TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: GREEN GRAM PRODUCTION

PRESENTER: CLARA META CHEMILIATI

CENTER NAME: KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

INDEX NO: 5031110251

COURSE CODE: 1405

PAPER CODE: 316A

LEVEL: CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN GENERAL

AGRICULTURE

SUBMITED TO: KENYA EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF CRAFT
CERTIFICATE IN GENERAL AGRICULTURE

SERIES: NOVEMBER, 2024

SUPERVISOR: MR. JAIRUS INDIMULI

DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original work and has never been submitted to any institution for
the award of certificate

STUDENT NAME: CLARA META CHEMIATI

SIGNATURE: .………………………………..

DATE: ………………………………………..

DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR

I, confirm that this work was done by the named candidate under my guidance. And was
approved by the academic board of this institution

SUPERRVISOR NAME: MR. JAIRUS INDIMULI

SIGNATURE: .………………………………..

DATE: ………………………………………..

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DEDICATION

It is with great pleasure that I dedicate this trade project to my family and friends for their great
support during the time of preparing my project. May the lord bless you abundantly and expand
your territories.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would also like to pass my heartfelt gratitude to the head of department of agriculture and the
staff members for their humble support they accord me during the preparation of my project.
May the Lord God grant you a good health and bless you.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
GREEN GRAM PRODUCTION (Vigna radiata)...............................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background Information....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Importance of Green Gram Production.............................................................................................1
1.3 Problem Statement............................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives of the Study......................................................................................................................2
1.5 Justification of the Study...................................................................................................................2
1.6 Limitation of the Study......................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4
2.2 LAND PREPARATION..........................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Pegging.......................................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Land Clearing..............................................................................................................................4
2.2.3 Primary Cultivation.....................................................................................................................5
2.2.4 Secondary Cultivation.................................................................................................................5
2.3 Importance of Proper Land Preparation in Green Gram Production.................................................6
2.3.1 Enhanced Seed Germination......................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Improved Root Development.....................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Efficient Water Management......................................................................................................6
2.3.4 Weed Control..............................................................................................................................6

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 2.3.5 Pest and Disease Prevention.......................................................................................................6
2.3.6 Optimal Plant Population and Yield............................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................8
CROP ESTABLISHMENT................................................................................................................................8
3.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................8
3.2 SEED SELECTION................................................................................................................................8
3.3 SEED TREATMENT..............................................................................................................................8
3.4 Planting Methods..............................................................................................................................9
3.4.1 Direct Seeding.................................................................................................................................9
3.4.2 Broadcasting...............................................................................................................................9
3.5 Planting Depth...................................................................................................................................9
3.6 Seed Rate.........................................................................................................................................10
3.7 Spacing................................................................................................................................................10
3.8 Timing of Planting............................................................................................................................11
3.9 Mulching..........................................................................................................................................11
3.10 Irrigation........................................................................................................................................11
3.11 Importance of Good Crop Establishment......................................................................................12
3.11.1 Improved Germination and Emergence......................................................................................12
3.11.2 Reduced Competition.................................................................................................................12
3.11.3 Better Pest and Disease Management........................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................13
CROP MANAGEMENT................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................13
4.2 Aspects of Crop Management in Green Gram Production...............................................................13
4.3 Weed Control in Green Gram Production........................................................................................13
4.3.1 Methods of Weed Control............................................................................................................14
4.3.1.1 Cultural Methods.......................................................................................................................14
4.3.1.2 Mechanical Methods.................................................................................................................14
4.3.1.3 Chemical Methods.....................................................................................................................14
4.3.2 Importance of Selected Weed Control Methods..........................................................................15
4.4 Diseases Affecting Green Gram and Their Management.................................................................15
4.4.1 Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV)...........................................................................................................15

