1. What is the primary purpose of a feedback in a control system?

A. To increase the system gain

B. To reduce the system stability
C. To improve the accuracy and stability of the system
D. To eliminate the need for a controller
Answer: C. To improve the accuracy and stability of the system
Explanation:
Feedback in control systems is used to compare the output with the desired input
(reference) and make necessary adjustments. This process helps in reducing errors,
improving system accuracy, and enhancing stability by compensating for disturbances
and uncertainties.
2. In a first-order system, the time constant (τ) is a measure of:
A. The system's gain
B. The speed of the system's response
C. The system's stability
D. The frequency of oscillations
Answer: B. The speed of the system's response
Explanation:
The time constant (τ) in a first-order system indicates how quickly the system
responds to changes. A smaller τ means the system responds faster, while a larger τ
indicates a slower response.
3. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to determine:
A. The frequency response of a system
B. The time response of a system
C. The stability of a system
D. The controllability of a system
Answer: C. The stability of a system
Explanation:
The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical test that determines the stability of a
linear time-invariant (LTI) system by examining the signs and magnitudes of the
coefficients in the characteristic equation without solving for the roots.
4. In control systems, a pole located on the right half of the s-plane indicates:
A. A stable system
B. A marginally stable system
C. An unstable system
D. A system with no damping
Answer: C. An unstable system
Explanation:
Poles in the right half of the s-plane correspond to exponential terms with positive
exponents in the time domain, leading to outputs that grow without bound, indicating
instability.
5. The transfer function of a system is defined as:
A. Output divided by input in the time domain
B. Input divided by output in the frequency domain
C. Output divided by input in the Laplace domain
D. Input divided by output in the time domain
Answer: C. Output divided by input in the Laplace domain
Explanation:
The transfer function represents the relationship between the output and input of a
system in the Laplace domain, assuming zero initial conditions. It is a fundamental
tool for analyzing LTI systems.
6. A system is said to be controllable if:
A. Its output can be measured accurately
B. Its state can be driven to any desired value in finite time
C. Its input can be changed
D. Its output remains constant over time
Answer: B. Its state can be driven to any desired value in finite time
Explanation:
Controllability refers to the ability to move the system from any initial state to any final
state within a finite time span using appropriate control inputs.
7. In frequency response analysis, the phase margin is:
A. The amount of gain increase required to make the system unstable
B. The difference between the phase angle and -180° at the gain crossover frequency
C. The frequency at which the phase angle is zero
D. The time taken for the output to reach steady state
Answer: B. The difference between the phase angle and -180° at the gain crossover
frequency
Explanation:
Phase margin is a measure of system stability in the frequency domain. It indicates
how much the phase angle can change before the system becomes unstable.
8. A PID controller includes which of the following components?
A. Proportional, Integral, Derivative
B. Proportional, Inverse, Differential
C. Phase, Inductance, Delay
D. Power, Input, Drive
Answer: A. Proportional, Integral, Derivative
Explanation:
A PID controller combines proportional, integral, and derivative actions to provide a
control signal that improves system stability and response.
9. The Nyquist criterion is used to assess:
A. Time-domain specifications
B. System controllability
C. Frequency response stability
D. System observability
Answer: C. Frequency response stability
Explanation:
The Nyquist criterion analyzes the frequency response of a system to determine its
stability by examining the encirclements of the critical point (-1,0) in the Nyquist plot.
10. In a second-order underdamped system, increasing the damping ratio (ζ) will:
A. Increase overshoot
B. Decrease settling time
C. Increase oscillations
D. Decrease overshoot
Answer: D. Decrease overshoot
Explanation:
In underdamped systems, a higher damping ratio reduces the amplitude of
