International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2025, pp. 449~458

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v14.i2.pp449-458  449

Voltage profile enhancement in grid system using expert system

G. Sathish Goud, R. Senthil Kumar

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College (Autonomous), Chennai, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Frequent and severe blackouts are been attributed to insufficient voltage
stability, resulting in voltage collapse. To mitigate this issue and ensure
Received Jul 22, 2024 adequate voltage stability and damping in power systems, this study explores
Revised Dec 7, 2024 smart grid solutions. The proposed control strategies are applied to a
Accepted Jan 19, 2025 distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) within a multi-
machine system. The recommended approach, radial basis function neural
network (RBFNN)-DSTATCOM with support vector machine (SVM),
Keywords: incorporates a PI controller to minimize system deviations. The damping
Distributed static synchronous performance of the RBFNN-DSTATCOM controller is analyzed against a
compensator fixed-parameter proportional-integral (PI)-DSTATCOM controller.
Simulation analysis indicates that the proposed RBFNN-DSTATCOM
MATLAB controller effectively enhances power system stability under various
Power system analysis toolbox disturbances and operating conditions. Critical bus graphs are provided for
Proportional integral scenarios both with and without the DSTATCOM. A parametric evaluation
Radial basis function neural is conducted using the 'powergui' toolbox based on the system's standard
network ratings. Finally, a comparative analysis is presented, utilizing the results
Support vector machine from both systems, with all graphs plotted against time using the power
system analysis toolbox (PSAT) in MATLAB.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
G. Sathish Goud
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College (Autonomous)
Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, power systems have encountered challenges such as harmonics, substantial reactive
power fluctuations, and instability in voltage, primarily because of the increasing adoption of non-linear
loads in heavy industries. These loads inject harmonics and non-sinusoidal currents, leading to inefficiencies
in system operation. A highly effective solution for dynamically managing reactive power in such
environments is the distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM), which, when equipped with
an appropriate control strategy, can also mitigate harmonics [1]-[5]. Although DSTATCOM is widely
utilized, other controllers, such as synchronous boiling compensators and fixed-gain proportional-integral
(PI) controllers, have also been developed. However, nonlinear controllers often outperform their linear
counterparts, as they are better suited to manage the complexities introduced by non-linear loads [6]. To
maintain stable and controlled power system operations, dispatch center operators require real-time solutions.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are particularly well-suited for this task, given their ability to rapidly and
accurately synthesize complex system representations.
In this study, multi-layer feedforward neural networks are employed to predict the control and
operational parameters of a DSTATCOM, optimizing the voltage profile across varying load conditions. The
proposed technique is evaluated on the IEEE 14-bus system, with results demonstrating its superior
performance in both speed and accuracy [7], [8]. A comprehensive review of the smart grid and the potential

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

450  ISSN: 2252-8792

role of AI research in supporting its vision was presented in [9]. To highlight AI's technological contributions
toward achieving the smart grid’s prolonged objectives, we focus on two key areas: adaptive dynamic
programming (ADP)-based smart control and wide situation-dependent awareness. To develop an intelligent
power grid capable of meeting the rising demand for a sustainable global energy system, advanced time
optimization techniques, distributed intelligence, and neural networks have been explored to address complex
and stochastic challenges. A study based on 3rd and 4th generation power systems research was proposed
in [10] to further this vision. Building on these research efforts, our work integrates artificial neural networks,
an established computational intelligence technique for energy system control. Specifically, we employ an
RBFNN-based DSTATCOM to regulate the voltage profile. To further enhance system stability, we optimize
the response speed to instabilities by fine-tuning the gain factor and several other critical parameters. This
approach contributes to the development of a smarter, more resilient power grid.