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 4.4.2 Powdery Mildew...........................................................................................................................15
4.4.3 Anthracnose.................................................................................................................................15
4.5 Pests Affecting Green Gram and Their Management......................................................................16
4.5.1 Aphids...............................................................................................................................................16
4.5.2 Whiteflies.........................................................................................................................................16
4.6 Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) in Green Gram Production.................................16
4.7 Importance of Effective Crop Management.....................................................................................16
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................18
5.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................18
5.2 Harvesting Green Gram...................................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Determining the Right Time for Harvesting..................................................................................18
5.2.2 Harvesting Methods.........................................................................................................................18
5.2.2.1 Manual Harvesting.........................................................................................................................18
5.2.2.2 Mechanical Harvesting..................................................................................................................19
5.2.3 Threshing..........................................................................................................................................19
5.3 Post-Harvest Handling.....................................................................................................................19
5.3.1 Drying...............................................................................................................................................19
5.3.2 Cleaning and Grading........................................................................................................................20
5.4 Storage of Green Gram....................................................................................................................20
5.4.1 Storage Conditions...........................................................................................................................20
5.4.2 Storage Methods..............................................................................................................................21
5.5 Marketing of Green Gram................................................................................................................21
5.5.1 Market Channels...............................................................................................................................21
5.5.2 Factors Affecting Market Prices........................................................................................................21
5.5.3 Value Addition..................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................................23
6.0 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................................23
6.1 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................23
5.2 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................24

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ABSTRACT

Greengrams (Vigna radiata), commonly known as mung beans by some other people, are an
important legume crop cultivated to human beings for both their nutritional value and economic
significance. This project aims to explore the origin, cultivation practices, establishment,
management, Harvesting and market potential of greengrams to provide an in-depth
understanding of their role in agriculture. Greengrams originated in the Indian subcontinent and
have since been domesticated across various regions, including Southeast Asia and Africa.

The cultivation of greengrams begins with land preparation, where well-drained soils are well
tilled and fertilized to create an ideal environment for seed germination. This research covers the
essential steps involved in seed selection, sowing methods, and proper crop establishment,
highlighting the importance of spacing and timely planting to ensure optimal growth. The
management of greengrams is crucial to achieving high yields, with specific attention paid to
irrigation, weed control, and pest and disease management. Integrated pest management
strategies, including the use of resistant varieties and biological control methods, are emphasized
to minimize losses.

Harvesting techniques are also examined, with the focus on identifying the right maturity stage
to avoid premature harvesting or pod shattering. Post-harvest handling, such as drying and
threshing, is vital for preserving seed quality and reducing spoilage during storage. In terms of
marketing, greengrams have a growing demand both domestically and internationally due to
their high protein content and health benefits. The project explores market trends, value addition
opportunities, and the role of cooperatives in enhancing market access for smallholder farmers.

Through this research, I aim to provide comprehensive insights into the entire production cycle
of greengrams, from land preparation to final sale/marketing of greengrams , while identifying
challenges and opportunities for farmers in improving productivity and profitability. Sustainable
practices, such as crop rotation and nitrogen fixation, are also highlighted for their contribution
to long-term soil health.
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CHAPTER ONE

GREEN GRAM PRODUCTION (Vigna radiata)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Green gram crop production Vigna radiate belonging to the Fabaceae family is an annual
leguminous crop which is grown for its seeds which is high source of nutrients. The crop is easy
to cultivate and can grow up to an height of 30-120cm producing pods. Dried seeds are cooked
and milled into flour while the crop residues are used as fodder or in making green manure.

1.1 Background Information

Green gram (Vigna radiata), also known as mung bean, is a small, green legume that belongs to
the family Fabaceae. It is a vital crop in many regions, particularly in Asia and Africa, due to its
nutritional value, ease of cultivation, and economic potential. Green gram is rich in protein,
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a significant source of nutrition for human
consumption and animal feed.

In addition to its nutritional benefits, green gram plays an important role in sustainable
agriculture. It is a nitrogen-fixing crop, meaning it improves soil fertility by adding nitrogen to
the soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. This makes it an excellent rotation crop, often
used to replenish soil nutrients after more exhaustive crops like maize or wheat.

1.2 Importance of Green Gram Production

Green gram is a highly adaptable crop that grows well in a variety of climates, particularly in
arid and semi-arid regions. Its drought tolerance makes it a preferred crop for farmers in areas
with unpredictable rainfall patterns. Besides, it has a short maturity period (60 to 90 days),
making it ideal for quick returns and multiple planting seasons per year.

The global demand for green gram has grown over recent years, driven by increasing health
consciousness and the rise of plant-based diets. For many smallholder farmers, particularly in
developing countries, green gram presents an opportunity for income generation and food
security.
1.3 Problem Statement

Despite the importance of green gram, many farmers face challenges in its production. These
challenges include low yields due to poor agronomic practices, lack of access to quality seeds,
pest and disease pressures, and limited market access. Additionally, climate change and erratic
weather conditions continue to affect production outcomes, making it difficult for farmers to
maximize their potential.

