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Unit I OS 10 Mark Answers (1)

The document covers key concepts in operating systems, including the structure of an OS, the roles of the kernel and shell, and the distinction between programs and processes. It also discusses the evolution and types of operating systems, CPU scheduling algorithms, and types of threads along with process synchronization. Each section highlights essential functions and characteristics that contribute to system management and user interaction.

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4 views

Unit I OS 10 Mark Answers (1)

The document covers key concepts in operating systems, including the structure of an OS, the roles of the kernel and shell, and the distinction between programs and processes. It also discusses the evolution and types of operating systems, CPU scheduling algorithms, and types of threads along with process synchronization. Each section highlights essential functions and characteristics that contribute to system management and user interaction.

Uploaded by

imjklyuo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems - Unit I (10-Mark Answers)

Q1: Explain the structure of an operating system. Describe the roles of the kernel and shell in detail

An operating system (OS) is the core software that manages hardware and software resources. Its structure

impacts efficiency and security.

1. Structure Types:

- Monolithic: All OS services in one large block. (e.g., UNIX)

- Layered: Organized in layers, modular. (e.g., THE OS)

- Microkernel: Only essentials in kernel space. (e.g., MINIX)

- Modular: Loadable modules; used in Linux.

- Hybrid: Combines multiple models. (e.g., Windows NT)

2. Kernel Role:

- Core component.

- Manages CPU, memory, I/O, and system calls.

- Runs in privileged mode.

3. Shell Role:

- User interface (CLI/GUI).

- Interprets commands and interacts with OS.

- Converts commands into system calls.

The structure of OS including kernel and shell is key to system management and user interaction.
Operating Systems - Unit I (10-Mark Answers)

Q2: Differentiate between program and process. Explain process states with a neat diagram.

Program vs Process:

- Program: Static set of instructions.

- Process: Active execution instance using system resources.

Process States:

1. New: Being created.

2. Ready: Waiting for CPU.

3. Running: Executing instructions.

4. Waiting: Awaiting I/O or event.

5. Terminated: Execution complete.

Transitions occur between these states as the OS schedules and manages processes.

Q3: Discuss the evolution and types of operating systems.

Evolution:

- Batch Systems: No user interaction.

- Multiprogramming: Multiple jobs in memory.

- Time-Sharing: Time-slice for each user.

- Distributed: Multiple computers as one.

- Modern: GUI, multitasking, mobile, embedded.


Operating Systems - Unit I (10-Mark Answers)

Types:

- Batch, Time-sharing, Distributed, Network, Real-time, Mobile, Embedded.

Each OS type evolved for specific needs and environments.

Q4: What is CPU scheduling? Explain different CPU scheduling algorithms with examples.

CPU Scheduling: Selecting a ready process to run.

Algorithms:

- FCFS: First-come, simple, but inefficient.

- SJF: Shortest job first, optimal but not always practical.

- RR: Time-slice-based, used in time-sharing systems.

- Priority: Based on priority level, may starve low-priority tasks.

- Multilevel Queue: Segregated queues with different algorithms.

Each algorithm serves different system goals like fairness or efficiency.

Q5: Write notes on: (i) Types of threads (ii) Process synchronization.

(i) Types of Threads:

- User-Level: Managed by library.

- Kernel-Level: Managed by OS.

- Hybrid: Combines both.


Operating Systems - Unit I (10-Mark Answers)

(ii) Process Synchronization:

- Prevents race conditions.

- Uses critical sections, semaphores, mutexes.

- Ensures shared resources are accessed safely.

Threads enable parallelism; synchronization ensures correctness.

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