oscillations, leading to less overshoot and a more stable response.
11. What is the effect of adding a zero to the open-loop transfer function of a system?
A. It always improves stability
B. It adds a pole at origin
C. It improves the transient response
D. It reduces the system type
Answer: C. It improves the transient response
Explanation:
Adding a zero to the system affects the transient response by introducing a phase
lead, which generally results in a faster system response and can reduce overshoot.
12. Which of the following is true for a Type 1 system?
A. It has zero steady-state error for step input
B. It has infinite steady-state error for ramp input
C. It has zero steady-state error for ramp input
D. It cannot track any input
Answer: A. It has zero steady-state error for step input
Explanation:
A Type 1 system has one pole at the origin, which ensures zero steady-state error for
a step input, but it has a finite steady-state error for a ramp and infinite for parabolic
input.
13. The root locus of a system gives information about:
A. Frequency response
B. Variation of closed-loop poles with system gain
C. System’s output with time
D. Stability under transient conditions
Answer: B. Variation of closed-loop poles with system gain
Explanation:
Root locus plots the path of the system poles as a single gain parameter (usually K) is
varied. It is a graphical method for examining how gain affects system stability and
dynamics.
14. What does a Bode plot represent?
A. Phase and time response
B. Gain and delay
C. Magnitude and phase versus frequency
D. Pole-zero distribution
Answer: C. Magnitude and phase versus frequency
Explanation:
Bode plots display the gain (in dB) and phase (in degrees) of a system’s transfer
function as functions of logarithmic frequency. They are used to analyze system
behavior in the frequency domain.
15. Which of the following is NOT a time-domain specification?
A. Rise time
B. Peak time
C. Phase margin
D. Steady-state error
Answer: C. Phase margin
Explanation:
Phase margin is a frequency-domain specification. Time-domain specifications
include rise time, peak time, settling time, and steady-state error.
16. Which tool is best suited for determining both stability and relative stability of a
system?
A. Routh-Hurwitz criterion
B. Nyquist plot
C. State-space method
D. Root locus
Answer: A. Routh-Hurwitz criterion
Explanation:
Routh-Hurwitz is an algebraic method that determines system stability without
calculating the roots of the characteristic equation. It also provides insight into relative
stability through sign changes.
17. In a second-order system, increasing damping ratio leads to:
A. Increased overshoot
B. Faster response
C. Reduced oscillations
D. Increased steady-state error
Answer: C. Reduced oscillations
Explanation:
Higher damping results in reduced oscillations and a more stable response. However,
it can also slow down the system slightly, depending on the application.
18. Which of the following systems has the highest steady-state error for a unit ramp
input?
A. Type 0
B. Type 1
C. Type 2
D. All have zero error
Answer: A. Type 0
Explanation:
Type 0 systems have a finite steady-state error to step input, but infinite steady-state
error to ramp and higher-order inputs.
20. What is the purpose of a compensator in a control system?
A. To eliminate noise
B. To amplify signals
C. To improve performance (like stability or response)
D. To provide delay
Answer: C. To improve performance (like stability or response)
Explanation: A compensator is an additional device (like lead, lag, or PID controller)
used to enhance system performance by shaping the response to meet specific
design criteria like faster rise time, less overshoot, etc.
21. What does the term “open-loop system” imply?
A. The system has no feedback
B. The system is always unstable
C. The output affects the input
D. It cannot be controlled
Answer: A. The system has no feedback
Explanation:
An open-loop system operates based on preset conditions without using feedback
from the output to influence the input, making it simple but less accurate.
22. The gain margin of a system indicates:
A. The amount by which the gain can be increased before the system becomes stable
B. The amount by which the gain can be reduced before the system becomes
unstable
C. How far the system is from instability in gain terms
D. The frequency at which phase becomes zero
Answer: C. How far the system is from instability in gain terms
Explanation:
Gain margin tells how much the system gain can increase before it reaches instability