In regions where green gram is a staple crop, such as East Africa and parts of Asia, addressing
these challenges is crucial to improving food security, enhancing incomes, and contributing to
sustainable agriculture.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this study on green gram production are:

 To examine the current practices and trends in green gram production.

 To analyze the challenges faced by green gram farmers.
 To identify opportunities for improving green gram yields and profitability.
 To explore the potential market opportunities for green gram in both local and
international markets.

1.5 Justification of the Study

Given the rising global demand for plant-based proteins and the need for sustainable farming
practices, green gram production offers a promising avenue for rural development and food
security. This study aims to provide insights into improving green gram yields through better
farming practices, technological innovations, and market strategies.

Understanding the barriers to effective green gram production and identifying solutions will be
crucial in helping smallholder farmers benefit from this high-value crop. Additionally, this
research will contribute to the body of knowledge on legume production and the role of green
gram in sustainable agriculture.

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1.6 Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on green gram production in selected regions known for their green gram
cultivation. It will analyze both the technical aspects of green gram farming (such as soil
management, irrigation, pest control, and harvesting techniques) and the socio-economic factors
(such as access to markets, financial resources, and training). The study will also explore the
potential for expanding green gram production and market access, with a particular emphasis on
sustainable practices.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Proper land preparation is essential for the successful cultivation of green gram, as it ensures
optimal soil conditions for seed germination, root development, and nutrient uptake. This chapter
explores the key aspects of land preparation for green gram production, including pegging, land
clearing, primary cultivation, and secondary cultivation. It also highlights the importance of each
process in establishing a good foundation for a productive green gram crop.

2.2 LAND PREPARATION

2.2.1 Pegging

Pegging refers to the process of marking the land into straight rows or designated plots for
planting. This is a critical step in green gram cultivation as it ensures uniform spacing between
plants, facilitating ease of management during weeding, irrigation, and harvesting. Pegging also
helps in optimizing the plant population per unit area, leading to higher yields.

The following steps are involved in pegging:

 Measure and mark rows based on the recommended spacing (usually 30–40 cm between
rows and 10–15 cm between plants).
 Use wooden or metal pegs to mark the row points along the field.
 Stretch a string between the pegs to create straight planting lines.

Accurate pegging contributes to uniform plant growth, better air circulation, and increased light
penetration, which ultimately enhances crop performance.

2.2.2 Land Clearing

Land clearing is the process of removing unwanted vegetation, debris, and obstacles from the
field before cultivation. This ensures that the land is clean and free of any elements that might
interfere with the growth of green gram plants. Land clearing can involve:

 Removing trees, shrubs, and stumps.

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  Clearing stones and rocks.
 Eliminating weeds and other vegetation that may compete with the crop for nutrients,
water, and sunlight.

Weeds, in particular, are a significant concern because they can harbor pests and diseases that
negatively affect green gram growth. By clearing the land thoroughly, farmers can reduce the
weed seed bank and lower the incidence of pest infestations during the growing season.

2.2.3 Primary Cultivation

Primary cultivation involves the initial breaking and turning of the soil. This is usually done
using heavy machinery like tractors or animal-drawn plows. Primary cultivation helps to:

 Loosen the soil to facilitate root penetration and water infiltration.

 Bury crop residues, organic matter, and weeds, which will decompose and improve soil
fertility.
 Break the hardpan layer, if present, to prevent waterlogging and improve drainage.

The depth of primary cultivation depends on the type of soil and the condition of the field, but it
generally involves plowing to a depth of 15–30 cm. In regions where tractors are unavailable,
farmers may use hand tools like hoes, although this is more labor-intensive and time-consuming.

2.2.4 Secondary Cultivation

Secondary cultivation follows primary tillage and is focused on refining the soil structure to
create a fine, well-prepared seedbed. This step is necessary to break down large soil clods and
level the land for uniform planting depth. The objectives of secondary cultivation include:

 Smoothing the soil surface to improve seed-to-soil contact, which is vital for seed
germination.
 Controlling weeds that may have germinated after primary cultivation.
 Reducing soil compaction by using tools such as harrows or rotavators to further loosen
the soil.

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Secondary tillage is typically done using lighter machinery or hand tools and is performed to a
shallower depth than primary cultivation. It is particularly important for green gram, which
requires well-drained, aerated soils for optimal root development.

