ
ngh.M. uhkFg;jh; 1175 Ky;jhd; kPJ gilnaLg;G -Nfhup KfkJ
370-375 F[uhj;jpd; rhSf;fpaH mG kiyapy; Nfhupf;F xU
1179
ngh.M. Njhy;tpiaf; nfhLj;jdH
filrp murH tp~;ZFg;jH.
540-550 1191 Ik; jnua;d; Nghh; - gpUj;tpuh[;-Nfhup KfkJ
Fg;jMz;L 1192 IIk; jnua;d; Nghh; -Nfhup KfkJ-gpUj;tpuh[;
165 Gj;jFg;jupd; Vuhd; J}z;fy;ntl;L
1206-1210 Fj;GjPd; Igf; -[p]pah tup mwpKfk;
ngh.M. ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; Igf; yh$upy; (nrsfhd;) Fjpiu NghNyh
5-1200 1210
tpisahl;by; ,we;jjhH.
ngh.M.1200 gf;jpahH fpy;[papd; gilfshy; ehse;jh #iw 1211-1236 ,y;Jkp~;
12
 5.Ke;ija kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW
1236-1240 u];]pah Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;; tl ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ kpfj;
1023
1246-66 ,uz;lhk; erpH my;YjPd; KfkJ muruhdhH. jPtpukhd xU gilnaLg;ig epfo;j;jpdhH.
1254 ~pthypf; MSeH jpy;ypiaf;ifg;gw;wpdhH- ghy;gd; 1003 Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kPJ Ik; ,uh[uh[d; Nghh;
1266 fpah];-cj;-jpd; ghy;gdhf jpy;yp ifg;gw;wpdhH. 1009 Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kPJ Ik;; ,uhN[e;jpud; Nghh;
1236-1240 ,u]pah Ry;jhdh ngh.M. cj;juky;Y}H rJHtNtjp kq;fyk; ,U
1259 jpy;ypf;Fey;nyz;zf;FoitcYf;fhd;mDg;gpdhH 919-921 fy;tntl;Lf;fs;
1286 ghy;gd ,we;J NghdhH 1001 Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; -epyq;fs; tifgLj;jy;
1292 [yhYjPdpd; kq;Nfhypah;fis jLj;J epWj;jpdhH 1086 Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; -epyq;fs; tifgLj;jy;
1296 [yhYjPdpd; nfhiyAz;lhhu; 1226 %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; -epyq;fs; tifgLj;jy;
1298 kq;NfhypaH jpy;ypia cf;fpukhfj; jhf;fpdH. 907-953 Kjyhk; guhe;jfd;
kq;NfhypaH NjhMg; rkntspg; topNaEioe;J 970-985 cj;jkr; Nrhod;
1305;
kPz;Lk; jhf;fpdH. 1146-1172 ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; -juhRuk; Nfhtpy;>
1307-08 filrp kq;Nfhypaj; jhf;Fjy;; epfo;e;jJ. 1048 GJr;Nrup jpUGtdpapy; Ntj fy;Y}up Jtf;fg;gl;ld
1296, 1314 Njtfpup ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; 1067 nrq;fy;gl;L jpUKf;$lypy; fy;Y}up Jtf;fg;gl;ld
1299-1300 F[uhj; ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs;
1301 uhd;jk;g+H ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; Ik; khwtHkd; FyNrfug;ghz;bad; filrp Nrho
1279
1303 rpj;J}H ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; muruhd IIIk;; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhoidj; Njhw;fbj;jhH.
