Grade XII (2025-26)

Number of Paper: 1

Time: 3 Hours
Max Marks: 80

No. Units Marks

I Numbers, Quantification and Numerical 11

Applications

II Algebra 10

III Calculus 15

IV Probability Distributions 10

V Inferential Statistics 05

VI Time-based data 06

VII Financial Mathematics 15

VIII Linear Programming 08

Total 80

Internal Assessment 20

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 CLASS- XII

Sl. Contents Learning Outcomes: Notes / Explanation

No. Students will be able to

UNIT – 1 NUMBERS, QUANTIFICATION AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS

Numbers & Quantification

1.1 Modulo  Define modulus of an integer  Definition and meaning

Arithmetic ● Apply arithmetic operations  Introduction to modulo
using modular arithmetic operator
rules ● Modular addition and
subtraction

1.2 Congruence ● Define congruence modulo ● Definition and meaning

Modulo ● Apply the definition in various ● Solution using congruence
problems modulo
● Equivalence class

1.3 Alligation ● Understand the rule of ● Meaning and Application of

and Mixture alligation to produce a rule of alligation
mixture at a given price ● Mean price of a mixture
● Determine the mean price of
a mixture
● Apply rule of allegation

1.4 Numerical Solve real life problems mathematically

Problems

Boats and ● Distinguish between ● Problems based on speed

Streams upstream and downstream of stream and the speed of
(upstream and ● Express the problem in the boat in still water
downstream) form of an equation

Pipes and ● Determine the time taken by ● Calculation of the portion of

Cisterns two or more pipes to fill or the tank filled or drained by
● empty the tank ● the pipe(s) in unit time

Races and ● Compare the performance of ● Calculation of the time

Games two players w.r.t. time, taken/ distance covered /
● distance ● speed of each player

1.5 Numerical ● Describe the basic concepts ● Comparison between two

Inequalities of numerical inequalities statements/situations
● Understand and write which can be compared
numerical inequalities numerically
● Application of the
techniques of numerical
solution of
● algebraic inequations

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 UNIT-2 ALGEBRA

2.1 Matrices and ● Define matrix ● The entries, rows and

types of ● Identify different kinds of columns of matrices
matrices matrices. Find the size / ● Present a set of data in a
order of matrices matrix form
2.2 Equality of  Determine equality of two  Examples of transpose of
matrices, matrices matrix
Transpose of a  Write transpose of given  A square matrix as a sum of
matrix, matrix symmetric and skew
Symmetric and  Define symmetric and skew symmetric matrix
Skew symmetric symmetric matrix  Observe that diagonal
matrix elements of skew
symmetric matrices are
always zero

2.3 Algebra of ● Perform operations like ● Addition and Subtraction

Matrices addition & subtraction on of matrices
matrices of same order ● Multiplication of matrices
● Perform multiplication of two (It can be shown to the
matrices of appropriate order students that Matrix
● Perform multiplication of a multiplication is similar to
scalar with matrix multiplication of two
polynomials)
● Multiplication of a matrix
with a real number

2.4 Determinants ● Find determinant of a square ● Singular matrix, Non-

matrix singular matrix
● |AB|=|A||B|
● Simple problems to find
determinant value

2.5 Inverse of a  Define the inverse of a  Inverse of a matrix using

matrix square matrix cofactors
● Apply properties of inverse of  If A and B are invertible
matrices square matrices of same
size,
i) (AB)21 = B 21 A21
ii) (A21 )21 = A
iii) (A′)21 = (A21 )′

2.6 Solving system  Solve the system of  Solution of system of

of simultaneous simultaneous equations simultaneous equations
equations using using up to three variables only
matrix method (non- homogeneous
and Cramer’s i) Cramer’s Rule equations)
rule ii) Inverse of coefficient matrix

● Formulate real life problems

into a system of
simultaneous linear
equations and solve it using
these methods

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 UNIT- 3 CALCULUS

Differentiation and its Applications

3.1 Derivatives up  Determine derivatives up to  Simple problems based on

to second order second order up to second order
 Understand differentiation of derivatives
parametric functions and  Differentiation of
implicit functions parametric functions and
implicit functions (upto 2nd
order)

