CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

5.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

We are planned to a floor slab of clear dimensions (9.3X5.4) m. The width of
the support is 300mm. The live load is 3.0 KN/m2 , use M20 concrete and Fe415
steel. The edge condition is three edges are discontinuous and one edge is
continuous. By using limit state method.
Type of slab
LY/LX=1.72<2
Hence the slab is two way slab.
Depth of slab
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
=40x0.8
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

5400/D=32
D=168.75~170mm
Effective depth d=170-8/2-20
=146mm
Load calculation
Consider 1m width of slab
1) Self weight of the slab (0.17x25x1)=4.25KN/m2

2) live load =3.00kN/m2

3) floor finish =1kN/m2
=8.25kN/m2
Factored load =1.5x8.25
=12.375kN/m2

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Effective span
c/c of support = 5400+300
=5700mm
Clear span +d=5400+146
=5546mm
Lx=5.546mm
c/c of support =9300+300
=9600mm
Clear span +d =9600+146
=9746mm
Ly=9.746mm
Bending moment and shear force
Ly/LX=1.75
From IS 456-2000, table 27, page No: 91
Shorter span co efficient (αx) =0.087
Longer span co efficient (αy) =0.043
BM for shorter span =αxxwLx2
=0.087x12.375x5.5462
=33.11kN.m
BM for longer span =αYxwLx2
=0.043x12.375x5.5462
=16.37kN.m
MX>MY
Shear force =WL/2
=12.375x5.546/2
V=34.32kN

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Check for depth
M max =0.138xfck xbd2
𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
d2 =
0.138𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏
33.11𝑥1000000
=
0.138𝑥20𝑥1000
d =109.53~146 mm
Hence safe
Main reinforcement (shorter span)
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥𝐹𝑦
Mu = 0.87xfyxAstxd [1- ]
𝑏.𝑑.𝐹𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥415
33.11x106= 0.87x415xAstx146 [1- ]
1000𝑥146𝑥20
33.11x106=52713.3 Ast(1-0.000142Ast)
33.11x106=52713.3Ast – 7.492Ast2
7.492Ast2-52713.3Ast + 33.11x106 =0
Ast = 697.2mm2
Provide 12mm# bars
Spacing = π/4x 122x1000/(697.2)
= 162.2mm ~160mm
Provide 12 mm# bars at 160 mm c/c
Spacing limit
1. s >d= 3x 146 =438 mm
2. s >300mm
Main reinforcement (longer span)
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥𝐹𝑦
Mu = 0.87x fy x Ast x d [1- ]
𝑏.𝑑.𝐹𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑋415
16.37x 106 = 0.87x415 xAst x146[1- ]
146𝑋20𝑋1000
16.37 x 106 =52713.3Ast (1- 0.000142Ast )
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 16.37 x106 =52713.3Ast – 7.492 Ast2
7.492Ast2 – 52713.3Ast + 16.37 x10 6 =0
Ast = 325.6 mm2
Provide 8mm# bars
Spacing = π/4X82X1000/(522.9)
=154.38~150 mm
Provide 8 mm# bars at 150 mm c/c
1. spacing = 3 x 146 =438mm
2.S > 300mm
Torsional reinforcement
3
Ast = Ast (shorter span )
4
= 3/4 x 697.2
=522 .9 mm 2
Provide 8 mm# bars
Spacing = π/4 x 82x1000/(522.9)
=96.13~ 90mm
Provide 8 mm# bars at 90 mm c /c
Minimum length = 1/5 x5400
= 1080 mm
Edge strip reinforcement
Minimum Ast = 0.12% bD
= 0.12/100 x 1000 x170
Ast = 204 mm 2
Provide 8 mm# bars
𝜋𝑋82
Spacing =
4
x1000

24
 = 246.39~ 240mm
Provide 8 mm# bars at 240 mm c/c
1) S= 5d = 5 x146

2) S> 450mm

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress (τv) = v / bd
=34. 32 x 106 / 1000 x 146
= 0.235 N/mm2
Pt =100 Ast /bd
= 100 x692.7/1000 x146
=0.47%
From IS 456 -2000 ; table 23 : pg .no : 84
0.25 – 0.22
0.47 – ?
0. 50 – 0.30
= 0.22 + (0.30 – 0 .22)/(0.50- 0.25)x(0.47 – 0 .25 )
τc = 0.29 N/mm 2
From IS 456 – 2000 ; table 40.2.1.1 ;p g .no : 72
K = 1 .25
K . τc = 1.25 x 0 .29
= 0 .362 N/mm2
τv<K.τc
Hence safe
Check for deflection
L/d = 5400/146
=36.99