1305 khy;tth ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; 1314-1315 tPu Nrho rk;Gtuhadpd; fy;ntl;Lfs;
1322-1323 kz;nfhz;l rk;Gtuhad;
1307 Njtfpup ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; - khypf; fh/g+H 1337-1338 ,uh[ehuhazd; rk;Gtuhad;
1309 fhfjPa muru; gpujhgUj;uNjth Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. 600-920 gpw;fhy ghz;bau;
1310 n`ha;rhs ,uhZtj;jhf;Fjy;fs; 624-674 mupNfrup khwtHkd;
1311 nry;tf; FtpaYld; khypf; fh/G+u;jpy;ypjpUk;gpdhu; 642 mupNfrup khwtHkd; gjtp Vw;whH
1320-1325 fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; 700-730 Nfhr;rilahd; ,uzjPud;
1325-1351 KfkJ-gpd;-Jf;sf; 730-765 khwtHkd; ,uh[rpk;kd;
1332-1334 KfkJ-gpd;-Jf;sf;- tptrha tupt#y; fpsHr;rp 765-815 Kjyhk; tuFzd;- Nts;tpf;Fb
1351-1388 /ngNuh]; Jf;sf;- [p]pah tup 815-862 =khw =ty;ygh;
1362 rpe;J gilnaLg;G-/ngNuh]; Jf;sf; 846-869 %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd;
1394-1412 filrp Jf;sf; muru; eRUjPd; KfkJ ~h 885-903 IIk;tuFzd;mguh[pjgy;ytdhy;Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1414-1451 iraJ tk;rk;
1504 rpf;fe;ju; Nyhb jiyefiu Mf;uhTf;F khw;wpdhu; 920 IIk; ,uh[rpk;kd; ehl;il tpl;Nl Xbdhh;
,g;uh`pk; Nyhb> Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghupy; ghguplk; 1190-1310 kPz;Lk; ghz;ba vOr;rp
1526 rilath;kd; =ty;ygd; Ik; FNyhj;Jq;fDila
Njhw;whu;. 1190
1489-1517 rpf;fe;ju; Nyhb fl;Lg;gl;L> ghz;ba Ml;rpiaj; Jtf;fpdhh;
1307-1322 Jwtp n~a;f; eprhKjPd; 1288-1293 khh;f;NfhNghNyh ,U Kiw fhaYf;F te;Js;shh;
1207-1273 [yhYjPd; &kp 1251-1268 Re;jpughz;bad;
1414-1492 mg;Ju; u`;khd; [kp 1253-1256 tPughz;bad; ntw;wp Fwpj;J Mtzk; $WfpwJ
1258 ghf;jhf; efiu kq;Nfhypau; ifg;gwwpdhh; 1268-1312 IIk; khwtHkd; FyNrfug;ghz;bad; mupaiz
fyPgh vfpg;jpy; Ml;Nlhkhdpau; ntw;wp ngUk; tiu Vwp> 40 Mz;L tiu Ml;rp nra;jhH.
1516-17 Ml;rp nra;jhh; 1302 tPughz;baDf;F ,stuRg; gl;lk; #l;lg;gl;lJ.
K];jgh fkhy; mj;jhJu;fpd; jiyikapy; 1311 khypf; fhg+H; kJiuia mile;jhh;
1920 JUf;fpaf; FbauR cUthdNghJ ,f;fyPgh gjtp 1335 kJiu Ry;jhdpak; [yhYjPd;m]d; ~h
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. 800 khD}H fy;tntl;L – fpuhk eph;thfk;
rpe;Jg; gpuNjrj;jpd; kPJ KfkJ -gpd;-fh]pk; Vwj;jho jpUtz;zhkiy Nfhtpy; epyq;fs; ghrd trjp
ngh.M 712 gilnaLg;G 1212 ngw> ngz;iz Mw;wpypUe;J tha;f;ffhy;
1206- 1290 ,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; Ml;rp KfkJ Nfhupahy; 6k;E}w;whz;L ghz;bau;fs; fsg;gpuu;fis ntw;wpnfhz;lhh;fs;
epWtg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 642 Kjy; ghz;ba muru; fLq;Nfhd; mupaiz
1260 Nfhupapd; ,wg;G IIk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; Gfo;ngw;w muru; rila
1240 JUf;fpagpuGf;fs;rjpahy; u];]pah nfhiyAz;lhhu; 1251-1268
tu;kd; ([lh tu;kd;) Re;jughz;bad;
jsgjpahf gzpahw;wpa khypf; [yhYjPd; fpy;[p
1290
murg;gpujpepjpahfg; (ehapg;) nghWg;Ngwwhh;. 7th & 11th ghkpdp – tp[aefu muRfs;
1296 myhTjPd;nly;ypapd;Ry;jhdhfmwptpj;Jf;nfhz;lhu; 1333 kJiuapy; Rje;jpukhd kJiu Ry;jhdpak;
cUthdJ
1316 myhTjPd; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;
[Pdhfhd; KfkJgpd; Jf;sf; vDk; ngaNuhL 1345 tlf;Ff; fh;ehlfhtpy; [hgh;fhd;; Rje;jpu muruhf
1325 mwptpj;jhh; jiyefH Fy;gHftpw;F khw;wk;
mupaiz Vwpdhu;
1347–1358 myhTjPd; `rd; ghkd;~h
fp.gp 1335 kJiu jdp Ry;jhdpakhf cUthdJ
1346 tq;fhsk; Rje;jpu murhdJ tp[aefu muR rq;fk; tk;r rNfhjuh;fshd
1388 83 tajpy; gpNuh~; ~h Jf;sf; ,aw;if va;jpdhu; `hp`uh;> Gf;fh; MfpNahuhy; Jq;fgj;uh
1336
1398brk;gu; ij%H nly;ypiaf; nfhs;isabj;jhh; ejpf;fiuapy; tp[aefiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L
1414 fprpHfhd; iraJ mur tk;rj;ijj; Njhd;Wtpj;jhu; (jw;Nghija `k;gp) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1451 myhTjPd; Myk; gjtpiaj; Jwe;jhh; 1333 – 45 ,gd; gJ}jh
1489 gfY}y;njhlu;e;Jrpf;fe;ju;Ry;jhdhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh; 1443-45 mg;Jh; urhf;
rpf;fe;ju; kuzkile;jhh;> ,g;uhfpk; Nyhb murg; 1470 – 74 epfp~d;
1517 1520-37 Nlhkpq;Nfh ga];> E}dp];
gjtpNaw;whh;.