3.2 Application of  Determine the rate of change  To find the rate of change of
Derivatives of various quantities quantities such as area and
volume with respect to time
or its dimension
3.3 Marginal Cost  Define marginal cost and ● Examples related to
and Marginal marginal revenue marginal cost, marginal
Revenue using ● Find marginal cost and revenue, etc.
derivatives marginal revenue
3.4 Increasing  Determine whether a function ● Simple problems related to
/Decreasing is increasing or decreasing increasing and decreasing
Functions  Determine the conditions for behaviour of a function in
a function to be increasing or the given interval
decreasing

3.5 Maxima and  Determine critical points of  A point ý = Ā is called the

Minima the function critical point of f if
 Find the point(s) of local f is defined at Ā and
maxima and local minima ÿ ′(Ā) = 0 or f is not
and corresponding local differentiable
maximum and local minimum at Ā
values  To find local maxima and
 Find the absolute maximum local minima by:
and absolute minimum value i) First Derivative Test
of a function ii) Second Derivative Test
● Solve applied problems  Contextualized real life
related to optimization of problems
cost, revenue and profit only.

Integration and its Applications

3.6 Integration  Understand and determine  Integration as a reverse

indefinite integrals of process of differentiation
simple functions as anti-  Vocabulary and Notations
derivative related to Integration

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 3.7 Indefinite  Evaluate indefinite integrals  Simple integrals based on
Integrals as of simple algebraic functions each method (non-
family of curves by method of: trigonometric function)
i) substitution
ii) partial fraction
iii) by parts

3.8 Definite Integrals ● Define definite integral as ● Evaluation of area under

as area under area under the curve simple algebraic curves up
the curve ● Understand fundamental to 2nd degree.
theorem of Integral calculus
and apply it to evaluate the
definite integral

3.9 Application of ● Identify the region Problems based on finding

Integration representing consumer ● Total cost when Marginal
surplus and producer surplus Cost is given
graphically ● Total Revenue when
● Apply the definite integral to Marginal Revenue is given
find consumer surplus- ● Equilibrium price and
producer surplus equilibrium quantity and
hence consumer and
producer surplus

Differential Equations and Modeling

3.10 Differential ● Recognize a differential ● Definition,
order, degree
Equations equation and examples
● Find the order and degree of
a differential equation
3.11 Formulating and ● Formulate differential ● Formation of differential
Solving equation equation by eliminating
Differential ● Verify the solution of arbitrary constants
Equations differential equation ● Solution of simple
● Solve simple differential differential equations
equation using variable (direct integration only)
separable method only

UNIT- 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

4.1 Probability ● Understand the concept of ● Definition and example of

Distribution Random Variables and its discrete and continuous
Probability Distributions random variable and their
● Find probability distribution of distribution
discrete random variable
4.2 Mathematical ● Apply arithmetic mean of ● The expected value of
Expectation frequency distribution to find discrete random variable as
the expected value of a summation of product of
random variable discrete random variable by
the probability of its
occurrence.
4.3 Variance ● Calculate the Variance and ● Questions based on
S.D. of a random variable variance and standard
deviation

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 4.4 Binomial ● Identify the Bernoulli Trials ● Characteristics of binomial
Distribution and apply Binomial distribution
Distribution ● Binomial formula:
● Evaluate Mean, Variance �㕃(ÿ) = �㕛�㔶�㕟 ý�㕟 þ �㕛2�㕟
and S.D of a binomial Where �㕛 = number of trials
distribution ý =probability of success
þ = probability of failure
Mean = �㕛ý
Variance = �㕛ýþ
Standard deviation =
√ �㕛ýþ

4.5 Poison ● Understand the Conditions ● Characteristics of Poisson

Distribution of Poisson Distribution Probability distribution
● Evaluate the Mean and Poisson formula: �㕃(�㕋) =
Variance of Poisson ÿ�㕥 þ −�㔆
distribution ý!
● Mean = Variance = ÿ

4.6 Normal ● Understand normal ● Characteristics of a normal

Distribution distribution is a Continuous probability distribution
distribution ● Total area under the curve =
● Evaluate value of total probability = 1
● Standard Normal Variate:
Standard normal variate ý2Ā
● Area relationship ý = �㔎 ,
between Mean and where ý = value of random
Standard Deviation variable,
Ā = mean,
�㔎 = S.D