2.3 Importance of Proper Land Preparation in Green Gram Production

2.3.1 Enhanced Seed Germination

Proper land preparation ensures that seeds are planted in a well-tilled, loose seedbed. This
promotes good seed-to-soil contact, which is essential for moisture absorption and uniform
germination. Seeds that are planted in compact or cloddy soil are less likely to germinate
properly, leading to poor crop establishment.

2.3.2 Improved Root Development

By loosening the soil, both primary and secondary cultivation allow for better root penetration
and growth. Green gram plants develop strong root systems in well-aerated soils, which enables
them to absorb water and nutrients efficiently. This is especially important in regions with low
rainfall, where deep roots can access moisture stored in deeper soil layers.

2.3.3 Efficient Water Management

Proper land preparation, particularly through primary tillage, helps improve water infiltration and
drainage. This is critical for green gram, which is sensitive to waterlogging. Well-prepared land
ensures that excess water drains away, preventing root rot and other water-related issues while
conserving moisture in dry conditions.

2.3.4 Weed Control

Land clearing and both stages of cultivation play a key role in managing weeds. Removing
weeds and their root systems during land preparation reduces competition for nutrients, light, and
water. Additionally, the incorporation of weeds into the soil during tillage allows them to
decompose and return nutrients to the soil, reducing the need for chemical herbicides.

2.3.5 Pest and Disease Prevention

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Clearing land of previous crop residues, debris, and weeds helps reduce the likelihood of pests
and diseases. Crop residues can serve as breeding grounds for insects and diseases, which may
attack the new green gram crop. Proper land preparation ensures a clean, sterile environment for
planting, reducing the risk of pest infestations.

2.3.6 Optimal Plant Population and Yield

By ensuring accurate pegging and row spacing, land preparation enables farmers to maximize the
number of plants per unit area. This improves overall productivity, as uniform planting facilitates
efficient nutrient uptake, better air circulation, and more effective pest and disease control
measures. Ultimately, this leads to higher yields and better crop quality.

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CHAPTER THREE

CROP ESTABLISHMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Crop establishment is the process of creating favorable conditions for green gram plants to thrive
from the early stages of germination through to maturity. Successful crop establishment is
essential for optimizing yields, minimizing losses due to pests and diseases, and ensuring the
overall health of the crop. This chapter discusses the key aspects of green gram crop
establishment, including seed selection, planting methods, planting depth, seed rate, and the
conditions necessary for strong plant growth.

3.2 SEED SELECTION

The quality of seeds plays a significant role in determining the success of green gram production.
Farmers should focus on selecting high-quality seeds that have the following attributes:

 High germination rate: Seeds should have a minimum germination rate of 85% to
ensure a good stand establishment.
 Disease resistance: Use certified seeds that are resistant to common green gram diseases
such as yellow mosaic virus, powdery mildew, and anthracnose.
 Adaptation to local conditions: Choose seed varieties that are well-suited to the local
climate, soil type, and growing season length.
 Uniformity in size and quality: Uniform seeds help ensure even germination and
growth.

3.3 SEED TREATMENT

Seed treatment is a crucial step in crop establishment to protect seeds from soil-borne diseases,
pests, and improve their overall viability. The following seed treatment techniques can be
employed:

 Fungicide treatment: Treat seeds with fungicides to protect them from fungal infections
like seed rot and damping-off.

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  Inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria: Green gram, being a legume, has the ability to fix
atmospheric nitrogen with the help of Rhizobium bacteria. Inoculating the seeds with a
specific strain of Rhizobium improves nitrogen fixation, leading to better plant growth
and soil fertility.

3.4 Planting Methods

Green gram can be planted using different methods depending on the scale of farming, available
resources, and field conditions. The two main planting methods include:

3.4.1 Direct Seeding

Direct seeding involves planting seeds directly into the prepared field. This is the most common
method for small- and large-scale green gram production. It is cost-effective and requires
minimal equipment. Direct seeding can be done manually or using a mechanical planter.

Manual planting involves creating furrows or holes at the recommended spacing, then placing
seeds in them. Mechanical planting ensures more uniform seeding and can save labor and time.

3.4.2 Broadcasting

Broadcasting is another planting method where seeds are scattered evenly across the field,
followed by light harrowing or raking to cover them with soil. While this method is faster than
row planting, it often results in uneven plant distribution, making it difficult to manage weeding
and irrigation. Broadcasting is not recommended for large-scale production due to its
inefficiency in terms of plant population control.

