ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER FOUR
HEAT EFFECTS
BY HANAN E.
Objectives
Introduction to different types of heat effects
Sensible heat and heat capacity
Constant-V heat capacity
Constant-P hat capacity
The temperature dependency of the heat capacity
Latent heat
Introduction to different types of latent heat
Latent heat calculation and estimations
Standard heat of reaction
Calculating using standard heat of formations
Heat effects of industrial reactions
Introduction
Almost all chemical processes involve heat transfer
Types of Heat Transfer Effects
Sensible Heat Effects
Sensible Heat Effects
Information on Process
Sensible Heat Effects
Energy Balance
Sensible Heat Effects
Specific Enthalpy
Sensible Heat Effects
Internal Energy
Temperature dependence of heat capacity
Temperature dependence of heat capacity
Ideal-gas heat capacities increase smoothly with increasing
temperature toward an upper limit,
Figure: influence of temperature on Cig of Ar, N2 H2O & CO2
Temperature dependence of heat capacity
• Gas mixtures of constant composition may be treated in exactly the
same way as pure gases.
• An ideal gas, by definition, is a gas whose molecules have no
influence on one another. This means that each gas in a mixture
exists independent of the others; its properties are unaffected by the
presence of different molecules.
• Thus one calculates the ideal-gas heat capacity of a gas mixture as
the mole-fraction-weighted sum of the heat capacities of the
individual species.
• Consider 1 mol of gas mixture consisting of species A, B, and C , and
let yA, yB, and yc represent the mole fractions of these species.
• The molar heat capacity of the mixture in the ideal-gas state is:
Sensible Heat Effects
Evaluation of the Sensible-Heat Integral
Sensible Heat Effects
Evaluation of the Sensible-Heat Integral
Sensible Heat Effects
Mean Value Specific Enthalpy
Sensible Heat Effects
Iteration
Example
Example
• What is the final temperature if change of enthalpy is 37,345KJ/Kmol-1 of
ammonia initially at 533.15k (260°C) in a steady flow process at
approximately 1 atm?
Ans :–1250K (977°C)
Latent Heats
Latent Heat
The amount of energy
absorbed or released during a
phase change process
Latent Heat of Fusion
•The amount of energy
absorbed during Melting
•equivalent to the energy
released during Freezing.
Latent Heat of Vaporization
•Amount of energy absorbed
during Vaporization
•Equivalent to the energy
released during condensation
Latent Heats
Example: Water
Latent heat of Vaporization
Latent heat of Fusion
Latent Heats
Equations
Latent Heats
Information on Process
Latent Heats
Energy Balance
Latent Heats
Clapeyron Equation
Latent Heats
Vaporization of a Pure Liquid
Latent Heats
Example: Saturated H2O at 1500C
Latent Heats
Approximate Methods
Latent Heats
Trouton’s Rule
Note: T , temperature;
bp , boiling point.
Latent Heats
Riedel Equation
Tr=T/Tc
Latent Heats
Example for Water
Latent Heats
Watson Equation
Latent Heats
Example
Solution