(typically when the phase crosses -180°).
23. Which controller adds a zero to the open-loop transfer function?
A. P controller
B. I controller
C. D controller
D. PD controller
Answer: D. PD controller
Explanation:
A PD (Proportional-Derivative) controller introduces a zero into the open-loop transfer
function, improving transient response and stability.
24. The steady-state error for a parabolic input in a Type 1 system is:
A. Zero
B. Finite
C. Infinite
D. Depends on gain
Answer: C. Infinite
Explanation:
A Type 1 system can only track step (zero error) and ramp (finite error) inputs. It
cannot track parabolic inputs (second-order) without an infinite error.
25. The pole-zero plot of a stable system must have all poles:
A. On the imaginary axis
B. In the left half of the s-plane
C. On the right half of the s-plane
D. On the origin
Answer: B. In the left half of the s-plane
Explanation:
For stability in continuous-time systems, all poles must lie strictly in the left half of the
s-plane (Re(s) < 0).
26. Lag compensators are primarily used to:
A. Increase bandwidth
B. Improve transient response
C. Reduce steady-state error
D. Speed up the system
Answer: C. Reduce steady-state error
Explanation:
Lag compensators increase low-frequency gain, which reduces steady-state error,
although they may slow down the transient response.
27. What does a positive feedback generally lead to in control systems?
A. More stable systems
B. Reduced system gain
C. Instability
D. Faster steady-state response
Answer: C. Instability
Explanation:
Positive feedback adds to the input signal, which can lead to runaway conditions and
make the system unstable unless carefully designed.
28. A phase lead compensator typically:
A. Adds a pole at a lower frequency than the zero
B. Adds a zero at a lower frequency than the pole
C. Does not affect the phase
D. Reduces stability
Answer: B. Adds a zero at a lower frequency than the pole
Explanation:
A lead compensator introduces a zero before the pole (in frequency domain), which
improves phase margin and speeds up the response.
30. The transfer function of a system is invalid if:
A. Initial conditions are zero
B. System is linear and time-invariant
C. It has more zeros than poles
D. The system is nonlinear or time-variant
Answer: D. The system is nonlinear or time-variant
Explanation: Transfer functions are only valid for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems
with zero initial conditions. For nonlinear or time-varying systems, other methods are
used.
31. In a Bode plot, the slope of a pole contributes:
A. +20 dB/decade
B. −20 dB/decade
C. +40 dB/decade
D. 0 dB/decade
Answer: B. −20 dB/decade
Explanation:
Each simple pole in the transfer function causes a decrease in the slope of the
magnitude plot by 20 dB/decade after its corner frequency.
32. Which function gives the system output for a given input in Laplace domain?
A. State function
B. Characteristic function
C. Transfer function
D. Gain function
Answer: C. Transfer function
Explanation:
The transfer function G(s)= U(s)/Y(s) relates the output to the input in the Laplace
domain under zero initial conditions.
33. What is the effect of increasing system gain in a control system?
A. Improves stability always
B. Reduces phase margin
C. Has no effect
D. Eliminates oscillations
Answer: B. Reduces phase margin
Explanation:
Increasing gain shifts the Nyquist or Bode plot closer to the critical point (−1, 0),
reducing phase margin and potentially making the system unstable.
34. A system with poles at the origin is considered:
A. Stable
B. Marginally stable
C. Unstable
D. Nonlinear
Answer: B. Marginally stable
Explanation:
Poles at the origin result in a system that does not diverge but also doesn't settle—
this is marginal stability (e.g., a pure integrator).
35. The final value theorem is applicable if:
A. The function has poles in the left half plane
B. The system is unstable
C. The input is zero
D. There are right-half or imaginary-axis poles
Answer: A. The function has poles in the left half plane
Explanation:
Final value theorem applies only if all poles of sF(s) lie in the left half of the s-plane
(i.e., the system is stable).
36. Which of the following parameters defines damping in a second-order system?
A. Natural frequency
B. Damping ratio
C. Peak time
D. Settling time
Answer: B. Damping ratio
Explanation:
The damping ratio (ζ) determines the nature of the transient response—under, over,
or critically damped—and how much the system oscillates.

