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FUNCTION CONCEPTS:

1. Write a C++ program with separate functions for add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Call
them from main() using user input.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
float add(float a, float b) {
return a + b;
}
float subtract(float a, float b) {
return a - b;
}
float multiply(float a, float b) {
return a * b;
}
float divide(float a, float b) {
if (b != 0)
return a / b;
else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
int main() {
float num1, num2;
char op;
cout << "Enter first number: ";
cin >> num1;
cout << "Enter operator (+, -, *, /): ";
cin >> op;
cout << "Enter second number: ";
cin >> num2;
switch(op) {
case '+':
cout << "Result: " << add(num1, num2) << endl;
break;
case '-':
cout << "Result: " << subtract(num1, num2) << endl;
break;
case '*':
cout << "Result: " << multiply(num1, num2) << endl;
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break;
case '/':
cout << "Result: " << divide(num1, num2) << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid operator!" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
2. Create a modular calculator using function overloading to handle both integers and
doubles.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
}
int divide(int a, int b) {
if (b != 0)
return a / b;
else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
double add(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
double subtract(double a, double b) {
return a - b;
}
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a * b;
}
double divide(double a, double b) {
if (b != 0)
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return a / b;
else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
int main() {
int int1, int2;
double double1, double2;
char op;
cout << "Enter first integer: ";
cin >> int1;
cout << "Enter operator (+, -, *, /): ";
cin >> op;
cout << "Enter second integer: ";
cin >> int2;
switch(op) {
case '+':
cout << "Result: " << add(int1, int2) << endl;
break;
case '-':
cout << "Result: " << subtract(int1, int2) << endl;
break;
case '*':
cout << "Result: " << multiply(int1, int2) << endl;
break;
case '/':
cout << "Result: " << divide(int1, int2) << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid operator!" << endl;
}
cout << "Enter first double: ";
cin >> double1;
cout << "Enter operator (+, -, *, /): ";
cin >> op;
cout << "Enter second double: ";
cin >> double2;
switch(op) {
case '+':
cout << "Result: " << add(double1, double2) << endl;
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break;
case '-':
cout << "Result: " << subtract(double1, double2) << endl;
break;
case '*':
cout << "Result: " << multiply(double1, double2) << endl;
break;
case '/':
cout << "Result: " << divide(double1, double2) << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid operator!" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
3. Create a program that swaps two integers using both call-by-value and call-by-
reference. Show the difference.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapByValue(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swapByReference(int &a, int &b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
cout << "Before swap (call by value): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swapByValue(x, y);
cout << "After swap (call by value): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
cout << "Before swap (call by reference): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swapByReference(x, y);
cout << "After swap (call by reference): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
return 0;
}
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4. Pass two strings to a function: one by value and one by reference. Modify both inside
the function and show the output.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void modifyStrings(string str1, string &str2) {
str1 = "Modified by value";
str2 = "Modified by reference";
}
int main() {
string str1 = "Original by value";
string str2 = "Original by reference";
cout << "Before modification: str1 = " << str1 << ", str2 = " << str2 << endl;
modifyStrings(str1, str2);
cout << "After modification: str1 = " << str1 << ", str2 = " << str2 << endl;
return 0;
}
5. Implement function overloading for calculating the area of a circle, square, and
rectangle.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
float area(float radius) {
return 3.14f * radius * radius;
}
int area(int side) {
return side * side;
}
int area(int length, int width) {
return length * width;
}
int main() {
float r;
int s, l, w;
cout << "Enter radius of circle: ";
cin >> r;
cout << "Area of circle: " << area(r) << endl;
cout << "Enter side of square: ";
cin >> s;
cout << "Area of square: " << area(s) << endl;
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cout << "Enter length and width of rectangle: ";

6. Write a C++ function factorial() that computes the factorial of a non-negative integer n
using recursion. The function should handle edge cases (e.g., 0! = 1) and return the
result.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter a non-negative integer: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 0)
cout << "Invalid input! Please enter a non-negative integer." << endl;
else
cout << "Factorial of " << n << " is " << factorial(n) << endl;
return 0;
}
7. Create an inline function for squaring a number and call it multiple times inside a loop.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline int square(int x) {
return x * x;
}
int main() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
cout << "Square of " << i << " is " << square(i) << endl;
}
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return 0;
}
8. Write a recursive function to calculate the factorial of a number.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter a non-negative integer: ";
cin >> num;
if (num < 0)
cout << "Invalid input!" << endl;
else
cout << "Factorial of " << num << " is " << factorial(num) << endl;
return 0;
}