Interviews

Quantitative interviews are sometimes referred to Observation

as survey interviews (structured type) because they
 Observation is way of gathering data which
resemble survey-style question-and-answer
involves systematically selecting, watching,
formats where in a large sample sized is used. It
listening, reading, touching, and recording
may be recorded, but because questions tend to be
behavior and characteristics of living beings,
closed ended, taking notes during the interview is
objects, or phenomena
less disruptive than it can be during a qualitative
 Observations can be controlled, natural, or
interview. If a quantitative interview contains open-
participant. It can be used in quantitative
ended questions, however, recording the interview
research when the observable
is advised. It may also be helpful to record
characteristics are quantitative in nature
quantitative interviews if a researcher wishes to
(e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume,
assess possible interview effect which means that
area, temperature, cost, level, age, time,
the responses of the participants may be affected
and speed).
by the behavior displayed by the researcher on the
 Observation has greater flexibility in the
manner that the questions are presented. This type
observation method. However, observation
of interview uses a rating scale or rubric and
may lack participant validity and may be
responses are numerical.
prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon
Qualitative interviews are sometimes called (when subjects of an experimental study
intensive or -depth interviews. These in interviews attempt to change or improve their behavior
are informal, unstructured, semi-structured or focus simply because it is being evaluated or
group discussions (FGD). The researcher has a studied).
particular topic about which he or she would like to  Furthermore, it is more exhausting and
hear from the respondent, but questions are open time-consuming especially when
ended and may not be asked in the same way or in observations need to be conducted for
exactly the same order to each and every many years.
respondent. In in depth interviews, the primary aim
is to hear from respondents about what think is
important about the topic at hand and they to hear it Forms of Observation
in their own words. So, no rating scale or rubric is
needed.Responses are non-numerical. a. Controlled observation - form of
observation where researchers watch
The questionnaire and quantitative interview are participants in a contained environment
both highly structured, but here's a difference b. Natural observation - form of observation
between the two: that involves observing subjects in their
In quantitative interviews, natural environment.
c. Participant Observation - form of
1. the items are read to the participants; observation wherein the researcher
2. participants and researchers may ask becomes a complete observer or a
questions; participant in the study through the
3. helpful to blind or uneducated participants experience of spending time with a group of
while in questionnaires, people and closely observing their actions,
4. the participants read the questions and speech patterns, and norms.
answer on their own;
5. the participants and researchers may not
ask further questions; Different Roles of a researcher during a participant
6. not useful to blind or uneducated observation
participants.
1. Complete observer - this is a detached
observer where the researcher is neither
seen or noticed by participants.
 2. Complete Participant - fully embedded
researcher, almost like a spy. Here the
observer fully engages with the participants
and partakes in their activities. Participants DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
aren't aware that observation is being
conducted. Data presentation and analysis is one of the most
3. Observer as participant - here the essential part in your research study. An excellent
researcher is known and recognized by the data presentation can be potential for winning the
participants and in many cases the hearts the panelists, clients, of or simply the
participants know the research goals of the readers. matter No how good your data, if it is not
observer. well presented, you will not be able earn the
4. Participant as Observer - here the preferences those whom you are trying p to of to
researcher is fully engaged with the ersuade. Good data presentation matters.
participants. She is more of a friend

The following are the significant steps you need to

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of take note in preparing and writing your data
Quantitative Research analysis after gathering the data:
Researchers must ensure that respondents/ 1. encode and organize your data for analysis
participants are treated fairly and properly according to the data asked by your
especially during data collection. Consent form is a research questions;
tool to be used that respects the right of every 2. use your data for statistical tests you have
participant to be informed and to make voluntary identified. You may ask assistance from
participation during the data gathering. your statistics and research teacher;
3. present the result in tabular or graphical
form appropriate for your data and research
Informed Consent Form is a document whose purpose;
intent is that human participants can enter research 4. write the interpretation for each table or
freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it graph highlighting the significant results and
means for them to take part, and that they give its implications;
consent before they participate the research. This 5. your findings from relevant literature and
form must be accomplished before gathering data studies you have cited in the Chapter 2 of
from the participants. must be It signed both by the your research paper; and
researcher and the participant as they agree to the 6. edit the grammatical and typographical
conditions during the actual conduct of the data errors in your interpretation. You may use
collection process. It usually contains the following: www.grammarly.com to edit your work.
7. Submit your work using the format given to
you. Remember the institutional format of
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, your school.
Purpose of the Study)
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution
you are affiliated with Techniques in Data Processing
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors Remember to organize your data based on your
5. Anonymity of the participants and their research questions. The data processing involves
responses three actions: editing, coding, and tabulation.
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to Editing raw data is the first step in analysis. Editing
participate anytime) detects errors and omissions, corrects them
7. Authorization of the Participants whatever possible.
(participants acknowledge the conditions
that they will be subject to the study)
Editor's responsibility is to guarantee that data are -
accurate; consistent with the intent of the
questionnaire; uniformly entered; complete; and
arranged to simplify coding and tabulation.
Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals
or other symbols to answers so that responses can
be put into a limited number of categories or
classes. Such classes should be appropriate to the
research problem under consideration. Coding is a
process wherein the collected data are categorized
and organized. It is usually done in qualitative
research. In quantitative research, coding is done
to assign numerical value to specific indicator
especially if it is qualitative in nature. This numerical
value will be useful when you are going to analyze
your data using statistical tool. Just make sure that
the categories created are aligned with your
research questions.
Tabulation is system of processing data or
information by arranging i a t into a table. With
tabulation, numeric data is arrayed logically and
systematically into columns and rows, to aid in their
statistical analysis. The purpose of tabulation is to
present a large mass of complicated information in
an orderly fashion and allow viewers to draw
reasonable conclusions and interpretations from
them. In many studies, table is used to do this
process. Tabulation can be done manually or
electronically using MS Excel. The following digital
tools can be used to tabulate your data like MS
Excel, Minitab, or other digital tools. Correct
arrangement of your data will be helpful during
actual data analysis.

USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO

ANALYZE DATA
Statistical Techniques
1. Percentage is a proportion from the whole.
Formula: PERCENTAGE(%) = ( PART
/WHOLE ) X100Example: Here's a data
gathered by Purok A City High School
administration regarding the number of
Grade 7 parents who opted to receive
digital copies of the learning modules.