39. Which of the following can be used to model dynamic systems?

A. Transfer functions
B. State-space equations
C. Differential equations
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Explanation: Dynamic systems can be modeled in different ways depending on the
analysis required. All three—differential equations, transfer functions, and state-space
forms—are valid representations.
41. The system is said to be observable if:
A. The output can be predicted from the input
B. The states can be determined from the output over time
C. The system reaches zero output in steady state
D. Poles are in the left half plane
Answer: B. The states can be determined from the output over time
Explanation: A system is observable if the initial state can be completely determined
from the outputs over a finite time period. This is tested using the observability matrix.
42. A transfer function has a pole at the origin. What does this imply?
A. The system has a finite DC gain
B. The system has infinite gain at zero frequency
C. The system is unstable
D. The system has a zero steady-state error for ramp input
Answer: B. The system has infinite gain at zero frequency
Explanation: A pole at the origin indicates integrator behavior, leading to infinite gain
at DC (s = 0), and helps reduce steady-state error for ramp inputs.
43. What is the damping ratio ζ for an undamped system?
A. 1
B. 0
C. >1
D. Between 0 and 1
Answer: B. 0
Explanation: For an undamped system, there is no energy dissipation, so ζ=0. This
results in continuous oscillations without decay.
44. Nyquist criterion helps determine:
A. Pole-zero locations
B. Relative stability
C. Frequency response
D. Absolute stability using frequency response
Answer: D. Absolute stability using frequency response
Explanation:
The Nyquist criterion uses the frequency response (open-loop) to assess the absolute
stability of a closed-loop system based on encirclements of the critical point (−1,0).
45. What does a right-half plane (RHP) pole indicate about the system?
A. It is stable
B. It is marginally stable
C. It is unstable
D. It has oscillations
Answer: C. It is unstable
Explanation: A pole in the right half of the s-plane causes an exponentially growing
response → system is unstable.
46. The root locus starts from:
A. Zeros
B. Poles
C. Infinity
D. Imaginary axis
Answer: B. Poles
Explanation: Root locus plots begin at the open-loop poles and end at the open-loop
zeros (or at infinity if fewer zeros).
47. Which of the following reduces both transient and steady-state errors?
A. Proportional control
B. Integral control
C. Derivative control
D. PID control
Answer: D. PID control
Explanation: A PID controller combines P, I, and D actions:
P :- improves responsiveness
I :- eliminates steady-state error
D :- improves stability and reduces overshoot
48. Which of the following is a frequency response method?
A. Bode plot
B. Root locus
C. Routh array
D. Signal flow graph
Answer: A. Bode plot
Explanation:
Bode plots show how a system responds to sinusoidal inputs over a range of
frequencies. It's a key tool in frequency domain analysis.
49. In a first-order system, the time constant τ is defined as:
A. The time taken to reach steady state
B. Time to reach 63.2% of final value
C. Time to reach peak overshoot
D. Time to reach 100% of input
Answer: B. Time to reach 63.2% of final value
Explanation: The time constant τ represents the time at which the output reaches
63.2% of its final value in a first-order system.
50. What is the steady-state error of a unity feedback Type 1 system to a unit step
input?
A. Zero
B. 1
C. Infinity
D. Depends on gain
Answer: A. Zero
Explanation: Type 1 systems (one pole at origin) completely eliminate steady-state
error to step inputs, regardless of gain.