7 & 11th
th gpw;fhy Nrhoh;fSk; ghz;bah;fSk; 1358-1375 Kjyhk; KfkJ
ngh.M.850-871 tp[ahyad; gpw;fhy Nrho muir epWtpdH 1363 Ik;KfkJthuq;fy; kPJ gilnaLj;J ifg;gw;wpdhH.
907-955 Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; 1425 thuq;fy; mjd; fpof;F gFjpfis xuprhtpd;
1163-1216 %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpahsHfs; ifg;gw;wpdH.
985-1014 Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;- jQ;ir ngupa Nfhtpy;> 1429 jiyefuk; Fy;gHfh-gPlhUf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
1014-1044 Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;- fq;if nfhz;l Nrho Guk; 1463-1482 %d;whk; KfkJ -(KfkJ fthd;)
13
 5.Ke;ija kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW
Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il Ry;jhd; FypFJg;~htpw;F 1605-1627 [`hq;fPH
1495-1496
xU [hfPuhfj; (epykhf) jug;gl;lJ. 1639 nrq;Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ
xsuq;frPg; 8 khj Kw;Wif gpd; Nfhy;nfhz;lh mfkJ efH khypf; Mk;gupd; jiyikapd;; Rje;jpu
1687 Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhH. 1608
murhf mwptpj;jJ.
23-01-1565 jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghu; (uhf;r~p jq;fb NghH) ghurPfHfsplkpUe;J mf;guhy; fhe;jfhiu
1346 `up`uupd; Kb#l;Ltpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. 1595 ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1336-1485 rq;fk tk;rk; 1622 fhe;jfhiu ghurPf murH ~h mg;gh]; kPl;bUe;jhH.
1485-1505 rhSt tk;rk; 14-05-1626 khypf; Mk;gH jd;Dila 78Mk; tajpy; kuzk;
1505-1570 JSt tk;rk; 1627-1658 ~h[fhd;
1570-1650 MutPL tk;rk; ~h[fhd; kfgj;fhdpd; cjtpNahL mfkJ efupd;
1636
1422-46 ,uz;lhk; NjtuhaH- mg;Jh; urhf; tUif ep[hk; ~h`p murHfisg; gzpar; nra;jhH.