2. METHOD
The IEEE 14-bus transmission system has been used to represent the ‘American Electric Power
System’ in the Midwest region of the USA since 1962. However, the data originally used for validation
lacked real power. In this study, we employ the IEEE 14-bus transmission system to evaluate the efficiency
of the introduced technique by analyzing network gains or losses through the integration of distributed
generators (DGs) of extendable sizes and places. Unlike power systems of the 1990s, the 14-bus test scenario
does not impose line limitations and features a reduced voltage with wide-ranging voltage administration
abilities. Voltage stability, a critical aspect of power system reliability, refers to the grid's ability to maintain
constant desired voltage magnitudes at all bus locations, even in the presence of disturbances [11].
All proposed bus specifications, including voltage amplitude and angle of the phase, were taken into
account. Voltage drop issues often arise in power networks because of lengthy feeder lines, high rating loads at
the nodes, and a reduced reactance-to-resistance X/R ratio, which weakens system links and necessitates
continuous observation. To address this, a ‘power flow’ assessment is conducted to identify vulnerable points
in the network. Once these weak points are detected, a load forecast analysis is executed to track power
consumption trends. This process involves manually adjusting the active and reactive power (P&Q) values of
the loads in the feeder system for analysis. The data extracted is then fed into the radial basis function neural
network (RBFNN) unit, which is trained to recognize and predict power consumption patterns based on these
trends [12].
Next, a traditional DSTATCOM is integrated to the determined weak buses, and its impact on the
voltage magnitudes of each bus is analyzed. By comparing voltage magnitudes with and without the
DSTATCOM, we assess network performance under both normal and fault conditions. Voltage trends across
buses and weak linkages are closely monitored. The DSTATCOM is then placed at the bus with the lowest
voltage magnitude, followed by the next round of voltage magnitude analysis.
Subsequently, the RBFNN is trained using observed voltage variations and corresponding network
gains [13]. Once trained, the RBFNN is integrated into the DSTATCOM to enhance its control capabilities
through predictive forecasting. The obtained results are analyzed, and a comparative study is conducted
between the traditional DSTATCOM and the RBFNN controller-based DSTATCOM. The findings
demonstrate that the RBFNN controller-based DSTATCOM offers superior control, rapid response times,
and enhanced stability, ultimately contributing to a more intelligent and efficient power system network.

2.1. Distribution static compensation (DSTATCOM)

For STATCOM modules deployed across various locations, a distributed approach to reactive
power (Q) compensation and voltage enhancement can effectively address reactive power challenges at both
the feeder and distribution levels. In distribution networks, this method is known as distribution static
compensation (DSTATCOM). In the event of a primary reactive power source failure, DSTATCOM helps
maintain system stability by mitigating the loss of reactive support [14]. DSTATCOM enhances power
system efficiency and improves distribution network reliability through its parallel-connected voltage source
converter. By providing voltage support and managing power dissipation under both dynamic and steady-
state conditions, DSTATCOMs play a crucial role in maintaining system performance [15]. Key benefits of
DSTATCOM include enhanced reactive power support, improved voltage regulation, rapid voltage recovery,
strengthened transient stability, and increased overall system reliability. Additionally, its adaptability
contributes to higher line capacity and reduced system losses, making it an essential component of modern
power distribution networks [16].
Integrating DSTATCOM with an energy storage system (ESS) further enhances its flexibility and
voltage support capabilities, leveraging the benefits of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices.
Additionally, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in combination with DSTATCOM can

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improve transmission capacity. With the capability to both absorb and supply P&Q, DSTATCOM operates in
four quadrants. Beyond voltage regulation, it can modify system phase angles and series impedance, enabling
transmission lines to function closer to thermal limits while minimizing line losses [17]. DSTATCOM
technology is applicable across ultra-high-voltage (UHV), extra-high-voltage (EHV), and high-voltage (HV)
feeder systems. Fundamentally, DSTATCOM and other FACTS devices share similar design principles and
functionalities, making them essential components for modern power system stability and efficiency.

2.2. Support vector machine (SVM)

SVMs objective to increase the margin across the dividing hyperplane and the data points while
reducing the upper bound of simplification errors. In most of cases, the hyperplane for data cataloging is
determined by selecting a subset of support vectors from the training set of input. By employing the structural
risk minimization (SRM) principle, SVMs decrease simplification errors on test datasets. SRM enhances
class separation by mapping data non-linearly into a high-dimensional space, where a simpler model is
chosen for a given training model, ensuring that the decision limit in the transformed space remains linear
[18]. Alternatively, SVM kernels can non-linearly adjust the ‘input space’ to a ‘higher-dimensional space’,
enabling more effective classification. A kernel function, K(yi,y) is proposed using support vectors ‘yi’ from
the test data and an input vector ‘y’. The primary objective of SVMs is to minimize sorting errors by
constructing optimal finalized functions that accurately predict and categorize hidden inputs into separate
groups. In our approach, we utilize SVMs to achieve this goal. The resulting SVM function exhibits strong
generalization capabilities, reducing overshoot while identifying a well-oriented, maximized-margin
hyperplane. The mathematical expression for the optimal separating hyperplane is formulated and solved
using MATLAB SVM tools (1).

𝑄 ∗𝑇 . 𝑦 + 𝑎∗ = 0 (1)

It minimizes misclassification errors while maximizing the margin. The (2) defines the optimal weight
vector 𝑄 ∗ .