52. The function of a derivative controller is to:

A. Eliminate steady-state error
B. Improve system speed
C. Predict system behavior and improve stability
D. Reduce gain
Answer: C. Predict system behavior and improve stability
Explanation: A derivative controller anticipates future errors by considering the rate of
change, thus improving damping and reducing overshoot.
53. The root locus of a system provides information about:
A. Frequency response
B. Time domain response
C. Pole movement with changing gain
D. Steady-state error
Answer: C. Pole movement with changing gain
Explanation: Root locus shows how the poles of the closed-loop system shift in the s-
plane as the gain (K) varies from 0 to ∞.
54. What is the gain crossover frequency?
A. Frequency where phase is −180°
B. Frequency where gain is maximum
C. Frequency where gain = 1 (0 dB)
D. Where output becomes zero
Answer: C. Frequency where gain = 1 (0 dB)
Explanation: Gain crossover frequency is where the magnitude of open-loop transfer
function is 1 (or 0 dB). It's used in phase margin analysis.
55. Which of the following is used to determine absolute stability without solving for
poles?
A. Routh-Hurwitz criterion
B. Bode plot
C. Nyquist plot
D. Root locus
Answer: A. Routh-Hurwitz criterion
Explanation: Routh-Hurwitz checks for stability without calculating the exact poles. It
provides a condition on the characteristic equation coefficients.
56. What is the primary effect of increasing the damping ratio ζ in a second-order
system?
A. More oscillations
B. Higher overshoot
C. Slower settling time with reduced oscillations
D. Faster rise time
Answer: C. Slower settling time with reduced oscillations
Explanation: Increasing ζ means more damping: it reduces overshoot and oscillations
but may slightly slow down the response.
57. In a unity feedback system, what is the effect of increasing gain K on transient
response?
A. Reduces settling time
B. Increases damping
C. Increases rise time
D. No effect
Answer: A. Reduces settling time
Explanation: In general, higher gain increases the system speed (reduces rise time
and settling time), but may also increase overshoot and risk of instability.
58. Which controller adds a pole at the origin?
A. Proportional
B. Derivative
C. Integral
D. PD
Answer: C. Integral
Explanation:
An integral controller has a transfer function of the form K/S, adding a pole at the
origin, which helps eliminate steady-state error.
59. A second-order system with damping ratio ζ=1 is:
A. Underdamped
B. Overdamped
C. Critically damped
D. Unstable
Answer: C. Critically damped
Explanation: At ζ=1, the system is critically damped—fastest response without
overshoot.
60. In a Bode plot, phase margin is measured at:
A. Phase crossover frequency
B. Gain crossover frequency
C. Resonant frequency
D. Natural frequency
Answer: B. Gain crossover frequency
Explanation: Phase margin is the amount of phase above −180° at the gain crossover
frequency (where gain = 0 dB).
62. The addition of a zero to a transfer function generally:
A. Increases overshoot
B. Decreases bandwidth
C. Slows system response
D. Always improves stability
Answer: A. Increases overshoot
Explanation: A zero near the origin can make the system respond faster but may
increase overshoot and reduce phase margin.
63. Which of the following is a disadvantage of derivative control?
A. Reduces overshoot
B. Sensitive to noise
C. Improves damping
D. Increases stability
Answer: B. Sensitive to noise
Explanation: Derivative action amplifies high-frequency noise, which makes it less
desirable unless filtered or carefully tuned.
64. What is the steady-state error of a Type 0 system to a ramp input?
A. Zero
B. Finite
C. Infinite
D. Depends on gain
Answer: C. Infinite
Explanation: A Type 0 system has no pole at the origin, so it cannot track a ramp input
— the error keeps increasing.
65. What is meant by system type?
A. Number of poles
B. Number of zeros
C. Number of poles at the origin
D. Order of the differential equation
Answer: C. Number of poles at the origin
Explanation: System type refers to the number of integrators (poles at the origin) in
the open-loop transfer function. It affects steady-state error performance.

67. A system is called minimum phase if:

A. All poles are in left-half plane
B. All zeros are in right-half plane
C. All poles and zeros are in left-half plane
D. It has zero steady-state error
Answer: C. All poles and zeros are in left-half plane
Explanation: A minimum phase system has no right-half-plane poles or zeros. It
ensures good stability and phase characteristics.
68. Which performance metric is improved by derivative action?
A. Steady-state error
B. Overshoot and settling time
C. Rise time
D. Final value
Answer: B. Overshoot and settling time
Explanation: Derivative control adds damping, helping reduce overshoot and settling
time, but does not affect steady-state error directly.
69. A feedback system becomes more stable when:
A. Open-loop gain is increased
B. Poles move to the right
C. Phase margin increases
D. Nyquist plot encircles −1 point
Answer: C. Phase margin increases
Explanation: Higher phase margin means more tolerance to delays and disturbances,
indicating greater stability.
70. What does the root locus show for a feedback system?
A. Variation of gain over time
B. Variation of poles with input
C. Movement of system poles with gain
D. Stability with input frequency
Answer: C. Movement of system poles with gain
Explanation: Root locus shows how closed-loop poles move in the s-plane as system
gain K is varied from 0 to ∞.
71. Which system has the fastest response time?
A. Underdamped
B. Critically damped
C. Overdamped
D. Unstable
Answer: B. Critically damped
Explanation:
A critically damped system responds quickly without overshooting. It’s the fastest
possible response without oscillation.
72. In root locus, how many branches go to infinity if there are more poles than
zeros?
A. Number of poles
B. Number of zeros
C. Poles – Zeros
D. Poles + Zeros
Answer: C. Poles – Zeros
Explanation:
Number of asymptotes (branches going to infinity) = n − m, where n = poles and m =
zeros.