UNIT - 5 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

5.1 Population and  Define Population and  Population data from

Sample Sample census, economic surveys
 Differentiate between and other contexts from
population and sample practical life
 Define a representative  Examples of drawing more
sample from a population than one sample set from
 Differentiate between a the same population
representative and non-  Examples of representative
representative sample and non-representative
 Draw a representative sample
sample using simple random  Unbiased and biased
sampling sampling
● Draw a representative  Problems based on random
sample using and systematic sampling using simple
random sampling random sampling and
systematic random
sampling (sample size less
than 100)

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 5.2 Parameter and  Define Parameter with  Conceptual understanding
Statistics and reference to Population of Parameter and Statistics
Statistical  Define Statistics with  Examples of Parameter and
Interferences reference to Sample Statistic limited to Mean and
 Explain the relation between Standard deviation only
Parameter and Statistic  Examples to highlight
 Explain the limitation of limitations of generalizing
Statistic to generalize the results from sample to
estimation for population population
 Interpret the concept of  Only conceptual
Statistical Significance and understanding of Statistical
Statistical Inferences Significance/Statistical
 State Central Limit Theorem Inferences
● Explain the relation between ● Only conceptual
Population-Sampling understanding of
Distribution-Sample Sampling Distribution
through simulation and
graphs

5.3 t-Test (one ● Define a hypothesis ● Examples and non-

sample t-test ● Differentiate between Null examples of Null and
and for a small and Alternate hypothesis Alternate hypothesis (only
group sample) ● Define and calculate degree non- directional alternate
of freedom hypothesis)
● Test Null hypothesis and ● Framing of Null and
make inferences using t-test Alternate hypothesis
statistic for one group ● Testing a Null Hypothesis to
make Statistical Inferences
for small sample size
(for small sample size: t-
test for one group)

UNIT – 6 TIME-BASED DATA

6.1 Time Series ● Identify time series as ● Meaning and Definition

chronological data

6.2 Components of ● Distinguish between different ● Secular trend

Time Series components of time series ● Seasonal variation
● Cyclical variation
● Irregular variation

6.3 Time Series ● Solve practical problems ● Fitting

a straight-line trend
analysis for based on statistical data and and estimating the value
univariate data interpret the result
6.4 Secular Trend ● Understand the long-term ● The tendency of the
tendency variable to increase or
decrease over a long period
of time
6.5 Methods of ● Demonstrate the techniques ● Moving Average method
Measuring of finding trend by different ● Method of Least Squares
trend methods

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 UNIT - 7 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

7.1 Perpetuity,  Explain the concept of  Meaning of Perpetuity and

Sinking perpetuity and sinking fund Sinking Fund
Funds  Calculate perpetuity  Real life examples of sinking
 Differentiate between fund
sinking fund and saving  Advantages of Sinking Fund
account ● Sinking Fund vs. Savings
account

7.2 Valuation of ● Define the concept of ● Meaning of Bond Valuation

Bonds valuation of bond and related ● Terms related to valuation of
terms. bond: Coupon rate, Maturity
● Calculate value of bond rate and Current price.
using present value ● Bond Valuation Method:
approach Present Value Approach

7.3 Calculation  Explain the concept of EMI  Methods to calculate EMI:

of EMI ● Calculate EMI using various i) Flat-Rate Method
methods ii) Reducing-Balance
Method
 Real life examples to
calculate EMI of various
types of loans,
purchase of assets, etc.

