Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,

Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

BSME/BSEE/BSECE/
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. Math 2A
BSCPE
COURSE
SPECIALIZATION Mechanical Integral Calculus
TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 1st Year TIME FRAME 4 hrs/wk WK NO. 3-5 IM NO. 2

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

II. LESSON TITLE

2.1 Integration by Parts

2.2 Trigonometric Integrals
2.3 Trigonometric Substitution
2.4 Rational Functions
2.5 Rationalizing Substitution

3 LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students the different techniques of integration and how to use them in solving
various integral problems.

4 DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Learn the concepts of the different integration techniques.
2. Apply the different integration techniques in solving integrals.

5 COURSE CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we will study several integration techniques that greatly expand the set of integrals
to which the basic integration rules can be applied.

2.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Sometimes we meet an integration that is the product of two functions. We may be able to integrate
such products by using Integration by Parts.
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥, the product rule for differentiation that we met earlier gives us:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rearranging, we have:

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating throughout with respect to x, we obtain the formula for integration by parts:

∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

This formula allows us to turn a complicated integral into more simple ones. We must make sure we
choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 carefully.
𝑑𝑢
NOTE: The function 𝑢 is chosen so that is simpler than 𝑢.
𝑑𝑥

Priorities for Choosing u:

When you have a mix of functions in the expression to be integrated, use the following for your choice of
𝑢, in order.

1. Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥.
2. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 .
3. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 .

Example 1:

∫ 𝑥 2 ln 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

We could let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑢 = ln 𝑥. Considering the priorities given above we choose 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, and so

𝑑𝑣 will be the rest to be integrated, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
With 𝑢 = ln 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑥,
Integrating 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 gives
𝑥3
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
3
Substituting in the Integration by Parts formula, we get:

𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 ln 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 4𝑥 ( ) − ∫
3 3 𝑥

𝑥 3 ln 4𝑥 1
= − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥 3 ln 4𝑥 1 𝑥 3
= − ( )+𝐶
3 3 3

𝑥 3 ln 4𝑥 𝑥 3
= − +𝐶
3 9
Example 2:

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

The 2nd and 3rd "priorities" for choosing 𝑢 given earlier said:

2. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 .

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
3. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 .

This question has both a power of 𝑥 and an exponential expression. But we choose 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 as it has a
higher priority than the exponential. (You could try it the other way around, with 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 to see for yourself
why it doesn't work.)
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , du = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥

We substitute these into the Integration by Parts formula to give:

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

= −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now, the integral we are left with cannot be found immediately. We need to perform integration by parts
again, for this new integral.
This time we choose 𝑢 = 𝑥 giving 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
Once again, we have 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and integrating will yield 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 .
Substituting into the integration by parts formula gives:
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥)

= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

So, putting this answer together with the answer for the first part, we have the final solution:

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2(−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶

= −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

= −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶

Example 3:

∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

We need to choose 𝑢. In this question we don't have any of the functions suggested in the
"priorities" list above.

So, for this example, we choose 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
2
Substitute in the integration by parts formula;
cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (− ) − ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
𝑥 cos 2𝑥 1
=− + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
𝑥 cos 2𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
=− + ( )+𝐶
2 2 2
𝑥 cos 2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4

Example 4:

∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑢
We could let 𝑢 = 𝑥 or 𝑢 = √𝑥 + 1. We choose the one that allows to be of simpler form than
𝑑𝑥
𝑢, so 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. With this choice, 𝑑𝑣 must be the “rest” of the integral. 𝑑𝑣 = √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥.
𝑣 = ∫ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
2 3
𝑣 = (𝑥 + 1)2
3

Substituting into the integration by parts formula, we get:

2 3 2 3
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [ (𝑥 + 1)2 ] − ∫ (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2𝑥 3 2 3
= (𝑥 + 1)2 − ∫(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2𝑥 3 2 2 5
= (𝑥 + 1)2 − ( ) (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3 3 5
2𝑥 3 4 5
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3 15

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 2.1

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals by using the integral by parts formula.

1. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫(ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(2𝑥 + 9)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ √𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ln(ln 𝑥) ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫
𝑥

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
2.2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

The trigonometric integrals are a specific set of functions used to simplify complex mathematical
expressions in order to evaluate them. The main idea is to break up the integrand into combinations of
trigonometric integrals in which we can apply the Power Formula.
Below is the list of trigonometric identities that plays an important role in this chapter.

1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥

2 cos 2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 − 1 − cos 2𝑥

cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 = 1

The process that we use involves using the trigonometric ratios to simplify the expression, or to get the
expression into a form that can be integrated.

2.2A INTEGRATING PRODUCT OF SINE AND COSINE – ONE POWER IS ODD

To integrate a product of powers of sine and cosine, we use

cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 = 1

if at least one of the powers is odd.

Example 1:
∫ 3 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫ 3 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ (1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ (cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin3 𝑥
= 3 sin 𝑥 − 3 +𝐶
3
= 3 sin 𝑥 − sin3 𝑥 + 𝐶

2.2B INTEGRATING PRODUCT OF SINE AND COSINE – POWER IS EVEN

We use

or

if the power of sin x or cosine x is even.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021

Example 1:
Evaluate the integral.
∫ cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
∫ cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2 𝑢
2
1 1 + cos 2𝑢
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1
= ∫(1 + cos 2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
4
1 sin 2𝑢
= [𝑢 + ]+𝐶
4 2
1 sin 2(2𝑥)
= [2𝑥 + ]+𝐶
4 2

𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= + +𝐶
2 8

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 2.2

1. ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ sin6 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ cot 5 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 3 𝑥
4. ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√sin 𝑥

5. ∫ sin8 3𝑥 cos 5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

We can use trigonometric substitution to evaluate integrals involving the radicals

√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 , √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ,

where 𝑎 is a constant.

The objective with trigonometric substitution is to eliminate the radical in the integrand. You do this with
the Pythagorean identities

cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 , sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥 , and tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
Take note that we are not integrating trigonometric expressions. Rather, we substitute a sine, tangent or
secant expression in order to make an integral possible.

2.3A TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION: u = a sin θ

For integrals involving √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.

√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 = √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃

= √𝑎2 (1 − sin2 𝜃) a
𝑢
= √𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃
= 𝑎 cos 𝜃 θ

√𝑎 2 − 𝑢 2
Example:

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑎=3
𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3
√9 − 𝑥 2 = 3 cos 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 θ
∫ =∫
𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥2 (9 sin2 𝜃)(3 cos 𝜃)
√9 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝜃
= ∫ 2
9 sin 𝜃
1
= ∫ csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1
= cot 𝜃 + 𝐶
9
From the figure,
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 √9−𝑥 2
cot 𝜃 = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2
∫ = +𝐶
𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2 9𝑥

2.3B TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION: u = a tan θ

For integrals involving √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.

√𝑎 2 + 𝑢 2
𝑢
√𝑎2 + 𝑢2 = √𝑎2 + 𝑎2 tan2 𝜃
θ
= √𝑎2 (1 + tan2 𝜃)
a
= √𝑎2 sec 2 𝜃
= 𝑎 sec 𝜃
Example:
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Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021

𝑑𝑥
∫
√4𝑥 2 + 1
Solution:
𝑎=1
2𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 2𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√4𝑥 2 + 1 = sec 𝜃 √4𝑥 2 + 1
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫ θ
√4𝑥 2 + 1 2 sec 𝜃
1 1
= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
1
= ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 | + 𝐶
2
From the figure,
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 √4𝑥 2 +1 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 2𝑥
sec 𝜃 = = , tan 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1

𝑑𝑥 1
∫ == ln |√4𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥| + 𝐶
√4𝑥 2 + 1 2

2.3C TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION: u = a sec θ

For integrals involving √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.