74. Which controller cannot reduce steady-state error to a ramp input in a Type 0
system?
A. P
B. PI
C. PD
D. PID
Answer: A. P
Explanation: A P controller alone can't eliminate steady-state error for a ramp input in
a Type 0 system. Integral action is required.
75. What is the phase margin if the phase at gain crossover frequency is −150°?
A. 30°
B. 60°
C. 150°
D. −30°
Answer: A. 30°
Explanation: Phase margin = 180° + phase at gain crossover, so:180° − 150° = 30°
76. Nyquist criterion requires open-loop transfer function to be:
A. Stable
B. Minimum phase
C. Proper and rational
D. Strictly proper
Answer: C. Proper and rational
Explanation: Nyquist analysis needs proper (numerator degree ≤ denominator) and
rational (no transcendental terms) transfer functions.
77. A signal flow graph helps determine the system:
A. Frequency response
B. Transfer function using Mason’s gain formula
C. Stability
D. Phase margin
Answer: B. Transfer function using Mason’s gain formula
Explanation: Signal flow graphs use Mason’s Gain Formula to find overall transfer
function from input to output.
78. If the system has gain margin > 1 and phase margin > 0, then the system is:
A. Stable
B. Marginally stable
C. Unstable
D. Critically stable
Answer: A. Stable
Explanation: Gain margin > 1 and phase margin > 0 both indicate that the system is
stable with some tolerance to parameter variations.
79. What is the unit of gain margin in Bode plot?
A. Radians
B. dB
C. Hz
D. No unit
Answer: B. dB
Explanation: Gain margin is typically measured in decibels (dB) in a Bode plot.
80. Which of these is a time-domain specification?
A. Gain margin
B. Phase margin
C. Resonant peak
D. Rise time
Answer: D. Rise time
Explanation: Rise time is a time-domain performance metric, while the others are
frequency-domain specifications.
81. A Type 1 system has how many integrators in its open-loop transfer function?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. Infinite
Answer: B. 1
Explanation: A Type 1 system has 1 integrator, meaning one pole at the origin in the
open-loop transfer function.

