Grade 12 Revision
GEOGRAPHY
Mapwork
MAPWORK
Mapwork
is
FUN!
Must know how to work with maps
and how to read maps
Map Symbols
How are the following represented
on topographical maps?
National Freeway Bench Mark
Railway Bridge
Water Tower Windpump
Communication Tower Trigonometrical Station
Row of Trees Cultivated Land
Power Line Cemetery
Place of Worship Dam Wall
Coastal Rocks International Boundary
Store Reservoir
Built-up Area Excavation
Perennial River Non-perennial River
Protected Area Lighthouse and Marine Light
DIRECTION
Representation of Height on Topo. maps
• Contours
• Trig. Stations
• Spot Heights
• Bench Marks
Co-ordinates: from ° to ‘ to “
10” 20” 40”50”
• 1° = 60’
• 1’ = 60” 30” 01’
10” 26° 45’ 12” S;
29° 00’ 41” E
20”
30”
40”
50”
46’ 26° 46’ S;
29° 01’ E
Map Reference
3322CA
21° 00’ 22° 00’ 23° 00’
33° 00’ 33° 00’
A B A B
A B A B
C D C D
A B A B A B
C D C D
C D C D C D
34° 00’ 34° 00’
22° 00’ 23° 00’
DIRECTION IN WHICH RIVERS FLOW
Sea
Flows towards the sea
Contours bend upstream
?
E7
Flows from high to low
Rivers join at acute angles
Join at acute angles
Dam wall shows downstream
In what direction does the Steenbras River
flow?
Dam - wall down
Contours bend
stream
upstream
300
Flows towards
100
the sea (Mouth)
Joining of
tributaries
acute angle
Map-photo orientation
Map-photo orientation
Cross-section / Profile 1
B
200
Dam
Trig. Station
Dam
N2 Secondary Road
A
0 – Sea Level
Cross-section / Profile 2
Vertical Scale: 1:10 000 (1mm = 10m)
Horisontal Scale: 1:50 000
Distance = Map distance x Scale
100 000
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
Distance = Distance on map x Scale
FORMULA:
100 000
Calculate the distance of the national road from A to B
A
B
STEP 1
Distance = 4,8cm
Measure map distance
Distance = Map distance x Scale
STEP 2 100 000
Place in formula
= 4,8cm x 50 000
STEP 3 100 000
Answer in km = 2,4 km
EXERCISE
1 : 10 000
Calculate the
distance
from A to B
(3,2cm)
A
B
ANSWER
3,2cm x 10 000
100 000
= 0,32km
= 320m
GRADIENT
GRADIENT
Gradient is the steepness of the slope
It is the ratio between the vertical height
and the equivalent distance.
1
Steep
h 1,5
e 1 : 1,5
i
g
h
t 1 Gentle
4
1:4
GRADIENT
Gradient = VI (Difference in height)
FORMULA:
HE (Distance)
Calculate the gradient of the national road from C to D
340m 460m
C D
STEP 1
460m – 340m = 120m
Calculate height
STEP 2 4,8cm x 50 000 REMEMBER
Calculate distance 100 000 =2,4 km •Gradient is a
RATIO
STEP 3 •No units are used
Convert to METER = 2 400m
STEP 4 120 = 1
Place in formula, 2 400
and SIMPLIFY 20 = 1:20
REPRESENTATION OF HEIGHT
Must know how height is represented
in order to calculate gradient
• Contours
• Trig. Stations
• Spot Heights
• Bench Marks
Calculate the average gradient of the road
between 7 and 8 on the ortophoto map.
Gradient = VI (Difference in height)
FORMULA:
HE (Distance)
145
VI 145m – 120m = 25m
HE 7,8cm x 10 000
100 000
=780m
Gradient = VI Range:
120 HE 1:30,4 to 1:32,8
25 = 1
780 31,2
= 1:31,2
AREA
AREA
FORMULA: Area = lxb
Calculate the area
3cm X
of block X
5cm
STEP 1
Calculate length 5cm x 50 000 3cm x 50 000
STEP 2 100 000 100 000
Calculate breadth
= 2,5 km = 1,5 km
STEP 3
Place in formula Area = 2,5 km x 1,5 km
STEP 4
= 3,75 km²
Answer in km²
MAGNETIC
DECLINATION
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Consider the following:
1. What is the mean mag. declination (in degrees & minutes?
2. In which direction is the magnetic declination?
3. In which year is the magnetic declination given?
4. What is the mean annual change?
5. In what direction is the average yearly change?
6. For what year must the mag. declination be calculated?
Mag N True N
TIP
DRAW the information of magnetic W E
declination supplied in the question. e a
A mental image will be of help with s s
the the calculation! t t
South
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Mag N True N
Mean magnetic declination 23° 53’
W E
west of true north (July 2002)
e a Average annual change 6’ west
s s
t t Calculate the magnetic
declination for 2009.
Suid
STEP 1
2009 – 2002 = 7 years
Calculate difference in years
STEP 2 6’ x 7 = 42’ west
Calculate total change •Add change to west
STEP 3 23° 53’ + 42’ •Subtract change to east
Add or subtract to/from
Magnetic declination
=23° 95’ west STEP 4
Cannot be more than 60 min
= 24° 35’ west
EXERCISE
N
Mean magnetic declination 23° 46’ West
MN
of true North(July 2001). Mean annual change
4’ Westwards.