𝑄 ∗ = ∑𝑁 ∗
𝑘=1 𝛾𝑗 𝑦𝑗
∗
(2)

Where 𝛾1* = (𝛾1*, 𝛾2*, 𝛾3*………… 𝛾N*), yi with 𝛾* >0 are the points of support vector. The (3) can be
utilized to separate a novel data vector y.

𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑓(𝑦)) (3)

Here, f(y) is the optimum determined boundary which need from samples of the training variable set
expressed in (4).

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑄 ∗𝑇 . 𝑦 + 𝑎∗ (4)

Here is another way to state the above equation:

𝑓(𝑦) = (∑𝑁
𝑘=1 𝛾𝑗 ∗ 𝑦𝑗)𝑦 + 𝑎
∗
(5)

next, the sets of training is utilized to determine the class z∈{−1,1} of ‘y’ by computing the dot product amid
the trained data and the support vector [19]. For linearly separable data, a dividing hyperplane can be utilized
for classification. Though, in real-world scenarios, data is often non-separable and non-linear, requiring
kernel functions for effective mapping. This architecture allows for various types of data separation.

3. RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK

Figure 1 illustrates a backpropagation network structure with a single hidden layer, which forms
the core of a RBFNN. Conferring to survey findings in [20], RBFNN is the utmost effective and reliable
network for organization tasks. Each hidden layer consists of centroids and a smoothing factor. Typically,
neurons calculate the distance between the input and the centroids, producing results that survey a
distance-dependent, radially balanced pattern. As the input approaches the centroid value, the output becomes
more robust.
The mapping function, 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑝 can be generally given as (6).

𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑝 (𝑦) = ∑𝑍𝑘=1 𝑣𝑘 𝑝[ (𝑦𝑘 − 𝑐𝑘 )/𝜌𝑘 ] (6)

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Here ‘𝑝’ is radial symmetrical kernel function which is calculated using Z kernel units. Fundamental
exponential functions of one of RBF's is given as (7).

𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑝 (𝑦) = 𝛽exp (− ∑𝑘[ (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑐𝑘 )/𝜎𝑘 ]2 ) (7)

The spread parameter (𝜌𝑘 ), constant (β), and centroid (𝑐𝑘 ) must be chosen dependent on the training dataset
[21]. The effectiveness of DSTATCOMs in the power grid depends on their number, placement, and
capacity, whether deployed independently or in aggregation with a dynamic source. DSTATCOM plays a
critical role in enhancing grid performance. Numerous studies have explored optimal placement strategies for
FACTS devices, including DSTATCOM, to maximize power system efficiency. Potential installation sites
include both the consumer side distribution and the feeder side levels. DSTATCOMs can be deployed either
centrally in a single location or distributed across multiple sites for improved performance.

Figure 1. Architecture of NN

3.1. PSAT modelling of IEEE 14 bus system

Variable loads were introduced to examine the system's response. Capacitor banks are incorporated
to counteract the initial voltage drop triggered by the variable heavy loads. PSAT tools were employed to
facilitate to present of waveform plotting in graphical format and for analysis. By choosing appropriate
choices, responses from the lowest and highest voltage buses, among others, were obtained [22]. The
toolbar’s library functions enabled the creation of disturbances within the system, allowing for modifications
to individual fault parameters as needed. To further assess system performance and enhance its intelligence, a
fault condition—specifically a ‘line-to-ground (L-G)’ fault on bus 1 was introduced. The fault is occurred at t
= 0 seconds and was removed at 2 seconds. The bus system was then redesigned and simulated using PSAT
software [23]. Voltage profiles across all buses was analyzed to evaluate system stability. Figures 2 and 3
present the IEEE 14-bus system’s single-line diagram and PSAT model, respectively.
Figure 3 presents the introduced DSTATCOM topology, which is based on the RBFNN technique.
The voltage profile variations and response gains obtained from a traditional controller serve as inputs to the
RBFNN. During data analysis, the RBFNN module allocates 85% of the input data for processing and 15%
for tuning and testing. The system adopts the back-propagation algorithm for the training, enabling it to adapt
effectively to new or unknown voltage profiles and gain variations [24].
The RBFNN controller-based DSTATCOM is designed in MATLAB to simulate an L-G fault
disturbance at bus 12. The fault occurs at t = 0 seconds and is cleared after 2 seconds. Results indicate that
the power system incorporating the RBFNN controller-based DSTATCOM restores the voltage profile more
rapidly than a traditionally controlled bus system. Additionally, system stability is efficiently sustained even
during multiple disturbances to the system. To demonstrate the enhanced performance of the intelligent
system, the voltage magnitudes of the 3 low-voltage buses during the fault are compared for both the
traditionally controlled DSTATCOM and the RBFNN controller-based DSTATCOM. This comparison
highlights the improved efficiency and adaptability of the bus system achieved through artificial intelligence
integration [25].

