Digital Signal Processing -LAB Manual

Linear Systems, Time-Invariance, and Signal Transformations

1. Objective
This lab is designed to help students:

 Understand and verify the properties of linearity and time invariance in systems.
 Distinguish between linear and non-linear systems.
 Perform basic signal operations: time shifting, time scaling, and time reversal (flipping).
 Visualize system behavior and transformations using MATLAB.

2. Theory
2.1 Linearity

A system is linear if it satisfies both:

 Additivity: T{x₁[n] + x₂[n]} = T{x₁[n]} + T{x₂[n]}

 Homogeneity (Scaling): T{a·x[n]} = a·T{x[n]}

If both conditions are met, the system is linear.

2.2 Time Invariance

A system is time-invariant if a shift in the input causes an identical shift in the output.
Mathematically:
If y[n] = T{x[n]}, then the system is time-invariant if T{x[n - n₀]} = y[n - n₀].

2.3 Signal Transformations

 Time Shifting: x[n - k] shifts the signal by k units.

 Time Reversal (Flipping): x[-n] reflects the signal about n = 0.
 Time Scaling: x[an] compresses or stretches the signal (in discrete time, scaling is less common due
to indexing).

3. MATLAB Implementation
matlab
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 Digital Signal Processing -LAB Manual

% Lab 2: LTI Systems, Linearity, Time Invariance, and Signal Transformations

clc; clear; close all;

%% Time Axis
n = -10:10;

%% Define Signal
x = double(n >= 0 & n <= 5); % A rectangular pulse

%% 1. Signal Transformations
x_shift = double((n - 3) >= 0 & (n - 3) <= 5); % x[n-3]
x_flip = double(-n >= 0 & -n <= 5); % x[-n]
x_scale = double(round(n / 2) >= 0 & round(n / 2) <= 5); % x[n/2] approx

figure('Name','Signal Transformations','NumberTitle','off');
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n, x, 'filled'); title('Original Signal x[n]'); grid on;
subplot(2,2,2); stem(n, x_shift, 'filled'); title('Time Shifted x[n-3]'); grid
on;
subplot(2,2,3); stem(n, x_flip, 'filled'); title('Time Reversed x[-n]'); grid on;
subplot(2,2,4); stem(n, x_scale, 'filled'); title('Time Scaled x[n/2]'); grid on;

%% 2. System Definitions
% System A: y[n] = x[n] + 2
% System B: y[n] = n * x[n]
% System C: y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] (Linear and Time-Invariant - FIR)

%% Inputs for testing linearity

x1 = double(n >= 0 & n <= 3);
x2 = double(n >= -2 & n <= 1);
a = 2; b = -1;
input_comb = a*x1 + b*x2;

% System C (FIR)
T = @(x) x + [0 x(1:end-1)]; % Causal FIR: x[n] + x[n-1]

% Apply system
y1 = T(x1);
y2 = T(x2);
y_comb = T(input_comb);
sum_y = a*y1 + b*y2;

% Compare results
figure('Name','Linearity Test (System C)','NumberTitle','off');
subplot(2,1,1); stem(n, y_comb, 'filled'); title('T{a·x1 + b·x2}');
subplot(2,1,2); stem(n, sum_y, 'filled'); title('a·T{x1} + b·T{x2}');

fprintf('Checking linearity: If both plots are equal, the system is linear.\n');

%% 3. Time Invariance Test

shifted_input = double((n - 2) >= 0 & (n - 2) <= 3);
y_original = T(x1); % Output for x1
y_shifted_input = T(shifted_input); % Output for shifted x1
shifted_output = [0 0 y_original(1:end-2)]; % y[n-2]

figure('Name','Time Invariance Test','NumberTitle','off');

subplot(2,1,1); stem(n, y_shifted_input, 'filled'); title('T{x[n-2]}');
subplot(2,1,2); stem(n, shifted_output, 'filled'); title('y[n-2]');

fprintf('Checking time invariance: If both plots match, the system is time-

invariant.\n');

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4. Lab Tasks
1. Use the plots to determine whether System C is linear and time-invariant.
2. Modify the system to y[n] = x[n]^2 and repeat the linearity test. Is the system still linear?
3. Try a different input signal (e.g., a sine or exponential) and repeat the signal transformations.

5. Home Task / Assignment

Task:

1. Define a new system: y[n] = sin(x[n]) and test whether it is linear and time-invariant.

Linearity Test:

A system is linear if it satisfies additivity and homogeneity:

 Let x1[n]→y1[n]=sin (x1[n])

 Let x2[n]→y2[n]=sin (x2[n])

Check:
ax1[n]+bx2[n]→y[n]=sin(ax1[n]+bx2[n]) ≠ a sin(x1[n]) + b sin(x2[n])

Since sine is nonlinear,

Time-Invariance Test:

Shift input:
Let x[n−n0] → y[n]= sin(x[n−n0])
Compare with shifting output:
Original output: y[n]=sin(x[n])
Shifted output: y[n−n0] =sin(x[n−n0])

Since both are the same.

2. For the signal x[n] = (0.9)^n * u[n], perform and plot:

o Time shift: x[n - 4]
o Time flip: x[-n]
o Combined: x[-n + 3]

Code:

% Define range for n

n = -10:20;

% Original signal x[n] = (0.9)^n * u[n]

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x = (0.9).^n .* (n >= 0);

% Time shift: x[n - 4]

x_shift = (0.9).^(n - 4) .* (n - 4 >= 0);

% Time flip: x[-n]

x_flip = (0.9).^(-n) .* (-n >= 0);

% Combined: x[-n + 3] = x[3 - n]

x_combined = (0.9).^(3 - n) .* (3 - n >= 0);

% Plotting

figure;

subplot(4,1,1);

stem(n, x, 'filled');

title('Original: x[n] = (0.9)^n * u[n]');

xlabel('n'); ylabel('x[n]'); grid on;

subplot(4,1,3);

stem(n, x_flip, 'filled');

title('Time Flip: x[-n]');

xlabel('n'); ylabel('x[-n]'); grid on;

subplot(4,1,4);

stem(n, x_combined, 'filled');

title('Combined: x[-n + 3]');

xlabel('n'); ylabel('x[-n + 3]'); grid on;

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Original: x[n] = (0.9) n * u[n]

1

x[n]
0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n
Time Shift: x[n - 4]
1
x[n - 4]

0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n
Time Flip: x[-n]
1
x[-n]

0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n
Combined: x[-n + 3]
1
x[-n + 3]

0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n

3. Write a short paragraph: Why are LTI systems important in DSP?

LTI systems are essential in DSP because their linearity and time-invariance simplify
analysis, design, and implementation. They enable efficient filtering, stable system behavior,
and straightforward use of tools like convolution and Fourier transforms.

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