f[gjp gilfs; gyKiw jhf;Fjy;fis my;GfHf; gP[g;g+H Ry;jhdplkpUe;J Nfhthitf;
1460-65 1510
Nkw;nfhz;ld. ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1485 rhSt eurpk;ku; jd;idNa murnud mwptpj;jhh; 1605 lr;Rf;fhuHfs; tzpff;$lk; k#ypg;gl;bdk;
1491 rhSteurpk;kH kuzkile;jhH. 1610 Gypf;fhl; (goNtw;fhL)
1505 tPueurpk;kHJSttk;rMl;rpiaj;njhlq;fp itj;jhH. 1616 #uj;
1509-1529 fpU~;zNjtuhaH 1641 gpkpypgl;bdk;
1542 Mr;RjuhaH kuzk; 1645 fhiuf;fhy;
1570 jpUkiyMutPL tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh; 1653 rpd;Ruh
1601 ehaf;fHfs; Nghu; fhrpk;g[hH> ghuhefH> ghl;dh> ghyNrhH>
1658 ehfg;gl;bdk; (midj;Jk;)>
1430 jkpo;ehl;bd; ciof;Fk; kf;fs; fpsHr;rp
,y; myhTjPd; `rd; (`rd; fq;F vdTk; 1663 nfhr;rp
1347 1620 Nldpah; tzpff;$lk; juq;fk;ghb
mwpag;gl;lhu;)
1429 jiyefu; kPz;Lk; gPlhUf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ 1668 gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh; tzpff;$lk; #uj;
thuq;fy; Nghu; %yk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il> 1669 k#ypg;gl;bdk;
gr;ir fye;j ePytz;zf; fw;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l 1673 GJr;Nrup
1368 rpk;khrdk; cl;gl ngUk; nry;tj;ij ,og;gPlhfg; 1690 tq;fhsj;jpd; re;jd;efH
ngw;whu;. - Kjyhk; KfkJ kyghupy; cs;s kh`p>
Kjyhk; KfkJ fl;b Kbf;fg;ngw;w Kjy; k#jp> 1725 Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiuapy; Vdhk;
1367 kfhk#jp 216mbX16mb vd;w mstpy; 1739 mq;fpNyaHfs; tzpff;$lk;fhiuf;fhy;
fl;lg;gl;ljhFk; 1612 #uj;jpy;
1378 IIk; KfkJ mupaiz Vw;wg;gl;lhu; 1639 nrd;id
1518 KfkJ my;yJ rpfhGjPd; KfkJ Kb#bdhh; 1668 gk;gha;
7th & 11th Kfyhag; NguuR 1690 fy;fj;jh
21-04-1526 Kjyhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghh; ghgh;- ,g;uhfpk; Nyhb 1641 ~h[fhdpd; mikr;rh; Mrg;fhd; kuzkile;jhH.
1519-1524 ghgh;-Nguh>rpahy;Nfhl;>yh$h; gilnaLj;jhh; 1666[dthp ~h[fhd; kuzkile;jhh;
1526-1857 Kfyhag; NguuR ePbj;jJ 1631 Kk;jh[{ kuzkile;jhh;
[hfpUjPd; KfkJ ghgh;- ek;gpf;ifia fhg;gtH 1632 jh[;k`hy; fl;bl Ntiyfs; njhlq;fpd.
1526 –1530 1643 jh[;k`hy; Vida fl;llq;fs; Kbtile;jd.
1527 fhd;th Nghh; ghgh;- uhzh rq;fh 1658-1707 xsuq;frPg;
1528 re;Njhpg; Nghh; ghgh;- Nkjpdpuha; 1669 [hl;Lfspd; fyfk; xLf;fg;gl;lJ
1529 fhf;uh Nghh; ghgh;- Mg;fhdpah; 1680 kuzkilAk; tiu Nkthupd; uhzh NghuhbdhH.
1530 Mf;uh-yh$h; nry;Yk; topapy; ghgh; fhykhdhh;. Nkthupd; Gjpa uhzh n[a;rpq; xsuq;frPg;Gld;
1530-1540 `+kha+d; - ey;tha;g;G 1681
mikjp cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhH.
1532 `+kha+d; Rdhh; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;lhh; 1682 xsuq;frPg; jf;fhzk; te;jhH.
1539 nrsrhg; Nghh; `+kha+d;-n~H~h Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; `rd;
1540 fd;Ndhrp Nghh; `+kha+d;-n~H~h 1687
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Nfhy;nfhz;lh ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
1555 `Pkha+d;; jpy;ypiaf; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh; 1689 rhk;gh[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
1545 n~H~h fopQ;rhupy; fhykhdhH 1707 xsuq;frPg; mfkJefupy; fhykhdhH.
1542 mf;gH gpwg;G NldpaHfspd; Mjutpd; fPo; Kjy; Y}j;jud; kjg;
1706
1556etk;gH IIk; ghdpg;gl; NghH , mf;gh; Kb#bdhh; gug;ghsHfs; juq;fk;ghbf;F te;jdH.
1562 khstk; gh[;gfJ}uplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ rPfd;ghy;F tptpypaj;jpd; Gjpa Vw;ghl;il jkpopy;
1714
Nfhz;Lthdh uhzp JHfhNjtp kfd; tPHehuhazd; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jhH.
1564 1556-1605 mf;gupd; fhykhd khngUk; murHfspd; fhykhFk;.
cldhd fLk; NghUf;Fg;gpd; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
1573 murd;KrhgH~htplkpUe;JF[uhj;ijf;ifg;gw;wpdhH. 1648 nejHyhe;j; fpsHr;rp Kbtile;jJ.
jhTj;fhd;mf;guhy;Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;LgPfhHtq;fhsk; 7th & 11th kuhj;jpah;fs;
1576
gFjpfs;Kfyhag;NguuNrhL,izf;fg;gl;ld. jQ;rht+upy; njhlq;fpa kuhj;jpaupd; Ml;rp
1674-1832 ,uz;lhtJ ruNgh[p kd;dH kuzk; tiu ePbj;jJ.