𝑢
√𝑢 2 − 𝑎2 = √𝑎2 sec 2 𝜃 − 𝑎2 √𝑢 2 − 𝑎 2

= √𝑎2 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) θ
= 𝑎 tan 𝜃
a
Example:

𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥 2 − 4)3/2

Solution:
𝑎=2
𝑥 = 2 sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3
(√𝑥 2 − 4) = 8 tan3 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫
(𝑥 2 − 4) 3/2 8 tan3 𝜃
sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃
=∫
4 tan2 𝜃

𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 1 cos 𝜃
∫ 2 = ∫
(𝑥 − 4)3/2 4 sin2 𝜃
cos 2 𝜃
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the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bambang,
Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: MATH 2A-2S-2020-2021
1 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= ∫
4 sin2 𝜃
Apply 𝑢-substitution, 𝑢 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
(𝑥 2 − 4)3/2 4 𝑢2
1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
4 √𝑥 2 − 4

1 𝑢−1 θ
= ( )+𝐶
4 −1
2
1
=− +𝐶
4𝑢
From the figure,
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 √𝑥 2 −4
sin 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1
∫ =− +𝐶
(𝑥 2 − 4)3/2 √𝑥 2 − 4
4
𝑥
𝑥
=− +𝐶
4√𝑥 2 − 4

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 2.3

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using trigonometric substitution.

3𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 6. ∫
𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 √𝑥 2 − 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 7. ∫
√4𝑥 2 + 9 √6𝑥 2 − 49
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ √16 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 13
𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 10. ∫
𝑥 2 √5 − 𝑥 2 𝑥2 + 2𝑥

2.4 RATIONAL FUNCTION

The Method of Partial Fractions is used to integrate rational functions
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑄(𝑥)

where P(x)and Q(x) are polynomials. The idea is to write 𝑓(𝑥) as a sum of simpler rational functions that
can be integrated directly.

2.4A PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION

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Partial-fraction decomposition is the process of starting with the simplified function and taking it
back apart, of "decomposing" the final expression into its initial polynomial fractions.
To decompose a fraction, you first factor the denominator. Then you write the fractions with one
of the factors for each of the denominators. Of course, you don't know what the numerators are yet, so
you assign variables (usually capital letters) for these unknown values:

Example:

𝑥2 + 2
2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 16

The function is a proper fraction and we can apply partial-fraction decomposition by factoring the
denominator first.
2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 16 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8)

𝑥2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 − 8

Multiply by (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) to clear all the denominator, and group the 𝑥- terms and the constant
terms

𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 8) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)

= 𝐴(2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 16) + 𝐵(2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 8) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)

= 2𝑥 2 𝐴 − 4𝑥𝐴 − 16𝐴 + 2𝑥 2 𝐵 − 10𝑥𝐵 + 8𝐵 + 𝑥 2 𝐶 + 𝑥𝐶 − 2𝐶

= 𝑥 2 (2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶) + 𝑥(−4𝐴 − 10𝐵 + 𝐶) + (−16𝐴 + 8𝐵 − 2𝐶)

For the two sides to be equal, the coefficients of the two polynomials must be equal.

1 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 → Eq. 1
0 = −4𝐴 − 10𝐵 + 𝐶 → Eq. 2
2 = −16𝐴 + 8𝐵 − 2𝐶 → Eq. 3

Subtract Eq. 2 from Eq. 1 Multiply 2 in Eq. 2 and add to Eq. 3

1 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 0 = − 8𝐴 − 20𝐵 + 2𝐶
0 = −4𝐴 − 10𝐵 + 𝐶 2 = −16𝐴 + 8𝐵 − 2𝐶
1 = 6𝐴 + 12𝐵 → Eq. 4 2 = −24𝐴 − 12𝐵
1 = −12𝐴 − 6𝐵 → Eq. 5

Multiply 2 in Eq. 5 then add to Eq. 4

2 = −24𝐴 − 12𝐵
1= 6𝐴 + 12𝐵
3 = −18𝐴
1
𝐴=−
6

Substitute the value of A in either Eq. 4 or Eq. 5

1 1
1 = 6 (− ) + 12𝐵 1 = −12 (− ) − 6𝐵
6 6
1 = −1 + 12𝐵 1 = 2 − 6𝐵
2 = 12𝐵 −1 = −6𝐵
1 1
𝐵= 𝐵=
6 6

Substitute the value of A and B in either Eq.1, Eq. 2, or Eq. 3

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1 1
1= 2 (− ) +2( ) +𝐶
6 6
𝐶=1

Alternate solution:
𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 8) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)

Since A goes with the factor 𝑥 − 1, we set 𝑥 = 1 to compute for A.