25
 36.99 > 25
Hence safe

Figure No 5.1 Reinforcement Details of Slab

26
5.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
We are planned to a rectangular beam simply supported on
masonry wall 300mm width with on effective span of 5.4m , to a support a
service load (or) imposed load (or)live load is 12.375KN/m2 in addition to its
own weight and adopt M20 concrete & Fe415 steel. By using limit state method.
Depth of the beam
Effective depth = span /29
=5400/29
D= 186 .2 ~200mm
D= 200+25+12/2
=230mm
Load calculation
Self weight of beam= 0.23x0.3x25
=1.725kN/m2
Live load =12.375kN/m2
Floor finish =1kN/m2
=15.1kN/m2
Factored design load =1.5x15.1
W = 22.65kN/m2
Bending moment and shear force calculation
BM =wL2/8
=22.65x5.4 2/8
=82.56kN.m
SF =wL/2
=22.65 x5.4/2
=61.16kN

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Effective depth required

Mu =0.138.fck.bd2
82.56x106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2
82.56x106 = 2760d2
82.56x106/2760 = d 2
d req =172.95
200 >172.95
Hence safe
Moment of resistance
MR = Q b d2
= 0 .91 x 300 x 200 2
MR1 = 10 .96 KN m
MR2 = BM– MR1
=82.56-10.96
MR2 =71.6kN.m
MR<BM
So it is doubly reinforced beam.
Calculation for tension reinforcement
𝑀𝑅1
Ast1 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝐽.𝑑
10.96𝑋10∇6
=
230𝑋0.91𝑋200
=261.83mm2
Ast2=MR2/σst(d-dc)
=71.6x106/230(200 -25)
=1778.88mm2
Total A st =261.83 + 1778 .88

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 =2040 .71
Assume 20mm#
Number of bars = Ast /ast
=2040.71/x202
=6.49~7 No’s
7NO’s of 20 mm#
Calculation for compression reinforcement
𝑚.𝐴𝑠𝑡2.(𝑑−𝑋𝑐)
Asc =
(1.5𝑚−1)(𝑋𝑐−𝑑𝑐)
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
Xc = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑋𝑑
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐+( 𝑚 )

M=280/3σcbc
=280/3x7
=13.33
7
Xc = 𝑋200
7+230/13.33

Xc =57.72mm
13.33𝑋778.88𝑋(200−57.72)
Asc =
(1.5𝑋13.33−1)(57.72−25)

=1.477x106/621.5164
Asc =2376.45mm
Assume 20 mm# Bars
No of bars = 2376.45/π/4x202
=7.56~ 8 no ‘s
Calculation of shear reinforcement
Nominal shear stress τv = v/ bd
= 61.16x103/300x250
τv =1.019N/mm2

29
 % of steel = 100Ast/bxd
=100x4xπ/4x202/300x200
=2.09%
2.00-0.49
2.09-?
2.25-0.51
(0.51−0.49)
=0.49+ x(2.09-2.00)
(2.25−2.00)

τc =0.497N/mm2
τv>τc
Condition is not satisfied
Hence shear reinforcement is necessary
𝜎𝑠𝑣.𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑑
Vs =
𝑆𝑣
Vs = V –τcxbxd
=61.16x103-(0.497x300x200)
Vs=31.34kN
Sv = 230x(2xπ/4x82)x200/31.34x103
Sv=147.56~145mm

Spacing limit:
1)0.75xd =0.75x200 =150mm

2)300mm

Hence provide 8mm# and 145mm c/c Spacing.