1586 fh~;kPiuAk; mf;gH ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1591 rpe;JitAk; mf;gH ifg;gw;wpdhh; 1627 rpth[p gpwg;G
1591 mf;gh; fhz;Nl~; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpd 1645 ,uhZt Nfhz;Lthd Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1596 rhe;j;gPgpaplkpUe;J nguhH ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 1646 rpth[p Njhh;dh Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1600 mfkJefHmurpd;rpy gFjpfs; KfyhaH trkhdJ. 1647 jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; kiwT
27-09-1604 mf;gH Neha;tha;g;gl;lhH ,aw;if va;jpdhH. 1649 gP[g;g+h; Ry;jhd; ~h[pia tpLjiy nra;jhh;.
27-10-1605 mf;gH ,aw;if va;jpdhH. 1649-1655 ,uhZtr; nray;ghLfspy; rpth[p tpyfpapUe;jhh;.
1597 uhzh gpujhg;rpq; fhykhdhH 1656 rpth[p,uhZtr;nray;ghLfiskPz;Lk; njhlq;fpdhh;
`hy;bfhl; Nghh; Kfyhag;gilf;Fk; uhzh gpujhg; 1656 rpth[p [Typia ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1576
rpq;fpw;FkpilNa eilngw;w ,Wjpg; NghuhFk;. 1656etk;gh; gP[g;g+hpd; KfkJ mby;~h kuzkile;jhh;
khHthupy; (N[hj;g+H) murH re;jpuh nrd; 1657 gPlhh;> fy;ahzp>Gue;jh; xsuq;frPg; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1581
,wf;Fk;tiu Kfyhaiu vjpHj;jhH. 1658[Piy xsuq;frPg; khkd;duhf mhpaiz Vwpdhh;.
1582 ,ghjj;fhdhtpy;eilngw;wtpthjq;fis epWj;jpdhH.
14
 5.Ke;ija kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW
1659 rpth[p mg;ry; fhid nfhd;whH ru;fpe;j; kw;Wk; yh$iu uFehjuht; ky;`h;uht;
rpth[pia mlf;f nrap~;lfhd; jf;fhzj;jpd; 1758 ifg;gw;wpdhu;fs;
1660
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh; 1759mf;Nlhgu; mg;jyp gQ;rhig kPl;lhu;.
1663brk;gh; xsuq;frPg;nrap~;lfhidjpUk;gmioj;Jf;nfhz;lhh; %d;whtJ ghdpg;gl; Nghu; ele;jJ.
14-01-1761
1664 #uj;ij Fwpitj;J rpth[p jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh; ghyh[p gh[puht; Ng~;th kuzkile;jhh;
1761[_d;
11-06-1665 Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if rpth[p -n[a; rpq; ghyh[p gh[puhtpd; kfd; khjt; uht; uNfhghtpd;
1666 Nk rpth[pAk; kfd; rhk;gh[pAk; Mf;uhit mile;jdh;. 1761 Ml;rpapy; Ng~;th Mfg; gjtpNaw;whu;
KfyhaUld; Nkhjy;
1763 i`juhghj; ep[hKld; fLk; rz;il ele;jJ.
1670 #uj;ij rpth[p kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
#uj;jpy; nrsj; tUkhdj;ij tUlhe;jpuf; fg;gkhf ik#iu Mz;l i`ju; mypf;F vjpuhf
1672 1765-1767 jhf;Fjy;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wd.