12 + 2 = 𝐴(1 + 2)[2(1) − 8] + 𝐵(1 − 1)[2(1) − 8] + 𝐶(1 − 1)(1 + 2)
3 = 𝐴(3)(−6) + 𝐵(0)(−6) + 𝐶(0)(3)
3 = −18𝐴
1
𝐴=−
6

Similarly, - 2 is the root of 𝑥 + 2, so we set 𝑥 = −2 to compute for B.

(−2)2 + 2 = 𝐴(−2 + 2)[2(−2) − 8] + 𝐵(−2 − 1)[2(−2) − 8] + 𝐶(−2 − 1)(−2 + 2)
4 + 2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−3)(−12) + 𝐶(0)
6 = 𝐵(36)
1
𝐵=
6

Finally, 4 is the root of 2𝑥 − 8, set 𝑥 = 4 to compute the value of C.

42 + 2 = 𝐴(4 + 2)[2(4) − 8] + 𝐵(4 − 1)[2(4) − 8] + 𝐶(4 − 1)(4 + 2)
18 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(18)
18 = 𝐶(18)
𝐶=1

The result of partial-fraction decomposition is

1 1
𝑥2 + 2 − 1
= 6 + 6 +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 − 8

𝑥2 + 2 1 1 1
=− + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 8) 6(𝑥 − 1) 6(𝑥 + 2) 2𝑥 − 8

Example 1: Long Division

𝑥3
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥−6

Solution:
Since the numerator has a higher degree than the denominator, we must first perform a long
division.
𝑥3 7𝑥 − 6
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 1 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥−6 𝑥 +𝑥−6

7𝑥 − 6
= ∫(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥2 7𝑥 − 6
= −𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)

The last step is to find the partial fraction of the remaining integral.

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7𝑥 − 6 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 3

7𝑥 − 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
7𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥𝐴 + 3𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 − 2𝐵
7𝑥 − 6 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + 3𝐴 − 2𝐵

In which we can derive two equations,

7=𝐴+𝐵 → Eq. 1
−6 = 3𝐴 − 2𝐵 → Eq. 2

Multiply 2 in Eq. 1 then add the product in Eq. 2;

14 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵
−6 = 3𝐴 − 2𝐵
8 = 5𝐴
8
𝐴=
5
Substitute this value in either Eq. 1 or Eq. 2
8
7 = +𝐵
5
7(5) = 8 + 5𝐵
27
𝐵=
5
Note: You can apply the alternate solution to find the value of A and B.
Thus,

𝑥3 𝑥2 8 1 27 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 +∫[ ( )+ ( )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥−6 2 5 𝑥−2 5 𝑥+3
𝑥3 𝑥2 8 27
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 + ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
𝑥 +𝑥−6 2 5 5

Example 2: Repeated Linear Factor

3𝑥 − 9
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4

Solution:
The factor of the denominator is (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 .
Since it involves repeated linear factor, we are looking for a partial fraction decomposition of the
form
3𝑥 − 9 𝐴 𝐵1 𝐵2
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2

First, let’s clear the denominator by multiplying (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 in both sides of the equation.