82. In a second-order system, increasing 𝜔𝑛(natural frequency) results in:

A. Increased overshoot
B. Faster response
C. More oscillations
D. Lower damping
Answer: B. Faster response

Explanation: A higher 𝜔n means the system responds faster, reducing rise and
settling times (though it doesn’t affect damping ratio ζ).
83. In Bode plot, the slope of magnitude curve for a single pole is:
A. −20 dB/decade
B. +20 dB/decade
C. −40 dB/decade
D. 0 dB/decade
Answer: A. −20 dB/decade
Explanation: A single pole introduces a slope of −20 dB/decade in the magnitude plot
after its corner frequency.
84. What is the damping ratio ζ for a critically damped system?
A. 0
B. 1
C. >1
D. <1
Answer: B. 1
Explanation: A system is critically damped when ζ=1, giving the fastest non-oscillatory
response.
85. In a control system, feedback helps in:
A. Increasing system gain
B. Reducing system stability
C. Rejecting disturbances
D. Amplifying the noise
Answer: C. Rejecting disturbances
Explanation:
Negative feedback improves disturbance rejection, reduces sensitivity, and improves
accuracy.
86. For a stable second-order underdamped system, poles lie:
A. On the imaginary axis
B. In right-half s-plane
C. On real axis
D. In left-half s-plane with imaginary parts
Answer: D. In left-half s-plane with imaginary parts
Explanation: An underdamped system has complex conjugate poles with negative
real parts → left-half plane, giving oscillatory response.
87. In Mason’s Gain Formula, Δ (Delta) is the:
A. Total loop gain
B. Sum of all forward paths
C. Determinant of the graph
D. Transfer function
Answer: C. Determinant of the graph
Explanation: Δ represents the determinant in Mason’s Gain Formula, calculated using
loops and non-touching loops.
88. Integral control helps in:
A. Reducing settling time
B. Improving steady-state accuracy
C. Reducing overshoot
D. Increasing phase margin
Answer: B. Improving steady-state accuracy
Explanation: Integral control adds a pole at origin (Type ↑), which reduces steady-
state error, especially for ramp or parabolic inputs.
89. The root locus angle of departure from a complex pole is found using:
A. Centroid formula
B. Phase angle criterion
C. Breakaway point formula
D. Gain formula
Answer: B. Phase angle criterion
Explanation: Angle of departure is calculated using the angle condition from root
locus:

∠(GH) = (2k+1)180°.
90. Which of the following plots helps determine relative stability?
A. Signal flow graph
B. Bode plot
C. Block diagram
D. None of these
Answer: B. Bode plot
Explanation: The Bode plot provides phase margin and gain margin, both of which
are measures of relative stability.
91. The number of roots on the right-half of the s-plane determines:
A. Accuracy
B. Stability
C. Speed
D. Gain
Answer: B. Stability
Explanation: If any root (pole) lies in the right-half s-plane, the system is unstable.

93. Which technique is best for analyzing multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO)

systems?
A. Transfer function
B. Signal flow graph
C. State-space
D. Bode plot
Answer: C. State-space
Explanation: State-space analysis is ideal for MIMO systems, since it handles multiple
states, inputs, and outputs easily.
94. Which of the following reduces steady-state error without affecting transient
response much?
A. Proportional control
B. Derivative control
C. Integral control
D. Low-pass filter
Answer: C. Integral control
Explanation: Integral control improves accuracy (reduces error) over time, with
minimal effect on transient if tuned correctly.
95. The unit impulse response of a system is its:
A. Step response derivative
B. Transfer function
C. Inverse Laplace of transfer function
D. Derivative of ramp input
Answer: C. Inverse Laplace of transfer function
Explanation: Impulse response = Inverse Laplace of the transfer function G(s).
96. A non-minimum phase system has:
A. All poles in left-half plane
B. At least one zero in right-half plane
C. Negative gain margin
D. High overshoot
Answer: B. At least one zero in right-half plane
Explanation: Non-minimum phase systems have right-half plane (RHP) zeros, which
can degrade phase and cause instability-like behavior.
97. The dominant poles are the ones:
A. Closest to origin
B. Farthest from origin
C. With smallest negative real parts
D. With largest negative real parts
Answer: C. With smallest negative real parts
Explanation: Dominant poles are closest to the imaginary axis, as they decay slowly
and govern the system's behavior.
98. Which one of these makes the system unstable?
A. Positive feedback
B. High damping
C. Low gain
D. Derivative control
Answer: A. Positive feedback
Explanation: Positive feedback can drive the system toward instability, amplifying
errors instead of correcting them.
99. What is the ZOH (Zero Order Hold) used for in sampled data systems?
A. Interpolation
B. Hold analog value between samples
C. Noise filtering
D. Derivative estimation
Answer: B. Hold analog value between samples
Explanation: ZOH holds the last sampled analog value constant until the next sample
arrives.
100. Nyquist plot encloses (−1,0) point when:
A. System is stable
B. Gain margin is infinite
C. Closed-loop system is unstable
D. Poles are real
Answer: C. Closed-loop system is unstable
Explanation: According to Nyquist criterion, if the plot encircles −1, it may indicate
instability of the closed-loop system, depending on open-loop poles.