kuhj;jpahh; ngw;wdh;
rpth[p uha;fh; Nfhl;ilapy; Ntj Kiwg;gb i`ju; myp gFjpfis khjt; uht; kPz;Lk;
1772
06-06-1674 mhpaiz Vwpdhh; ‘rj;ugjp’ (Supreme king) vd;w mtw;iw kPl;lhh;
gl;lj;ijr; #bdhh;. ,uz;lhk; ~h Myk; myfhghj;jpy; Mq;fpNyahpd;
1676 njw;fpy; rpth[p jdJ ntw;wpiaf; Jtf;fpdhh; 1771 ghJfhg;gpypUe;jhh; mtiu kuhj;jpah; kPz;Lk;
1680 rpth[papd; 53 MtJ tajpy; fhykhdhh; jpy;ypd;F mioj;J te;jdh;
1686-1687 gP[g;g+h; Nfhy;nfhz;lh nty;yg;gl;ld- xsuq;frPg; khjt; uht; Ng~;thtpd; jpBh; kuzk; mtuJ
1700 uh[huhk; kuzkile;jhh; 1772
1708 rh`P mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh; rpwg;Gkpf;f Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jJ
1713 ghyh[p tp];tehj;ijg; Ng~;ththf epakpj;jhh; 1772 ehuhaz uht; Ng~;th Mfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;
1714 jhuhgha; mtuJ kfd; MfpNahiu rpiwg;gpbj;jdh; 1775-1782 KjyhtJ Mq;fpNya – kuhj;jpag; Nghh;
1749 rh`P kiwe;jgpwF uhkuh[h mhpaiz Vwpdhh; 1782 uFehj; uht; fl;lha Xa;T ngw itf;fg;gl;lhh;
1808 gpujhg; rpq; mhpaiz Vwpdhh; 1803-1806 ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNya-kuhj;jpag; Nghh;
1839 gpujhg;ig gphpl;b~;muR Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fpaJ Ngrpd; xg;ge;jk;
1802
1847 gpujhg; rpq; kuzkile;jhh;
,sty; ~h[p mg;gh rh`pg;> ,uz;lhk; ~h[p 1817-1818 %d;whk; Mq;fpNya-kuhj;jpag; Nghh;
1839 1817 g+dh xg;ge;jk;
muruhf gphpl;B~; murhy; gjtpapy; mkh;j;jg;gl;lhh;
1848 ,uz;lhk; ~h[p kuzkile;jhh; 1851 ,uz;lhk; gh[p uht; kuzk;
1713-1818 Ng~;th Ml;rp 1673 jQ;rht+hpy; ehaf;f Ml;rpia KbTwr; nra;jJ
1713-1720 ghyh[p tp];tehj; kuhj;jpa jsgjp ntq;Nfh[p jd;id muruhf
1720-1740 Kjyhk; gh[p uht; 1676
mwptpj;jhh;
Kjyhk; gh[puht; kd;dh; rh`Pthy; Ng~;ththf Rt&g; rpq; (Nfhl;il ,uhZtj;jpd; jiyth;)
1720
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh; 1700
jphpk;gf;uht; gNuhlh mUNf jgha; ,lj;jpy; ele;j fpyhjhuhf gzpapy; mkh;j;jg;gl;lhh;
1731 Rt&g; rpq; kiwe;j gpwF mtuJ kfd; Nj[; rpq;
Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; 1714
1731 thh;dh xg;ge;jk; (Njrpq;F) nrQ;rpapd; MSeuhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;
jhNd> rhy;nrl;> Ngrpd; Mfpa gFjpfs; fh;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j rpth[p
1738 Nghh;j;jfPrpahplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;L mth;fs; 1677 ntq;Nfh[pia mfw;wptpl;Lj; jdJ rNfhjuh;
nfhq;fzf; flw;fiug; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldh; re;jh[pia mg;gjtpapy; mkh;j;jpdhh;
1740-1761 ghyh[p gh[p uht; 1712-1728 Kjyhk; ruNgh[p Mz;LfSf;F Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jhh;
jQ;rht+iu Mz;l kuhj;jpa Ml;rpahsh; rh`Ptplk;
1739 1739-1763 gpujhg; rpq; Ml;rp Ghpe;jhh;
cjtp Nfhhpdhh;
uNfh[p Nghd;];Ny Mw;fhL ethg; Njh];j; 1787 Jy;[h[p Ml;rpapy; mkh;e;jhh;
1740 mypia tPo;j;jpf; nfhd;whh; Mq;fpNya fhydp muRf;F [hd; rkh;g;gpj;j
ethg; KfkJ myp Mw;fhl;il vspjhff; Kf;fpaj; jpl;lj;jpy; jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy topapy;
1743 ifg;gw;wpdhh; 1812 ,e;jpa khzth;fSf;F ,ytrg; gs;spfis elj;j
1760 cj;fph; Nghh; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;f;nfhz;lhh;
ep[hk; Mrg;[htpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF thhpRg; nrd;id MSeh; jhk]; kd;Nwh njhlf;fg;
1748 Nghl;b ntbj;jJ 1820 nghJg;gs;spfSf;fhd xU jpl;lj;ij Nahridahf
u[Gjdj;ij MW jhf;Fjy; Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; gpwF $wpdhh;
1741-1748 kuhj;jpau; jq;fs; MSifapd; fPo; nfhz;L etPd gs;spfis cs;@h; Foe;ijfSf;fhfr;
te;jhu;fs;. 1841
nrd;idapy; Vw;gLj;jNttpy;iy
tq;fhs ethg; xup];]hitf; iftpl;L n[h;khdpa rkag;gug;Gf;FO Mq;fpy tl;lhu
1751 kuhj;jpaUf;F fg;gk; fl;l Ntz;ba epiyik 1707 nkhopg;gs;spfs; gytw;iwj; njw;F khfhzq;fspy;
Vw;gl;lJ Kjy; elj;jpAs;sdh;
1752 kuhj;jpahfs; jpy;ypapy; Eioe;jhu;f;s; MSeh; kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpf; fzf;nfLg;Gf;fhf
ele;j gpshrp Nghupy; rpuh[; cj; njsyhTf;F cUthf;fg;gl;l mwpflifg;gb jQ;rht+h; 44
1757 kuhj;jpau; cjttpy;iy. 1823
gs;spfspy; murit %ykhf 21 ,ytr gs;spfs;
mfkJ~h mg;jyp ngUk; ,d;diy ghdpg;gl; elj;jg;gl;ld.