3𝑥 − 9 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵2 (𝑥 − 1)

3𝑥 − 9 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵2 (𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 − 9 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵1 ) + 𝑥(4𝐴 + 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 ) + (4𝐴 − 2𝐵1 − 𝐵2 )

We can derive three systems of equation,

0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵1 → Eq. 1
3 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 → Eq. 2
−9 = 4𝐴 − 2𝐵1 − 𝐵2 → Eq. 3

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Add Eq. 2 and Eq. 3 Add Eq. 1 and Eq. 4
3 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵1
−9 = 4𝐴 − 2𝐵1 − 𝐵2 −6 = 8𝐴 − 𝐵1
−6 = 8𝐴 − 𝐵1 → Eq. 4 −6 = 9𝐴
2
𝐴=−
3

Substitute the value of 𝐴 in Eq. 1 Substitute the value of 𝐴 and 𝐵1 in Eq. 2

2 2 2
0=− + 𝐵1 3 = 4 (− ) + + 𝐵2
3 3 3
2 8 2
𝐵1 = 3=− + + 𝐵2
3 3 3
3 = −2 + 𝐵2
𝐵2 = 5

Note: We cannot use the alternate method for finding 𝐵1 because if we use 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2 the term
involving 𝐵1 drops out. Instead, use 𝑥 = 2.

2 2
3𝑥 − 9 − 5
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4 𝑥−1 𝑥+2 (𝑥 + 2)2

2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
=− ∫ + ∫ + 5 ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥−1 3 𝑥+2
2 2 5
= − ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 + 2| − +𝐶
3 3 𝑥+2

PRACTICE PROBLEM 2.4

Evaluate the following integrals using partial fraction.
𝑥3 + 1
1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4
𝑥4
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 − 𝑥2
1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 3𝑥
1
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 10𝑥 + 25
1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 10𝑥 + 21

2.5 RATIONALIZING SUBSTITUTION

Rationalizing substitution is defined as the integration method which is used when the integrand is a
fraction which includes more than a type of root.

This method transforms the integrand into a rational function.

Example 1:
√𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥

Solution:

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The first step is to eliminate the square root and substitute 𝑥 = 𝑧 2, then the value of 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧.

√𝑥 𝑧
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑧2
𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
= 2∫
1 + 𝑧2
1
= 2 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑧
1 + 𝑧2
= 2𝑧 − 2 arctan 𝑧 + 𝐶
= 2√𝑥 − 2 arctan(√𝑥) + 𝐶

Example 2:
1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + √𝑥

Solution:
Here we have two powers of 𝑥, namely ½ and ⅓. The least common multiple is 6 so we must use
𝑥 = 𝑧 6, 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧.

1 6𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
√𝑥 + √𝑥
3
𝑧3 + 𝑧2
𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧
= 6∫ 2
𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
= 6∫
𝑧+1

Perform long division,

1 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + √𝑥 𝑧+1
𝑧3 𝑧 2
= 6 ( − + 𝑧 − ln|𝑧 + 1|) + 𝐶
3 2
= 2𝑧 − 3𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 − 6 ln|𝑧 + 1| + 𝐶
3

1 3 1 2 1
= 2 (𝑥 6 ) − 3 (𝑥 6 ) + 6 (𝑥 6 ) − 6 ln|𝑥 1/6 + 1| + 𝐶
1
= 2𝑥 1/2 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 1/6 − 6 ln|𝑥 1/6 + 1| + 𝐶

PRACTICE PROBLEM 2.5

Evaluate the following integrals using the rationalizing substitution method.
1
1. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
1 + √𝑥

1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥

√𝑥
3. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
2 + √𝑥
4
3 √𝑥
4. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 + 5 √𝑥

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sin 𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 + cos 2 𝑥

6 REFERENCES:

Books/Printed Resources:

Larson, Ron et. al. Calculus Early Transcendentals 4 th Ed., Houghton

Mifflin Company, New York, 2007

Hughes-Hallet, D. et. al. Calculus Multivariable 7th Ed., John Wiley and Sons,
Inc, New Jersey, 2017

Prepared by:

ENGR. JAY CON T. ACOSTA

Emergency Instructor

Recommending approval:

ENGR. LARRY P. REMOLAZO, M.Eng.

Program Chair, BSME

Approved by:

ENGR. MARY B. PASION, D.Eng.

Dean, College of Engineering

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