30
Figure No 5.2 Reinforcement Details of Beam

31
5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
We are planned to a Rectangular column subjected to an Axial load
of 305KN and adopt M20 concrete & Fe415 steel. By using limit state method.
Dimensions
Axial load p =35.25x11.48/2
=202.5x1.5
P=303.76~305KN
Fck =20 N/mm2
Fy =415N/mm2
IS 456-2000 pg .no:71
Pu =0.4fck .Ac+0.67fyAsc
305x103 = (0.4x20x0.98X230X460) + (0.67x415)
305x103 = 829472+ 278.05 Asc
=13.901Ag
Asc=524.47X103/278.05
Asc= 1886.24 mm2
Provide 20mm# Bars
1886.24
No of bars =
𝜋/4𝑋20∇2

=6 No’s
Assume b=230mm;d=460mm

Design of ties
1) Ø of ties > 1/4x Ø of main bar

(or) >1/4x20=5mm
2)5mm whichever is less

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 Provide 6 mm# of ties

1) 48x dia of ties = 48x6 =288mm

2) 16xdia of longitudinal reinforcement = 16x29 =320mm

3) 300mm

4) Least lateral dimension = 275mm

Hence adopt 6mm# ties at 275mmc/c

ƛ =left/D
=4500/230
=19.56>12
E min =L/500 + D/30
=4500/500 + 230/30
=9 + 7.67
= 16.67 < 20mm

Size of column = (230x460) mm

Type of column = rectangular column

33
Figure no 5.3 Reinforcement Details of Column

34
5.4 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
We are planned to a Dog legged stair case for a building in which
vertical distance in the floor is 4m. The stair hall is measures from (9.3x5.4).
The live load is 3KN/m2 and adopt M20 concrete &Fe415 HYSD bars. By
using limit state method?
Dimensions
Assume :
Rise = 150 mm
Tread = 270mm
Height of the one flight = 4/ 2 = 2m
Number of steps = 2000/150
= 13.3 ~13 steps
Number of tread in each stair = 13 – 1
= 12
Assume the gap between one stair to another stair is 100 mm.
Width of base slab = (5.3 – 0.1 / 2 )
=2.6 m
Going = 12x0.270
= 3.24m
Landing = (9.4 – 3 .24)
= 3.08m
Calculation of effective depth
Effective span = 9.3 m
Assume the thickness of waist slab
D = 160 mm
Effective depth = (160 – 25)
d= 135mm
35
Load calculation
Dead weight of slab = 0.16 x1x25 = 4kN/m
Live load = 3 kN /m
Floor finishing = 1 kN/m
= 8 kN/m
Factored load = ( 8 x 1.5 ) = 12kN/m
load on going
Dead of waist slab (ws) =( 0.16 x1x25)
= 4kN/m
Horizontal slab = ws X√𝑅2 + T2/T
= 4.57 kN/m
Dead of one step = ½ x0.15x0.27x24
= 0.486 kN/m
Load on per m length= 1.875 kN/m
Live load = 3kN/m
Floor finishing = 0.5 kN/m
= 10.43kN/m
Factored load = (10.43x1.5 ) = 15 .65 kN/m
Moment calculation
RA + RB = (12 x3.08) + (15.65x3.24) + (12x3.08)/(2)
RA – RB = 62 . 31 kN
Taking moment about at C
MC = 62.31x4.7 – 12x3.08(1.62+3.08/2) – 15.65 x 1.62 x0.81/2
MC = 155.52 kN.m
MU = 0.87xfyxAst x d (1- Ast. fy/bd.fck)
155.52 x10 6 = 0.87x415xAstx135[1-Astx415/1000x135x20]
155.52x106 = 3253.7 mm2
36
 Ast = 3253.7 mm2
Provide 20 mm # bars
𝜋/4𝑋8∇2
Spacing = 𝑋1000
3253.7
= 96.55~ 100 mm c/c
Distribution reinforcement
Ast = 0.12% of bD
= 0.12/100 x1000x160
Ast = 192mm2
Provide 8mm# bars
𝜋/4𝑋8∇2
Spacing = 𝑋1000
192
= 260mmc/c

Figure No 5.4 Reinforcement Details of Stair Case

5.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING

37
 We are planned to a Reinforced Rectangular concrete Footing of
(230x460)mm with characteristics load of 305KN including its self weight .
Assume Safe bearing capacity of soil is 150kN/m2 and M20 concrete & Fe415
steel. By using Limit State method.
Size of footing calculation
Assume Self weight of footing & weight of backfill as 10% of
load P,
= 10/100 x305
= 30.5kN
Total load = 305 + 30.5
= 335.5kN
Total load
Area required Areq =
safe bearing capacity of soil