7.4 Compound  Understand the concept of  Meaning and use of

Annual Compound Annual Growth Compound Annual Growth
Growth Rate Rate Rate
 Differentiate between ● Formula for Compound
Compound Annual Growth Annual Growth Rate
Rate and Annual Growth
Rate
● Calculate Compound Annual
Growth Rate
7.5 Linear  Define the concept of linear  Meaning and formula for
method of method of Depreciation Linear Method of
Depreciation  Interpret cost, residual value Depreciation
and useful life of an asset ● Advantages and
from the given information disadvantages of Linear
● Calculate depreciation Method

UNIT - 8 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

8.1 Introduction ● Familiarize with terms ● Need for framing linear

and related related to Linear programming problem
terminology Programming Problem ● Definition of Decision
Variable, Constraints,
Objective function,
Optimization and Non
negative constraints

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 8.2 Mathematica ● Formulate Linear ● Set the problem in terms of
l formulation Programming Problem upto 3 decision variables, identify
of Linear non-trivial constraints the objective function,
Programmin identify the set of problem
g Problem constraints,
● express the problem in
terms of inequations

8.3 Different types ● Identify and formulate ● Formulatevarious types of

of Linear different types of LPP LPP’s like Manufacturing
Programming Problem, Diet Problem etc.
Problems

8.4 Graphical ● Draw the Graph for a system ● Corner

Point Method for the
method of of linear inequalities involving Optimal solution of LPP
solution for two variables and to find its
problems in solution graphically
two
variables

8.5 Feasible and ● Identify feasible, infeasible, ● Definition

and Examples to
Infeasible bounded and unbounded explain the terms
Regions regions

8.6 Feasible and ● Understand feasible and ● Problems based on

infeasible infeasible solutions optimization
solutions, ● Find optimal feasible solution ● Examples of finding the
optimal solutions by graphical
feasible method
solution

Practical: Use of spreadsheet

Graphs of an exponential function, demand and supply functions on Excel and study the
nature of function at various points, maxima/minima, Matrix operations using Excel

Suggested practical using the spreadsheet

i) Plot the graphs of functions on excel and study the graph to find out the point
of maxima/minima
ii) Probability and dice roll simulation
iii) Matrix multiplication and the inverse of a matrix
iv) Stock Market data sheet on excel
v) Collect the data on weather, price, inflation, and pollution analyze the data and make
meaningful inferences
vi) Collect data from newspapers on traffic, sports activities and market trends and use
excel to study future trends

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 List of Suggested projects (Class XI /XII)

i) Use of prime numbers in coding and decoding of messages

ii) Prime numbers and divisibility rules
iii) Logarithms for financial calculations such as interest, present value, future value,
profit/loss etc. with large values)
iv) The cardinality of a set and orders of infinity
v) Comparing sets of Natural numbers, rational numbers, real numbers and others
vi) Use of Venn diagram in solving practical problems
vii) Fibonacci sequence: Its' history and presence in nature
viii) Testing the validity of mathematical statements and framing truth tables
ix) Investigating Graphs of functions for their properties
x) Visit the census site of India
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Languag
e/State ment3.html Depict the information given there in a pictorial form
xi) Prepare a questionnaire to collect information about money spent by your friends in
a month on activities like travelling, movies, recharging of the mobiles, etc. and draw
interesting conclusions
xii) Check out the local newspaper and cut out examples of information depicted by
graphs. Draw your own conclusions from the graph and compare it with the analysis
given in the report
xiii) Analysis of population migration data – positive and negative influence on
urbanization
xiv) Each day newspaper tells us about the maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, and humidity. Collect the data for a period of 30 days and represent it
graphically. Compare it with the data available for the same time period for the
previous year
xv) Analysis of career graph of a cricketer (batting average for a batsman and bowling
average for a bowler). Conclude the best year of his career. It may be extended for
other players also – tennis, badminton, athlete
xvi) Vehicle registration data – correlating with pollution and the number of accidents
xvii) Visit a village near Delhi and collect data of various crops over the past few years
from the farmers. Also, collect data about temperature variation and rain over the
period for a particular crop. Try to find the effect of temperature and rain variations
on various crops
xviii) Choose any week of your ongoing semester. Collect data for the past 10 – 15 years
for the amount of rainfall received in Delhi during that week. Predict the amount of
rainfall for the current year
xix) Weather prediction (prediction of monsoon from past data)
xx) Visit Kirana shops near your home and collect the data regarding the sales of certain
commodities over a month. Try to figure out the stock of a particular commodity
which should be in the store in order to maximize the profit
xxi) Stock price movement
xxii) Risk assessments by insurance firms from data
xxiii) Predicting stock market crash
xxiv) Predicting the outcome of an election – exit polls
xxv) Predicting mortality of infants

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