1761 Nghu;f;fsj;jpu; cUthf;fpdhu;
1803 Kf;jhk;ghs; rj;jpuk; 2k; ruNgh[p tpUg;gkhd
14-01-1761 %d;whtJ ghdpg;gl; Nghu; md;d rj;jpukhFk;
1739 ehjpu; ~htpd; jhf;Fjy;fs; njhlq;fpd Kf;jhk;ghs; rj;jpuk; ,uz;L tFg;giwfspy;
ehjpu; ~h nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; gpwF ,uhZt fhiyAk; khiyAk; 15 Mrphpah;fs; gy;NtW
1822
1747 jsgjpfspy; xUtuhd mfkJ~h mg;jhyp r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 464 khzth;fSf;Ff;
Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; Ml;rpahsuhf khwpdhh; fw;gpj;jdh;.
07-03-1832 2k; ruNgh[p kuzkile;jhh;
jpy;yp #iwahlg;gl;lJ. kJuhTk; gpUe;jhtdKk;
1757[dtup rpijf;fg;gl;ld.
15
 6.Gtpapay;
tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs; nkd;nghUs; njhopyfk; MFk;.
,e;jpah - miktplk;> epyj;Njhw;wk; kw; Wk; ,e;jpah - kf;fs; njhif> Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty;
10 L-1 10 L-5 njhlHG kw;Wk; tzpfk;
tbfhyikg;G
2024 tiu Me;jpug;gpuNjr kW rPuikg;Gr; 1872 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
2024 Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
rl;lj;jpd;gb i`juhghj;, Me;jpuh kw;Wk;
KOikahd Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
njyq;fhdh jiyefukhf ,Uf;Fk;. 1881
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1973 Kjy; ,yl;rj; jPT> kpdpf;fha; &; mkpdpj; jPT ehl;bd; 15 tJ kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
$l;lq;fs; ,yl;rj;jPTfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. eilngw;wJ
10 L-2 ,e;jpah - fhyepiy kw;Wk; ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; ruhrup kf;fs; mlHj;jp xU rJu
1952 ,e;jpa tdtpyq;F thupak; (IBWL) fpNyhkPl;lUf;F 382 MFk;.
1972 ,e;jpa muR td tpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 2011 ,e;jpahtpd; ghypd tpfpjk; 1000 Mz;fSf;F 940
1973 Gypfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ngz;fshf cs;sJ
10 L-3 ,e;jpah - Ntshz;ik ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapd; vOj;jwpT
1953 ,e;jpa Ntshz;Muha;r;rpf; fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ tpfpjk;74.04% MFk;.
,e;jpa njhiyEz;ZzHT (IIRS)Ma;twpf;ifapd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; Mz;fs; 82.14% ngz;fs;
2015 65.46%
gb 147 kpy;ypad; n`f;NlH epyg;gug;G kz;mupg;G
1902 Nfushtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,ug;gH Njhl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa neLQ;rhiy Mizak;
1995
1919 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhy;eil fzf;nfLg;G (NHAI) epWtg;gl;lJ.