Row planting is generally preferred over broadcasting because it facilitates better crop
management practices like weeding, pest control, and harvesting.

3.5 Planting Depth

The depth at which seeds are planted plays a critical role in ensuring optimal germination and
plant establishment. For green gram, the recommended planting depth is 3-5 cm. Planting too
shallow may expose the seeds to birds, pests, or drying out due to insufficient soil coverage.
Planting too deep can result in delayed germination or poor seedling emergence.
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Adequate planting depth allows seeds to access moisture for germination while providing enough
soil coverage to protect them from environmental stress and pests.

3.6 Seed Rate

The seed rate for green gram depends on factors such as row spacing, plant population targets,
and the variety being used. Generally, the recommended seed rate is between 15 and 20 kg per
hectare. However, adjustments may be made based on the following considerations:

 Row spacing: Wider spacing requires a lower seed rate, while narrow rows may require
more seeds.
 Germination percentage: If the seed has a lower germination percentage, a higher seed
rate may be necessary to compensate for non-germinating seeds.
 Plant population: Desired plant density will also affect seed rate. The ideal population
for green gram ranges between 250,000 and 400,000 plants per hectare.

Using the correct seed rate ensures a uniform crop stand and avoids overcrowding, which can
lead to competition for resources like water, nutrients, and sunlight.

3.7 Spacing

Proper spacing is critical for crop establishment, as it directly influences plant population,
resource utilization, and ease of management. For green gram, the recommended spacing is:

 Between rows: 30 to 40 cm
 Between plants in a row: 10 to 15 cm

The correct spacing ensures sufficient room for each plant to grow and develop without
competing excessively with neighboring plants. It also promotes better air circulation, reducing
the risk of fungal diseases. Proper spacing is essential for efficient light interception and nutrient
uptake, leading to healthier plants and higher yields.

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3.8 Timing of Planting

The timing of planting green gram is crucial for crop success, particularly because the crop is
sensitive to climatic conditions such as rainfall and temperature. Green gram is usually planted at
the onset of the rainy season or when adequate irrigation is available. Early planting is
recommended to avoid the risk of late-season drought or heat stress, which can affect flowering
and pod formation.

The best planting time varies depending on the region, but generally:

 In tropical and subtropical regions, green gram is planted during the short rainy season or
the beginning of the main rainy season.
 In temperate regions, green gram can be grown during the summer months when
temperatures are warm enough for optimal growth.

Timely planting ensures that the crop benefits from favorable growing conditions and reduces
exposure to adverse weather, pests, and diseases.

3.9 Mulching

Mulching is the practice of covering the soil surface around the plants with organic or inorganic
materials. In green gram production, mulching can help in:

 Conserving soil moisture by reducing evaporation.

 Suppressing weed growth, which competes with the crop for nutrients and water.
 Protecting the soil from erosion during heavy rains.
 Regulating soil temperature, providing a more favorable environment for plant roots.

Organic mulches, such as straw or dried grass, are particularly beneficial because they
decompose over time, adding organic matter to the soil and improving soil fertility.

3.10 Irrigation

While green gram is drought-tolerant, irrigation is essential during critical growth stages,
particularly during flowering and pod formation. Irrigation ensures that the plants have sufficient

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moisture to support growth and reproductive processes. Watering should be carefully managed to
avoid over-irrigation, which can lead to waterlogging and root rot.

In rain fed systems, supplemental irrigation may be needed if rainfall is insufficient during the
growing season. Drip or sprinkler irrigation systems are often preferred for green gram
production because they allow for efficient water use and help maintain consistent moisture
levels.

3.11 Importance of Good Crop Establishment

3.11.1 Improved Germination and Emergence

Proper crop establishment practices, such as seed selection, correct planting depth, and
appropriate spacing, ensure good seed germination and uniform seedling emergence. This leads
to a well-established crop with even plant stands.

3.11.2 Reduced Competition

Good crop establishment minimizes competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients.
Proper spacing ensures that each plant has enough room to grow, resulting in healthier plants and
higher yields.

3.11.3 Better Pest and Disease Management

A well-established crop is less susceptible to pest and disease attacks. Strong, healthy plants are
more resilient to environmental stresses and can recover more quickly from pest or disease
pressure. Furthermore, uniform planting facilitates better access for crop management practices
such as spraying or weeding.

