Computer

Assignment
Submitted To-Mr.Ali Siddiqui
Submitted By-Hemangi Srivastava
BBA Semester 3
2023-25
Database
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Data within
the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a
series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily accessed,
managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use structured query language
(SQL) for writing and querying data. Databases often store information about people, such as customers or
users. For example, social media platforms use databases to store user information, such as
names, email addresses and user behavior. The data is used to recommend content to users and
improve the user experience.
 Types of databases
There are various types of databases used for storing different varieties of data:

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 Hierarchical Databases
It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children relationship nodes. Here, it organizes
data in a tree-like structure. Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each child record
in the tree will contain only one parent. On the other hand, each parent record can have multiple child records.
A Hierarchical Database is a data storage system in which data is stored in the form of records. Each record
comprises fields and a value. The fields can be thought of as the categories, or folders, into which the data is
sorted. The value is the information that is stored in each field.

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 Network Databases
It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the representation of data
is in the form of nodes connected via links between them. Unlike the hierarchical database, it
allows each record to have multiple children and parent nodes to form a generalized graph
structure. A network database is a database model where numerous records or files can link to
multiple owner files and vice versa. The model can be represented by an upside-down tree,
where every member's information (branch) attaches to the bottom of the tree

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 Object-oriented Databases
The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach for storing data in the database system. The
data is represented and stored as objects which are similar to the objects used in the object-oriented programming
language.
An object-oriented database (OOD) is a database system that can work with complex data objects — that is, objects
that mirror those used in object-oriented programming languages. In object-oriented programming (OOP),
everything is an object. Many object databases, for example Gemstone or VOSS, offer support for versioning. An
object can be viewed as the set of all its versions. Also, object versions can be treated as objects in their own right.

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 Relational Database
This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of rows(tuple) and
columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL for storing, manipulating,
as well as maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the database carries a key
that makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle,
etc. A relational database is a collection of information that organizes data in predefined relationships where data is
stored in one or more tables (or "relations") of columns and rows, making it easy to see and understand how
different data structures relate to each other.

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 NoSQL Database
Non-SQL/Not Only SQL is a type of database that is used for storing a wide range of data sets. It
is not a relational database as it stores data not only in tabular form but in several different ways.
It came into existence when the demand for building modern applications increased. Thus,
NoSQL presented a wide variety of database technologies in response to the demands. NoSQL
databases are used in nearly every industry for a variety of use cases. The type of NoSQL
database determines the typical use case. For example, document databases like MongoDB are
general purpose databases. Key-value databases are ideal for large volumes of data with simple
lookup queries.

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 Database models
Hierarchical Relational Object-
database model oriented
model programmin
g

Network Entity-
model Relationship
Data Model
 Hierarchial Model Database
A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data are organized into a tree-like structure.
The data are stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A record is a collection
of fields, with each field containing only one value. In the hierarchical model, segments pointed to by the
logical association are called the child segment and the other segment is called the parent segment. If
there is a segment without a parent is then that will be called the root and the segment which has no
children are called the leaves. The main disadvantage of the hierarchical model is that it can have one-to-
one and one-to-many relationships between the nodes.

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 Relational Model
The relational model represents how data is stored in Relational Databases. A
relational database consists of a collection of tables, each of which is assigned a unique
name. The relational model means that the logical data structures—the data tables, views, and
indexes—are separate from the physical storage structures. This separation means that database
administrators can manage physical data storage without affecting access to that data as a logical
structure. The relational data model provided a standard way of representing and querying data
that could be used by any application.

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 Network Model
This model was formalized by the Database Task group in the 1960s. This model is the generalization of the
hierarchical model. This model can consist of multiple parent segments and these segments are grouped as levels
but there exists a logical association between the segments belonging to any level. Mostly, there exists a many-to-
many logical association between any of the two segments. We called graphs the logical associations between the
segments. Therefore, this model replaces the hierarchical tree with a graph-like structure, and with that, there can
more general connections among different nodes. The network model was created to represent complex data
relationships more effectively when compared to hierarchical models, to improve database performance
and standards.

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 Entity Relational Model
The Entity Relational Model is a model for identifying entities to be represented in the database and
representation of how those entities are related. The ER data model specifies enterprise schema that
represents the overall logical structure of a database graphically , the Entity Relationship Diagram explains
the relationship among the entities present in the database. ER models are used to model real-world objects
like a person, a car, or a company and the relation between these real-world objects. In short, the ER Diagram
is the structural format of the database. ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It is a high-level data
model. This model is used to define the data elements and relationship for a specified system.

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 Object Oriented Programming model
Object Oriented Data Model, data and their relationships are contained in a single structure which is
referred as object in this data model. In this, real world problems are represented as objects with different
attributes. All objects have multiple relationships between them. Basically, it is combination of Object
Oriented programming and Relational Database Model . There are 3 types of models in the object oriented
modeling and design are: Class Model, State Model, and Interaction Model. These are explained as following below.
Class Model: The class model shows all the classes present in the system.

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Thank you.