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Figure 2. IEEE 14 bus system

Bus 13

Bus 14
Bus 10

Bus 12

Bus 09
Bus 11

Bus 07

Bus 06
Bus 08
Bus 04

Bus 05
Bus 01

Bus 02

Bus 03

Figure 3. IEEE 14 bus system PSAT model

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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The observed oscillations are a result of the variable loading characteristics. Initial decline in the
voltage magnitude is attributed to the inherent nature of dynamic loading. As presented, the voltage
magnitude has fallen below 1 per unit (p.u.), classifying them as weaker cells. These weaker cells are highly
sensitive to disturbances, and any disruption can lead to system instability.
Figure 4 illustrates the magnitude of bus voltages for buses 4, 5, and 14, showing values dropping
below 1 p.u. Identifying weak links in the network is vital for maintaining the system stability in these
conditions. These vulnerable points are continuously monitored to ensure they remain under control, thereby
preventing potential network-wide malfunctions or outages.
The PI regulator has a significant part in determining the proportional gain (Kp), integral gain (Ki),
gains of AC and DC controllers, and the damping controller. As per the simulation results, it is observed that
there is an improvement in the voltage magnitudes of 3 low voltages buses. Notably, the 3 buses voltage
magnitudes were maintained near to 1 p.u. The voltage goes low in these buses are effectively increased by
integrating the DSTATCOM, as illustrated in Figures 5 through 11.

Figure 4. Buses with lowest voltage

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at (a) bus 1 and (b) bus 2

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at (a) bus 3 and (b) bus 4

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(a) (b)

Figure 7. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at
(a) bus 5 and (b) bus 6

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at
(a) bus 7 and (b) bus 8

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at
(a) bus 9 and (b) bus 10

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456  ISSN: 2252-8792

(a) (b)

Figure 10. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at
(a) bus 11 and (b) bus 12

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Voltage magnitude comparison with and without D-STATCOM in per unit at
(a) bus 13 and (b) bus 14

5. CONCLUSION
This study emphasized the importance of maintaining a constant voltage profile and explored
various aspects related to voltage stability. It delved into topics surrounding flexible AC transmission
systems (FACTS) technology, highlighting the crucial features of several FACTS devices. To address power
flow challenges in systems utilizing DSTATCOM, the Newton-Raphson method was employed. By
modeling and analyzing the DSTATCOM integrated to the bus, a stable voltage magnitude was maintained
through the entire operational range whenever necessary. Reactive power (Q) compensation was successfully
executed in a large feeder system, demonstrating consistent effectiveness. To improve the system
performance, load flow analysis is implemented using MATLAB software, providing valuable power flow
analysis data between the buses, voltage profiles, and optimal position for DSTATCOM in the considered
bus system. The integration of a proficient system with the DSTATCOM ensured stable and constant
voltages, further improving system reliability.

FUNDING INFORMATION
Authors state no funding involved.

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  457

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
G. Sathish Goud ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
R. Senthil Kumar ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors listed below hereby certify that they do not have any affiliations with or involvement in
any organization or entity with any financial interest, such as honoraria, educational grants, participation in
speakers' bureaus, membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest, and
expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements, related to the subject matter or materials discussed in this
manuscript. Furthermore, they declare no non-financial interests, such as personal or professional
relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs, that could potentially bias the content presented in this
manuscript.

DATA AVAILABILITY
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the
article. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author [GSG],
upon reasonable request.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

G. Sathish Goud is a research scholar in Electrical Engineering Department,

Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed M.Tech. in EPS in the year 2014.
His research areas are electric vehicles, power systems, and power converters. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. R. Senthil Kumar is vice principal and professor – EEE in Saveetha

Engineering College, Chennai. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Power Converters in the Year 2013
in Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He had published 25 international journal
papers, 15 international conference papers and 2 National Conference paper. He too published
a book named Special Electrical Machines the year 2009. Reviewer of the book - Basic
Electrical and Electronics Engineering – Charulatha Publications and Reviewer of the Journal
in International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology and the Journal in IET in
Power Electronics. His areas of research interest are renewable and non-renewable energy
sources, power converters, and electrical machines. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2025: 449-458