Calculate the magnetic declination for
2004.
ANSWER
Years: 2004 – 2001 = 3 years
Total change: 4’ x 3 years = 12’ west
23° 46 + 12’
=23° 58’ west
MAGNETIC
BEARING
MAGNETIC BEARING
Magnetic bearing = Geographic bearing + Mag. declination
Calculate the magnetic bearing from
spot height 97 to trig station 94.
Geographical bearing = 192°
TN Mean magnetic declination
MN
25°29’ West of true North
(2001). Mean annual
change 9’ Westward.
Magnetic declination for 2010:
25°29’W + 81’ W = 26°50’ W
Magnetic bearing for 2010:
192° + 26°50’ W = 218°50’W
VERTICAL
EXAGGERATION
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
Cross section
Q: Why are cross sections exaggerated
when they are drawn? (Feb-Mar 2011)
A: To see the relief of the landscape
FORMULA : VE = VS
HS
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
Horizontal scale 1 : 50 000
Vertical scale 4mm = 20m
STEP 1 4mm = 20m
Convert VS
to ratio scale 4mm = 20 000mm (same units)
4 : 20 000
1 : 5 000
STEP 2
Place in VE = VS
formula HS
= 1 ÷ 1
5 000 50 000
= 1 X 50 000
5 000 1
= 10 Times
VERY
IMPORTANT
VERY IMPORTANT
•MEASURE distances as accurately as
possible.
•Know all FORMULAS.
•Use the correct SCALE (1:50 000 & 1:10 000).
•Do not only write down the answer. Follow and
write down ALL STEPS. (Marks for steps)
•Always use a CALCULATOR.
•Do not rush. WORK ACCURATELY.
•Always use the CORRECT UNIT in your
answer – Distance: km, Area: km² .
•MAKE SURE that you have worked correctly.
•Remember: PRACTICE makes perfect.
Colour on topogrophic maps
Black
Brown
Green
Red
Blue
CLIMATOLOGY
DRY CLIMATE / SEASONAL RAINFALL
Many dams
Irrigation scheme
Furrows
Many non-perennial rivers
Warmer at A or B
North-facing
Slope in SH
B
Reasons for cultivation of rows of trees
•Wind breaks
•Reduces soil erosion
•Esthetic
WIND DIRECTION X Katabatiese
nag
Smoke blown
DOWN slope
INDUSTRIES
Which of the runways A or B will be used at PE airport:
(a)To take off BEFORE a cold front moves over the airport?
(b)To land AFTER a cold front moved over the airport?
NB Planes land and take off AGAINST the wind
GEOMORPHOLOGY
STREAM ORDES
1+1=2
2+2=3
3+1=3
3+2=3
3+3=4
4+1=4
4+2=4
4+3=4
4+4=5
ens
DENDRITIC PATTERN
Looks like the
branches of a
tree
TRELLIS PATTERN
HARD
SOFT
HARD
SOFT
HARD
SOFT
GOOGLE EARTH IMAGE
RECTANGULAR STREAM PATTERN
Igneous rocks
with joints
River flows
in joints
90º bends(rectangular)
Tributaries join
Rectangular(90º)
Via Afika
RADIAL PATTERN
Captured
stream
Elbow of capture
Wind gap Captor stream
Misfit stream
Via Afrika
UPPER COURSE MIDDLE-
COURSE
LOWER COURSE
LOWER COURSE
L V L
E E
RURAL
SETTLEMENT
RURAL
OR RURAL
URBAN Primary activities
URBAN
Secondary activities
Tertiary activities
Shape of Rural Settlements
LINIAR
URBAN
SETTLEMENT
SHAPE OF
PAARL
•Mountains
•River
•Liniar
•Modern Paarl =
stellar
SHAPE
RECTANGULAR
SHAPE
STELLAR
SHAPE
STREET PATTERNS
NB ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
IRREGULAR PATTERN
•On Steeper slopes GRID PATTERN
•On Gentle slopes
•Older
CBD
ASSESSABILITY
INDUSTRIES POWER Describe the
factors that
RAW influenced the
MATERIAL LABOUR
location of
industries in
Paarl?
LEVEL
TRANSPORT
FACTORS
INDUSTRIES
WATER •Level
•Raw Material
•Water
MARKET •Labour
•Power
•Transport
•Market
Smartie Town as a low income residential area
Industries
Railway line
Sewerage works
RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
Shunting
yard
Small holdings
Rural-urban fringe
Residensieel
Industries
Zone of decay
CBD Commercial
PEOPLE AND
THEIR NEEDS
FARM NAMES COMMERCIAL
FARMING
LARGE AREA
CANAL
DAMS
IRRIGATION
Reasons for location of industrial area
Market
Level Transport
Labour
Raw material
Water
Most prominent
Tertiary activity
Power supply
NB Powerlines
in various
directions
IRRIGATION USE OF DAMS
D IRRIGATION
A
DRINKING
D WATER
R M
I
N RECREATION
K S RECREATION
I
N
G
W
A
T
E
R
A Y
N
E S
T O
U S I N