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CHAPTER FOUR

CROP MANAGEMENT

4.1 Introduction

Crop management involves the practices applied throughout the green gram growing season to
ensure the plants remain healthy, achieve optimal growth, and produce high yields. Key aspects
of crop management include weed control, pest and disease management, nutrient management,
and moisture management. This chapter focuses on the different aspects of crop management,
methods of weed control, common pests and diseases affecting green gram, and the methods to
control these challenges effectively.

4.2 Aspects of Crop Management in Green Gram Production

Proper crop management is essential to maintain plant health, increase yield potential, and
enhance the quality of the green gram crop. The major aspects of crop management include:

 Weed control: Managing weeds to prevent them from competing with green gram for
nutrients, water, and light.
 Pest and disease management: Identifying and controlling pests and diseases that can
cause significant crop damage.
 Nutrient management: Ensuring that the plants have access to essential nutrients for
optimal growth.
 Water management: Efficiently managing water supply to avoid both drought stress and
waterlogging.
 Field monitoring: Regularly observing the field for signs of pest or disease infestation,
nutrient deficiencies, or other growth challenges.

4.3 Weed Control in Green Gram Production

Weeds compete with green gram plants for nutrients, water, and sunlight, potentially reducing
crop yield and quality. Effective weed control is necessary to maintain a healthy crop and
maximize production. Weed control in green gram can be achieved through various methods,
including cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods.

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4.3.1 Methods of Weed Control

4.3.1.1 Cultural Methods

Cultural weed control methods involve practices that prevent weed growth and reduce weed
competition. Examples include:

 Crop rotation: Alternating green gram with other crops, particularly cereals, helps
reduce weed populations specific to green gram.
 Cover cropping: Planting cover crops in between green gram planting cycles can
suppress weeds by limiting available light and space for weed growth.
 Mulching: Applying organic or inorganic mulches around plants helps to prevent weed
emergence and conserves soil moisture.

4.3.1.2 Mechanical Methods

Mechanical weed control involves physically removing weeds from the field. Common methods
include:

 Hand weeding: Manually removing weeds by hand or with tools such as hoes is effective
but labor-intensive.
 Hoeing: Using hoes to uproot weeds between rows can help keep the area weed-free
without disturbing the green gram plants.
 Tillage: Light tillage can destroy weeds early in the growing season but should be done
with care to avoid disturbing green gram roots.

4.3.1.3 Chemical Methods

Chemical weed control involves applying herbicides to target and eliminate weeds. It is crucial
to use selective herbicides that specifically target weeds without damaging green gram plants.
Herbicides should be applied at the recommended rates and timings for optimal effectiveness and
minimal environmental impact.

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4.3.2 Importance of Selected Weed Control Methods

 Cultural methods provide sustainable weed control with minimal environmental impact,
improve soil health, and reduce the weed seed bank over time.
 Mechanical methods allow targeted weed removal and minimize the use of chemicals,
although they may be labor-intensive.
 Chemical methods can be efficient for large-scale production, providing rapid control of
weeds and reducing labor needs, though proper application and safety measures are
essential to avoid crop damage and environmental contamination.

4.4 Diseases Affecting Green Gram and Their Management

Green gram is susceptible to several diseases that can significantly reduce yield and quality if not
properly managed. Common diseases include:

4.4.1 Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV)

 Cause: YMV is a viral disease transmitted by whiteflies.

 Symptoms: Yellow mosaic patterns appear on leaves, reducing photosynthesis and
leading to stunted growth.
 Control: Use disease-resistant varieties, control whitefly populations with insecticides,
and remove and destroy infected plants to limit disease spread.

4.4.2 Powdery Mildew

 Cause: Powdery mildew is caused by fungal pathogens, particularly in warm, dry

conditions.
 Symptoms: White, powdery patches appear on leaves and stems, eventually turning them
brown.
 Control: Apply fungicides during the early stages of infection and avoid overhead
irrigation to reduce moisture on leaves.

4.4.3 Anthracnose

 Cause: Anthracnose is caused by the Colletotrichum fungus, often prevalent in humid

conditions.
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  Symptoms: Dark, sunken lesions appear on stems, pods, and leaves, leading to premature
leaf drop and poor pod quality.
 Control: Use certified disease-free seeds, apply appropriate fungicides, and rotate crops
to reduce disease buildup in the soil.

