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FIBEROPTICS_organized

Fiber optics are thin glass strands used for long-distance signal transmission by converting electronic signals into light. They offer low attenuation, high bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, with various types including multimode and single mode fibers. Transmission limitations include attenuation and dispersion, while protocols like SONET structure data transmission for efficient communication.

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9 views13 pages

FIBEROPTICS_organized

Fiber optics are thin glass strands used for long-distance signal transmission by converting electronic signals into light. They offer low attenuation, high bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, with various types including multimode and single mode fibers. Transmission limitations include attenuation and dispersion, while protocols like SONET structure data transmission for efficient communication.

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The Cyber Space
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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Optical Fibers
 Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very
pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are
arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to
transmit signals over long distances.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems
 Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over
fiber by turning electronic signals into light.
 Light refers to more than the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to
the human eye.
 The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and
near-infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all
other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and
FM radio and television.
 The electromagnetic spectrum.
 Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye
as light.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Fiber Optics Transmission
 Low Attenuation
 Very High Bandwidth (THz)
 Small Size and Low Weight
 No Electromagnetic Interference
 Low Security Risk
 Elements of Optical Transmission
 Electrical-to-optical Transducers
 Optical Media
 Optical-to-electrical Transducers
 Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Types of Optical Fiber
 Multi Mode :
(a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but
different refractive index.
(b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function
of the radial distance from the center.

 Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the


wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along
a single path.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Transducers
 Electrical-to-Optical Transducers
 LED - Light Emitting Diode is inexpensive, reliable but can
support only lower bandwidth.
 LD – Laser Diode provides high bandwidth and narrow
spectrum.
 Optical-to-Electrical Transducers
 PIN Diode - Silicone or InGaAs based p-i-n Diode operates well
at low bandwidth.
 Avalanche Diode – Silicone or InGaAs Diode with internal gain
can work with high data rate.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


BW Capacity of Fiber Optics
 To give perspective to the incredible capacity that fibers
are moving toward, a10-Gbps signal has the ability to
transmit any of the following per second:
 1000 books
 130,000 voice channels
 16 high-definition TV (HDTV)channels or 100 HDTV channels
using compression techniques. (an HDTV channel requires a
much higher bandwidth than today’s standard television).

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Transmission Limitations
 Transmission over fiber is limited by the attenuation and
dispersion.
 Multimode fibers may experience
 Multimode dispersion: The delayed rays cause pulse spreading
 Chromatic dispersion: Individual wavelengths may travel at
different speeds.
 Dispersion creates an inherent operational limit defined as
a bandwidth-distance product (BDP).

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Line Coding in Optical Transmission
 Some fiber systems use the line codes described for
wireline transmission that we studied previously.
 A few line codes are specifically developed for fiber
applications.
 Note that optical sources and detectors are primarily used
in nonlinear modes of operation with significant gain and
threshold variations.
 They are best suited for on or off.
 On-off keying is most natural for optical transmissions

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


SONET Protocol Structure
 The basic structure in SONET is a frame of 810 bytes which
is sent every 125 µsec. This allows a single byte within a
frame to be part of a 64 kbps digital voice channel. Since
the minimum frame size is 810 bytes then the minimum
speed at which SONET will operate is 51.84 megabits per
second.
 810 bytes × 8000 frames/sec × 8 (bits) = 51.84 megabits/sec.
 This basic frame is called the Synchronous Transport Signal
level 1 (STS-1), which is an electrical signal.
The diagrammatic representation of the frame as a square
is done for ease of understanding. The 810 bytes are
transmitted row by row starting from the top left of
the diagram. One frame is transmitted every 125 µsec.

Sonet STS-1 Frame Structure.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Unidirectional Ring
 Unidirectional path switch ring (UPSR) transmit the same
information from A to B in both directions around the ring.
Normally, only the working path is accessed by the
receiving node: if a failure occurs, a node can select the
data on the protection channel.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Bidirectional Ring
 Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak


Tributaries
 Within each payload, slower-speed channels (called tributaries)
may be carried.
 Tributaries normally occupy a number of consecutive columns within a
payload.
 A US T-1 payload (1.544 Mbps) occupies three columns, a European
E-1 payload (2.048 Mbps) occupies four columns. Notice that there
is some wasted bandwidth here.
 A T-1 really only requires 24 slots and three columns gives it 27.
 An E-1 requires 32 slots and is given 36. This “wastage” is a very
small price to pay for the enormous benefit to be achieved by being
able to demultiplex a single tributary stream from within the
multiplexed structure without having to demultiplex the whole
stream.
 The tributaries may be fixed within their virtual containers or they
may float, similar to the way a virtual container floats within the
physical frame.
 Pointers within the overhead are used to locate each virtual
tributary stream.

EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak

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