khepy &; a+dpad; gpuNjr fhy;eiltsHg;Gj; Jiw 1960 vy;iyg;Gwr; rhiyfs; epWtdk; epWtg;gl;lJ
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb> nkhj;jghy; cw;gj;jpapy; jq;f ehw;fur;rhiyfs; jpl;lk;-5846fp.kP ePsk; 4-6
2016-17 1999 topj;jlq;fs;
cj;jug;gpuNjrk;> ,uh[];jhd;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
Kjd;ik khepyq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. 1925 ,e;jpahtpd;Kjy; GwefH ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
,e;jpah- tsq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyfq;fs; Kk;igapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
10 L-4
1957 Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwr;rl;lk;> etk;gH d;gbMRTS ,e;jpahtpy; 810fp.kP ePsnkl;Nuh ,Ug;G
1981 2022 ghijfs; 381 ,uapy; epiyaq;fSld;
NALCO Njrpa mYkpdpa epWtdk;; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,aq;fptUfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; Kk;igf;F cs;ehl;L ePH topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J Mizak;
1969 1986
mUfpy; cs;sjhuhg;g+upy; epWtg;gl;lJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePHkpd; epiyak; lhH[pypq;fpy; Kjy; ,e;jpatpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J n`d;wp gpf;a+H
1897
epWtg;gl;lJ. 1918 vd;gtuhy; myfhghj;jpypUe;J iedpf; vd;w
,e;jpahtpy; fhw;whiykpd; cw;gj;jp Kjd; Kjypy; gpg;utup ,lj;jpw;F fbjq;fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ljd;
F[uhj;jpy; cs;sflw;fiug;gFjpahd Xfh> %yk; Muk;gkhdJ.
kfhuh~;buh flw;fiug;gFjpahd ,uj;jpdfpup> 1995 ,e;jpahtpkhd epiyag;nghWg;G Mizak;
1986 jkpo;ehl;bYs;s flw;fiug;gFjpahd ehl;by; nray;gl;L te;j 8 gy;NtW tpkhd
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; 55 fpNyhthl; cw;gj;jp jpwDld; 1953 epWtdq;fs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L mitfs;
epWtg;gl;l fhw;whiyfs; %yk; tsHr;rpaila Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld.
Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;jpa mQ;ry; Nrit nghJkf;fspd;
1998 Njrpa fhw;whw;wy; epWtdk; (NIEW) 1837
gad;ghl;bw;fhf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gUj;jp nerthiy ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mQ;ry; tpy;iy fuhr;rpapy;
1818 nfhy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpy; cs;s NghHl; f;sh];lH 1852
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1975 tpiuT mQ;ry; Nritia mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rzy; Miy> Mq;fpNyNauhd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mQ;ry; FwpaPl;L vz;iz
[hH[; Mf;yhz;L vd;gtuhy; nfhy;fj;jhtpw;F 1972 mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpiuT jghy; Nrit
1854
mUfpy; cs;s up\;uh vd;Dkplj;jpy; nray;gLfpwJ.
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpathndhyp xspgug;G Nrit> Kk;igthndhyp
kj;jpa gl;L Muha;r;rp njhopy; El;g epWtdk; 1923 rq;fk; %ykhf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
1983
(CSTRI)- ngq;fSU
1936 mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa tHj;jfj;Jiwmikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; >
njhlq;fg;gl;lifj;jwp tsHr;rp MizaH 1957 Kjy; “Mfhr thzp" vdTk; ngaH khw;wk;
mYtyfk; jw;NghJ ,e;jpa [Tsp Jiw 1969 ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikak; epWtg;gl;lJ
20-11-1975 mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; GJjpy;ypapy; cs;s ,e;jpa Njrpa nraw;iff;Nfhs; mikg;G
cj;Nahf;gtid jiyikaplkhf nfhz;L 1983 epWtg;gl;lJ
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy Nkw;F rkPg fhyj;jpy; [prhl; 7A nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty;
19-12-2018
1812 tq;fj;jpy; cs;s nruhk;g+H vd;Dkplj;jpy; njhlHGf;fhf Vtg;gl;lJ
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. y; ,d;rhl; 1B jfty; njhlHgpw;fhf Vtg;gl;l
30-08-1983
,Uk;G kw;Wk; v/F cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy Kjd; Kjy; ,d;rhl; tupir nraw;iff;Nfhs; MFk;.
1830 Kjypy; jkpo;ehl;by; NghHNlh ehNthtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; thfdj; njhopyfk; Kk;igf;F
1947 mUfpy; cs;s FHyh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gpuPkpaH
thfd epWtdk; vd;wngaupy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpy; cs;s cj;jHghuh
1948 vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,e;J];jhd; Nkhl;lhH epWtdk;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpl;lk; (MAKE IN
2014
INDIA) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
1970 TATA fd;ry;ld;rp rHtPr]; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
16
6.Gtpapay;

17
7.mwptpay;

18
7.mwptpay;

19