= 335.5/150
Areq = 2.24m2
Consider length of load (L) = 1.5 x width of footing
L = 1.5B
Lx B = 2.24m2
1.51xB = 2.24
1.5B2 = 2.24
B2 = 1.49
B = 1.22mm~1.25m
L=1.5x1.25=2.345m2
Net upward soil pressure p = p / A provided
= 305/2.345
= 130 KN/m2 < 200 KN/m2

38
Depth of footing and area of steel
a) Projection x = 1.875-0.46/2
= 0.71 m
Bending moment y-y axis My = px2/2=130X0.712/2
My= 32.77 KN-m
Mu 32.77X1.5= 49.15KN-m
Effective depth dreq = mu /0.138fckb
= 49.15X106/0.138X20X1000
dreq =133.45mm
provide 20 mm# bar ,50mm clear cover.
Overall depth Dreq=dreq + clear cover + #/2
=133.45 + 50 + 20/2
= 193.45 mm
Dpro= 2XDreq to avoid failure footing due to
punching shear
Dpro=2X193.45
=400 mm
Provide overall depth D=400 mm
D=400-50-20/2=340 mm
Mu/bd2= 49.15X106/1000X3402=0.42 N/mm2
0.40=0.114 From table 2: SP :16 , Pg no:48
0.42=?
0.45= 0.128
=0.114+(0.128-0.114)(0.42-0.40)/(0.45-0.40)
=0.119%
Area of steel ,Areq = pt bd = 0.119X100/1000
=404.6mm2
39
 Provide 12mm# at 270mm c/c
Spacing = π/4X122X1000/404.6=279.5 mm
Provide 12mm# at 270 mmc/c
Projection y= 1.25- 0.23/2 = 0.51 m
Bending moment at x-x axis mx= py2/2
= 130X0.51/2 =0.51m
Mux= 16.9X1.5= 25.35 KN m
D= 400 mm d=400-50-20-20/2=320 mm
Mux/bd2=25.35X106/100X3202
=0.25 N/mm2
Pt=0.085%
As = ptbd=0.085X1000X320/100
=272 N/mm2
Spacing = π/4X122X1000/272 =415.79 mmc/c
Provide 12mm # bars @ 300 mmc/c
Check for one way shear
one way shear is critical shear at section ‘d’ from face of
the column.

Vu=1.5X(pX shaded area/ per m width)

Vu=1.5X130X0.31X1
=60.45 KN
Pt prov =100 Asp/ bd
Asp= Area of one barX1000/spacing between
bars
= (π/4X122X1000)/ 270
= 418.87~ 420 mm2
40
 pt= 100X420/1000X340
=0.12%
= 0.28 N/mm2 [table 19:Is 456:2000, p.no:73]
Shear resisted of concrete vuc= jbd
Vuc= 0.28X1000X340
=95.2 KN>Vu
Hence section is safe in one way shear
Check for two or punching shear
Two way shear is critical at section d/2 from face of the
column.
P =130 KN/m2
=130X103/106=0.13 N/mm2
Vu2= P X shaded area
=0.13[1875X1250-860X630]
=234.25 kN
Actual shear stress τv = Vu2/b2d
= 234.25/[(2x860)+(2x630)]x340
=0.23 N/mm2
Allowable shear stress =ks xτc
τc =0.25√𝐹𝑐𝑘
=0.25√20
=1.118 N/mm2
Ks = 0.5+short side dimension of column/long
side dimension of column
=0.5+(0.23/0.46)
=1

41
Allowable shear stress =ksX τc
=0.118X1
=1.118>0.23 N/mm2
Hence the section is safe in two way or punching shear.

Figure No 5.5 Reinforcement Details of Footing

42
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

In this design we are design the modern residential building with the
components like two slab ,beam, column, footing, staircase ,lintel cum
sunshade are done. The results are attained for each and every slab, beam,
and column. The beam and column are counted based on each section or span,
it is constructed with the modern method. This type of building is not
constructed in that area of aundipatti, so this building is gain the more surplus
& economical benefits in the surrounding area.

43
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Software Used:
1. Auto CADD
2. STADD Pro

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