4.5 Pests Affecting Green Gram and Their Management

Green gram is vulnerable to several pests, which, if uncontrolled, can cause significant damage
and reduce yields. Common pests include:

4.5.1 Aphids

 Damage: Aphids suck sap from young leaves and stems, leading to stunted growth and
reduced vigor. They also transmit viral diseases.
 Control: Use insecticidal sprays or natural predators like ladybirds to control aphid
populations. Reflective mulches can also deter aphid infestation.

4.5.2 Whiteflies

 Damage: Whiteflies damage plants by feeding on sap and transmitting viral diseases like
YMV.
 Control: Use insecticidal soaps, install yellow sticky traps to capture adults, and
introduce natural predators like parasitic wasps.

4.6 Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) in Green Gram Production

Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) is an approach that combines multiple control
methods to manage pests and diseases effectively and sustainably. IPM for green gram includes:

 Cultural practices: Crop rotation, field sanitation, and selecting resistant varieties.
 Biological controls: Encouraging natural predators and using bio-pesticides.
 Chemical controls: Applying insecticides and fungicides only when necessary to prevent
pest and disease outbreaks.
 Monitoring: Regular field scouting to detect pest and disease infestations early and take
timely action.

4.7 Importance of Effective Crop Management

Effective crop management is essential to maximize yield, improve crop quality, and reduce
production costs. Key benefits include:

 Increased Yield: Proper weed, pest, and disease control ensures that plants can grow
healthily, optimizing yield.
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 Reduced Crop Losses: Timely intervention prevents yield losses due to pests and
diseases, ensuring a high-quality harvest.
 Sustainable Production: Using IPM and cultural practices minimizes the need for
chemical inputs, which helps maintain soil health and protects the environment.
 Improved Profitability: Reducing the impact of pests and diseases reduces costs
associated with crop protection and loss, increasing the profitability of green gram
production.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Harvesting and marketing are the final stages in green gram production. Proper harvesting
techniques ensure that the quality and quantity of the produce are maximized, while effective
marketing strategies help farmers get the best returns for their crops. In this chapter, we will
cover the harvesting process, post-harvest handling, storage, and marketing of green grams.

5.2 Harvesting Green Gram

Green gram is generally ready for harvesting 60 to 90 days after planting, depending on the
variety and growing conditions. Harvesting green gram at the right time is crucial for preserving
seed quality, ensuring higher yields, and minimizing losses due to shattering, pests, and diseases.
The steps for harvesting green gram are outlined below:

5.2.1 Determining the Right Time for Harvesting

Green gram pods mature unevenly, meaning that not all pods will ripen simultaneously. The key
indicators that green gram is ready for harvesting include:

 Pod Color: Pods turn brown or black, indicating they have matured.
 Leaf Drop: The majority of the leaves start to fall off the plant.
 Seed Hardness: The seeds inside the pods should be firm and hard, not soft or moist.

It is essential to harvest when most of the pods have turned brown and are fully mature but
before they begin to shatter.

5.2.2 Harvesting Methods

Green gram can be harvested using two primary methods:

5.2.2.1 Manual Harvesting

Manual harvesting involves cutting or uprooting the plants when the majority of the pods have
ripened. The plants are then left in the field to dry further before threshing. Manual harvesting is

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labor-intensive but allows for selective picking of mature pods, reducing the risk of harvesting
immature seeds.

5.2.2.2 Mechanical Harvesting

In larger-scale farms, mechanical harvesting may be preferred. Machines such as combine

harvesters can be used to cut and thresh green gram in one operation. Mechanical harvesting is
faster and more efficient than manual methods, especially for large-scale production, but care
must be taken to avoid excessive shattering of the pods during handling.

5.2.3 Threshing

Threshing is the process of separating the seeds from the pods. It is typically done once the
harvested plants have dried sufficiently in the field. Threshing can be performed by:

 Manual beating: Using sticks to beat the dried plants, causing the pods to break open
and release the seeds.
 Mechanical threshing: Using threshers to separate seeds from the pods in a more
efficient manner.

After threshing, the seeds must be cleaned to remove any debris, such as leaves, stems, or broken
pods.

5.3 Post-Harvest Handling

Proper post-harvest handling is essential to maintain the quality and marketability of green gram
seeds. The major post-harvest activities include drying, cleaning, and grading.

5.3.1 Drying

The seeds should be dried immediately after threshing to reduce their moisture content. Proper
drying prevents seed deterioration, fungal growth, and insect infestation. The following are key
considerations for drying green gram:

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  Sun drying: Seeds can be spread thinly on a clean surface (such as a tarp) and dried
under the sun until they reach a moisture content of 10-12%. This moisture level is ideal
for safe storage.
 Artificial drying: In regions where sunlight is inadequate, artificial dryers can be used to
dry the seeds evenly.

Drying should be done carefully to avoid over-drying, which can result in brittle seeds and
reduce quality.

5.3.2 Cleaning and Grading

After drying, the seeds should be cleaned to remove any remaining plant material, dust, or dirt.
This can be done manually using sieves or mechanically using seed cleaning machines. Cleaned
seeds are then graded based on size, weight, and quality.

Grading ensures that only high-quality seeds are marketed, which can command a better price.
Grading also helps in separating damaged or immature seeds from the good ones.

5.4 Storage of Green Gram

Proper storage is crucial to maintaining the quality of green gram seeds over time. Poor storage
conditions can lead to seed spoilage, mold growth, or infestation by pests. To ensure the
longevity and quality of green gram seeds, the following storage practices should be adopted:

5.4.1 Storage Conditions

 Moisture control: Green gram should be stored at a moisture content of 10-12% to

prevent fungal growth. High moisture levels can lead to seed spoilage.
 Temperature control: The storage area should be kept cool and dry. High temperatures
can cause the seeds to lose viability, while humidity encourages mold growth.
 Ventilation: Proper ventilation is essential to prevent the build-up of moisture and heat
inside storage containers.

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5.4.2 Storage Methods

 Airtight containers: Green gram can be stored in airtight containers such as metal drums
or plastic bins to prevent moisture and pests from entering.
 Hermetic bags: Specially designed hermetic bags help control moisture levels and
protect seeds from pests without the need for chemical treatments.
 Pest control: If necessary, natural pest repellents such as neem leaves can be placed in
storage containers to protect seeds from insect infestation.

Well-stored green gram can remain viable and marketable for up to 12 months, depending on
storage conditions.

5.5 Marketing of Green Gram

The marketing of green gram involves identifying buyers, negotiating prices, and transporting
the produce to markets or buyers. Farmers can sell green gram either as raw seeds or as value-
added products (e.g., processed or packaged). To maximize profits, farmers should be familiar
with the supply chain and market trends.

5.5.1 Market Channels

There are several channels through which green gram can be marketed, including:

 Local markets: Farmers can sell their green gram at local markets, either directly to
consumers or to middlemen who purchase in bulk.
 Cooperatives: Joining cooperatives allows farmers to pool their resources and sell green
gram in bulk, often achieving better prices due to increased bargaining power.
 Export markets: Green gram is a popular export crop, especially in regions where there
is high demand for pulses. Farmers looking to access export markets must meet quality
and grading standards and work with export agencies or cooperatives.

5.5.2 Factors Affecting Market Prices

Several factors can influence the market prices of green gram, including:

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  Supply and demand: Prices are typically higher when demand is high, but low when
supply exceeds demand.
 Quality of produce: High-quality seeds, free from impurities and pests, tend to
command better prices.
 Market access: Farmers who have direct access to markets or buyers often receive better
prices compared to those who rely on intermediaries.

5.5.3 Value Addition

Adding value to green gram can help farmers increase their profits. Some value addition options
include:

 Processing: Green gram can be processed into flour, sprouted seeds, or snacks. Processed
products often have higher market value than raw seeds.
 Packaging: Proper packaging increases the shelf life and marketability of green gram.
Vacuum-sealed bags or attractive retail packaging can fetch premium prices.
 Branding: Creating a brand for green gram products can help differentiate them in the
market and attract loyal customers.

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CHAPTER SIX

6.0 RECOMMENDATION

I recommend the farm that if the produce returned is too low they should not plant for
commercial use

6.1 CONCLUSION

Above all i managed to carry out all the practices that was needed and for all those and many
environment to farmer in Trans-Nzoia is to dwell in sweet potato production because is a high
yielding that generate more revenue and income to the farmer.

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5.2 REFERENCES

1) The ministry of Agriculture and rural developing (2002) field crop technical handbook.
2) The ministry of Agriculture (2009) major crop technical handbook
3) Kenya Literature Bureau (KLB,BK2) Crop production II (pg 27-32)
4) Kenya institution of Education (Kie BK3) Crop production (pg 88-90)
5) Assist with supervisor from Kitale National Polytechnic.

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